[Objective] The influence of dry vegetation cover on the structure of wind-blown sand flow under the action of sand-carrying wind of S105 in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was studied in order to provide a theoretical reference for the prevention of soil wind erosion on both sides of a grassland highway. [Methods] Sediment transport rates were measured at 0%, 20%, 40%, and 50% vegetation cover levels by wind-tunnel simulation tests. [Results] Under the action of sand-carrying wind, the sediment transport rate decreased as dry vegetation cover increased, and the height of the maximum sediment transport rate rose as cover increased. When vegetation cover was 0%, the sediment transport rate decreased exponentially as height increased. As vegetation cover increased to 20%, 40%, and 50%, the sediment transport rate decreased, then increased, then decreased, and then tended to be flat as height concurrently increased. These results can be described by a polynomial function below 85 mm height and by an exponential function above 85 mm height. Total sediment discharge decreased as vegetation coverage incrased, and the maximum anti-wind erosion efficiency was 65.73%. [Conclusion] Dry vegetation cover significantly affected the structure of surface wind-blown sand flow, which can weaken the erosion force of sand-carrying wind. Dry vegetation cover is an effective means of inhibiting wind erosion and desertification of surface soil along highways.