[Objective] The temporal and spatial variation in the phenological period of vegetation in the Keriya River basin from 2000 to 2015 was explored to provide reference for the study of vegetation evolution processes in the context of climate change.[Methods] Taking MODIS MOD₀₉Q₁ products and local meteorological station data as data sources, information on the vegetation phenology was extracted by using the vegetation index dynamic threshold method and then analyzed using a spatial trend analysis. The correlation between the phenological period of vegetation and meteorological factors in different months was analyzed by a partial least squares regression method.[Results] ① The start of the growth season (SOS) in the study area was mainly between 60—180 d, the end of growth season (EOS) was between 180—322 d, and the length of the growth season (LOS) was 70—250 d. The growth period of the artificial oasis in the middle reaches began the earliest, ended the latest, and was the longest vegetation growth time. ② From 2000 to 2015, the SOS in the Keriya River basin showed advancement, with an average change rate of -1.3 d every 10 years, whereas the EOS was postponed, the LOS was extended, and the most obvious variations in trends were in the middle reaches. ③ The increased temperature and precipitation in spring advanced the SOS, and the same in autumn, delayed the EOS.[Conclusion] The vegetation phenology in the Keriya River basin has obvious distribution and change rules at different elevation gradients, and the phenology change rule of the artificial oasis in the middle reaches is far different from that of the natural vegetation, and may affect the lower reaches.