[Objective] The spatial pattern of a soil fertility index and differences in the main controlling factors for two topographical areas in Hubei Province was determined in order to provide a theoretical basis for soil quality improvement, agroecological environment, and arable land quality enhancement in different topographical areas. [Methods] Data for four soil fertility indicators (soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium), along with 13 environmental impact factors 〔land use type, soil-forming parent material, soil type, elevation (DEM), surface relief, slope, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), average temperature, average precipitation, roads, industrial and mining sites, urban settlements, and rivers and reservoirs〕, were collected and compiled. Basic statistics, geostatistics, inverse distance weighting, and a geographic detector model were used to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of each soil fertility index in different topographic areas and to determine the correlation between each soil fertility index and environmental factors. The main controlling factors of the soil fertility index content differentiation in different topographic areas were identified and compared. [Results] The main controlling factors for the soil fertility indexes in Xiangzhou District were precipitation, average temperature, and the distance of road land, urban settlement land, industrial and mining land, and rivers and reservoirs. The main controlling factors for soil fertility indexes in Fang County were precipitation, average temperature, slope, slope direction, surface relief, and the distance of rivers and reservoirs. [Conclusion] The spatial patterns of soil fertility indicators in Xiangzhou District and Fang County differed in their main controlling factors due to topographic factors, and the plain areas were more susceptible to human activities.