[Objective] The effects of vegetation cover and rainfall erosivity on the spatial and temporal changes of soil erosion in the black soil region of Northeast China were studied, in order to provide a scientific basis for soil and water conservation and sustainable development in this region.[Methods] The revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) was used to calculate soil erosion modulus and its distribution in the study region from 2000 to 2018, the spatial and temporal distribution of soil erosion modulus and the influencing factors were analyzed, and the sensitivity of the erosion modulus to changes of vegetation cover and rainfall factors was obtained.[Results] Soil erosion in the black soil region of Northeastern China was mainly affected by the changes in vegetation cover and management factor C and rainfall erosivity factor R. The erosion modulus in the study area decreased from 1 175.20 t/(km²·a) to 822.07 t/(km²·a) during 2000-2018, and slight and mild erosion dominated, with a spatial distribution from southwestern to northeastern parts of the black soil region.[Conclusion] The sensitivity coefficients of vegetation cover and management factor (C) are 0.95 and 1.00 in the southeast and southwest of the black soil region, which belong to intensely sensitive areas. In these places, the effective management method is to improve the vegetation cover. In contrast, the sensitivity coefficients of rainfall erosion force factor (R) are 0.45 and 1.00 in the northwestern and southwestern parts, which belong to moderately and intense sensitive areas, where the effective way to control soil loss is to reduce the impact of rainfall.