[Objective] The dynamic changes of vegetation on the Loess Plateau and its response to extreme climate were studied, in order to provide scientific basis for mitigating and adapting to climate anomaly.[Methods] Based on the remote sensing data and meteorological date from 1982 to 2017, the study used Mann-Kendall trend test and correlation analysis method to analyze temporal and spatial changes of vegetation in Loess Plateau and its response to extreme climate.[Results] NDVI exhibited a significant increasing trend with an annual rate of 0.37% (p<0.01) from 1982 to 2017, and increased from northwest to southeast on the Loess Plateau. As for the change of extreme climate, the variation trend of extreme temperature was relatively consistent. The extreme high temperature events showed a significant increasing trend, and the extreme low temperature events showed an extremely significant downward trend. However, the extreme precipitation index did not change significantly. The correlation analysis between extreme climate index and NDVI showed that the interannual variation of NDVI was significantly correlated with extreme temperature index FD₀, TMAX_mean, TMIN_mean, TN_10p, TN_90p, TR₂₀ and SU25 (p<0.01). There was no significant correlation between NDVI changes and extreme precipitation index in all seasons. However, NDVI showed a significant correlation with extreme temperature index, moreover, the correlation of spring and summer was higher than that autumn and winter. On the monthly scale, NDVI was significantly correlated with extreme precipitation index (RX_1day, RX_5day) and extreme temperature index (TMAX_mean, TMIN_mean, TN_90p, TX_x, TN_n) (p<0.01). The correlation between NDVI and extreme temperature index TMAX_mean, TN_10p, TN_90p and TX_x a lag of one month was greater than that current month, a lag of two months and a lag of three months.[Conclusion] The NDVI showed a significant increasing trend. The interannual and monthly NDVI changes were correlated with the extreme temperature index, and both showed a significant correlation with the extreme precipitation index. Moreover, the response of vegetation cover change in the Loess Plateau region to extreme climate has a certain lag.