[Objective] The water-sediment relationship and sediment transport in different glacial rivers and their responses to climate change were analyzed, and the sediment erosion intensity was assessed in order to provide a theoretical basis for the study of water and sediment dynamics of glacial rivers in alpine mountainous areas. [Methods] The Rongbu River and the Keqikar River were selected as the research objects. During the ablation period (from May to October in 2018), field observation and water sample collection of the glacier rivers were conducted. The hydrological model method was used to simulate the runoff of the Rongbu River, considering the effects of temperature and precipitation, combined with the suspended sediment rating curve, the sediment hysteresis loop, and regression model to analyze the suspended sediment transport and influencing factors of the glacial rivers. [Results] Temperature was the main factor affecting the transport of suspended sediment in glacial rivers in an alpine mountainous area. The runoff modulus values during the ablation period of the Rongbu River and the Keqikar River were about 7.36×10⁵, 6.82×10⁵ m³/(km²·a), respectively. The suspended sediment transport modulus was about 200 and 890 t/(km²·a). [Conclusion] The Rongbu Glacier is highly sensitive to climate change and has a strong ablation ability. Sediment mainly comes from the erosion of the bottom and slope of the river channel by melt water and rainfall. However, due to insufficient erodible sediment and hydraulic conditions, the sediment transport modulus of this area is lower than others. The Keqikar River is located in the arid area of Northwestern China, and sediment discharge is mainly determined by the source of sediment. As the temperature rises, a large amount of moraine material is transported downstream, and sediment erosion intensity is significantly higher than observed from most other glaciers.