[Objective] Differences in plant community structure and diversity under different control models were compared in order to provide a scientific basis for soil erosion control and vegetation restoration measures. [Methods] The Tangbei small watershed in Xingguo County, Jiangxi Province was selected as the research area, and orchard development (model A) and ecological restoration (model B) were selected as the main soil and water loss control models. Selected secondary forests and no artificial governance forest land (control, CK) were used as control plots, and the community sampling method was used to investigate and analyze species composition, community structure, and plant diversity of the plant communities at each woodland location. [Results] ① The dominant species in model A, model B, secondary forest, and CK arbor-irrigation were Citrus sinensis, Pinus massoniana, Cyclobalanopsis glauca, and P. massoniana, respectively. The dominant species in the herbaceous layer were Digitaria sanguinalis in model A, and in the other three groups the dominant species were Dicranopteris pedata. Compared with the CK, the community structure of model A had changed, and the community structure of model B had not changed, still being dominated by positive pioneer plants such as P. massoniana and D. pedata. ② Species richness, Simpson diversity index, Shannon-Wiener index, and Evenness index of the secondary forest were the highest. Compared with the CK, models A and B had improved species richness and plant diversity, but both of these factors were lower than those of the secondary forest. The level of diversity was similar. ③ The overall performance of the plant communities in the four woodlands was very different, and there was only one plant species in common. Compared with model A, the community composition of model B, secondary forest, and CK were more similar. [Conclusion] Controlling soil erosion is beneficial to the restoration of vegetation. The orchard development model not only meets the requirements of soil erosion control and vegetation recovery, but also has certain economic benefits. It is a model worthy popularizing for soil and water loss control.