[Objective] The characteristics of soil and water loss of different types of power transmission line projects (PTLPs) in hilly and mountainous regions were explored to provide a theoretical reference for the design, monitoring, and prevention of soil and water loss. [Methods] PTLPs in hilly and mountainous regions (low-elevation mountains and hills of Northeastern China, hilly loess region of Northwestern China, hilly region of Southern China, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the Xinjiang hilly region) in China were taken as the study object. Based on literature review, field investigations and engineering examples, the sources, influencing factors, and controlling measure configurations of soil and water loss in PTLPs of hilly and mountainous regions were studied. [Results] The main sources of soil and water loss in PTLPs could be divided into station area, road area, temporary stacking area, tower area, stretch field area and slag stacking area. The soil and water loss of the PTLPs was spatially variable. The station area accounted for the highest proportion of soil and water loss, which was up to 48%～62% of the total soil and water loss, followed by the tower area. The main source period was the construction period. The influencing factors of soil and water loss and the key points of prevention in the hilly and mountainous regions were significantly different. [Conclusion] There are significant differences in influencing factors and key points of prevention and control of soil and water loss in different hilly areas. Different forms of soil erosion should be considered in the design of soil and water conservation, and the allocation of controlling measures should be adapted to the local conditions.