[Objective] The dynamic change characteristics of the soil conservation ecological service function in the Yiluo River basin in He’nan Province were determined in order to provide a reference for soil and water conservation and ecological management construction in the basin. [Methods] The revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) and statistical methods were used to analyze the dynamic change characteristics and influencing factors of the soil conservation function in the Yiluo River basin from 2010 to 2020. [Results] ① The soil conservation function for the Yiluo River basin decreased from 2010 to 2020. The spatial distribution pattern was basically the same, and the overall distribution pattern was high in the southwest and low in the northeast of the study area during the ten years. ② The soil conservation functions of different ecosystem types were quite different. From 2010 to 2020, the total amount of soil conservation in the forest and shrub ecosystems was relatively high. The area of the farming ecosystem was the largest, but the soil conservation function was weak. ③ The role of the soil conservation function increased as altitude and slope increased. ④ The spatial differences of soil conservation functions in the Yiluo River basin from 2010 to 2020 were mainly controlled by topographic factors, and the temporal changes were mainly affected by rainfall erosivity. [Conclusion] Greater attention should be given to maintaining forest and shrub ecosystems with strong soil conservation functions, and strengthening the soil and water conservation measures of farmland ecosystems so as to improve the soil conservation function and the ecological security of the Yiluo River basin.