[Objective] The spatial correlation between the evolution of landscape pattern and surface runoff was explored, in order to propose a landscape pattern optimization strategy that could effectively alleviate urban waterlogging and provide suggestions for urban ecological safety. [Methods] Based on the remote sensing data sets from 2000 to 2019, the spatial distribution map of landscape patterns in the main urban area of Xi’an City was extracted, and validated with actual land use data. The methods of SCS model, landscape pattern index, ArcGIS and Pearson correlation analysis were employed to analyze the landscape pattern changes and its impacts on surface runoff. [Results] ① From 2000 to 2019, the landscape pattern showed a developing trend of high connectivity and high aggregation, regular patch shape, homogenization and stabilization, and the patch spread decreased. At the same period, the surface runoff depth increased year by year, however, the increase of runoff depth showed a downward trend with the time. In 2000—2005, 2005—2010, 2010—2015, 2015—2019, the increment of runoff depth was 4.99, 4.95, 3.55, and 3.33 mm respectively, indicating that retention effect of landscape pattern on surface runoff increased gradually. ② The correlation between the change rate of landscape pattern index and the annual growth rate of surface runoff was significant, and the artificial landscape index such as urban construction land had a significant positive correlation with the annual growth rate of surface runoff. On the contrary, there was a negative correlation of the annual growth rate of surface runoff and the change rate of natural landscape index such as cultivated land and water area. ③ With the help of urban ecological corridors and ecological nodes, the waterlogging prevention and control ecosystem was constructed, and the areas with high concentration of urban impervious surface were split, the urban green infrastructure was added, and the waterlogging prevention and control landscape pattern of source emission reduction was constructed. [Conclusion] Landscape pattern changes had a significant impact on the change of surface runoff, and the optimization of landscape pattern can effectively promote the urban benign water cycle and slow down the occurrence of waterlogging.