[Objective] To analyze the spatial relationship between topographic relief and population/economy, in order to provide a reference for the rational distribution of population and the optimization of economic pattern in Sichuan Povince. [Methods] Based on ASTER GDEM data, the optimal statistical unit of topographic relief in Sichuan Province was determined by mean change-point method, and the distribution pattern of topographic relief was analyzed. The spatial relationships between topographic relief and population/economy were discussed by spatial autocorrelation analysis. [Results] Sichuan Province was mainly covered by mountains and hills, and the overall trend was high in the west and low in the east. The topographic relief was negatively correlated with population/economy, and the clustering characteristics were significant. Ganzi, Aba, and Liangshan Autonomous Prefecture were areas with high topographic relief, low population distribution, and low economic levels. Chengdu City was a region with low topographic relief, high population distribution, and high economic level. The southern part of Nanchong City and Langzhong City were areas with low topographic relief, high population distribution, and low economic level. Due to natural resources and geographical location, the topographic relief showed no significant impact on the population/economy in Renhe District of Panzhihua City, and Shiqu County of Ganzi Autonomous Prefecture. [Conclusion] The topographic relief in Sichuan Province was negatively correlated with the population/economy, but this relationship varied from region to region.