[Objective] The land use change and its driving factors in Shaanxi Province were studied to provide a scientific basis for promoting the comprehensive optimization of land resources and sustainable social and economic development. [Methods] Based on the remote sensing monitoring data of land use in Shaanxi Province in 2000, 2010, and 2018, the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of land use in Shaanxi Province were quantitatively analyzed through methods such as land use dynamics, land use transfer matrix, and spatial autocorrelation, and principal component analysis method to explore the driving forces of the land use change. [Results] The area of each land use type changed in different degrees, among which, the area of cultivated land decreased the most, the area of industrial and mining construction land increased the fastest, and the area of water changed the least. Land use types were affected by natural conditions, and the spatial differences were significant. The spatial agglomeration of rural residential land, unused land, cultivated land, woodland, and grassland was strong, while the spatial agglomeration of water, urban residential land, and industrial and mining production land was relatively weak. Grassland and industrial and mining construction land form new agglomeration areas. The land use transfer in the Northern Shaanxi Plateau and Guanzhong Plain was relatively frequent, and the land use conversion change in the mountainous area of Southern Shaanxi Province was relatively small. The transfer of cultivated land to woodland and grassland, and the transfer of unused land and grassland to industrial and mining construction land were obvious in Yulin and Yan’an City, and the transfer of cultivated land and rural residential land to urban residential land was obvious in Xi’an City. The main factors of land use change were the development of social economy and the adjustment of industrial structure in the process of urbanization. [Conclusion] The regional differences of land use change in Shaanxi Province are great, and land use planning should be formulated according to local conditions, so as to promote the coordinated development of population-economy-ecology.