[Objective] The potential pollution risks from livestock and poultry manure on farmland soil and the environment were analyzed in order to provide a scientific basis for non-point source pollution control and resource utilization. [Methods] Livestock and poultry breeding data and crop yield from Anhui Province from 2009 to 2018 were quantitatively analyzed in conjunction with regional crop nutrient demand and nutrient supply from livestock and poultry manure. Combined with existing research results, the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of the land carrying capacity of livestock and poultry were studied. [Results] The quantity of livestock manure increased from 6.19×10⁷ tons in 2009 to 7.09×10⁷ tons in 2015, and then decreased to 5.00×10⁷ tons in 2018. Pig urine emissions were the largest and cattle urine emissions were the smallest. The discharge of livestock and poultry manure and the supply of nitrogen and phosphorus in the entire province were both higher in the north and lower in the south. The proportion of different livestock manure in the nitrogen supply was balanced, but there was a large difference in phosphorus. The risk of livestock and poultry pollution over the entire province was mainly concentrated in Hefei, Huangshan, and Xuancheng cities located in the central and southern areas of Anhui Province. The land carrying capacity index of the entire province decreased in 2018, and there was still a certain accommodation space for livestock and poultry manure. [Conclusion] Due to pollution risks associated with livestock and poultry breeding in some areas in Anhui Province, it is necessary to strengthen fertilizer application planning and structure adjustment in key areas in order to promote sustainable agricultural development.