[Objective] The diversity and stability of the desert riparian forest community in the middle reaches of the Aksu River were studied to explore the complexity of the current community plant composition and the relationship between some environmental factors at the species level, aiming at provide theoretical support for the desert riparian ecosystem restoration.[Methods] Based on the sample survey, the plant community was comprehensively evaluated by pattern analysis method, species diversity index and evenness index, cluster analysis and M.Godron stability measure.[Results] The main plant populations of desert riparian forests in the middle reaches of the Aksu River showed an aggregated distribution pattern, and the community structure was simple, which characterized with single oligo-dominant communities. The species distribution of plant communities was relatively uniform across different locations, but the richness and diversity changed up and down; the desert riparian forest communities could be divided into six categories according to environmental factors, and the plant diversity of three types of plots was low. The specie composition was closely related to soil moisture, and the plant community species diversity was negatively correlated with soil moisture. The higher the water content, the more uniform the plant composition; the current plant community has not reached the stable stage, and there was no direct connection between plant diversity and community stability.[Conclusion] It is difficult to promote the restoration of plant diversity in the region by flood irrigation. Considering Populus euphratica and Tamarix chinensis as the main patterns, planting deep-rooted trees and shrubs to create a local microclimate, and indirectly improving habitats are the better ways for vegetation restoration in desert riparian forests.