[Objective] To establish the niche-fitness evaluation index system for cultivated land consolidation from the perspective of ecological suitability, in order to provide scientific references for making differentiated cultivated land consolidation policies. [Methods] Based on niche theory, 10 indicators from three index layers (potential productivity, spatial pattern, location condition) were used to establish the niche-fitness evaluation index system for cultivated land consolidation of the loess hilly region. Taigu County of Shanxi Province was taken as an example. The niche-fitness value in each research unit was determined by the matching degree between the actual and optimal ecological niche of cultivated land. The standard classification method based on GIS was used to divide the priority of cultivated land consolidation. Finally, cultivated land consolidation modes in different areas were determined. [Results] The niche-fitness value of cultivated land consolidation in the study area ranged from 26.02 to 93.57, and the overall distribution was uneven. According to the niche-fitness evaluation results, the study area could be divided into priority consolidation area, general consolidation area and restricted consolidation area, accounting for 49.50%, 30.28% and 20.22% of the cultivated land area, respectively. The results of division were basically consistent with the present situation of cultivated land utilization in the study area. Through the combination analysis of key indicators, three modes of cultivated land consolidation were identified: transforming slope farmland to terraces, construction and perfection of farmland irrigation and water conservancy, and improving road accessibility. [Conclusion] It is feasible to study the priority of cultivated land consolidation by using niche-fitness model.