[Objective] The spatio-temporal evolution pattern and influencing factors of low-carbon utilization efficiency of cultivated land in the Songnen Plain region of Heilongjiang Province were determined in order to provide a scientific basis for ensuring national food security and low-carbon emission reduction, and to realize sustainable agricultural development. [Methods] This study used the super-efficiency SBM model to measure the low-carbon utilization efficiency of cultivated land in 33 counties (cities) in the Songnen Plain region of Heilongjiang Province from 2005 to 2020. Spatial autocorrelation and kernel density methods were used to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and pattern of low-carbon utilization efficiency of cultivated land in various counties (cities). A geographically weighted regression model was use to determine the influencing factors of low-carbon utilization. [Results] ① During the research period, the low-carbon utilization efficiency of cultivated land in the Songnen Plain region of Heilongjiang Province exhibited an increasing-decreasing-increasing pattern, with an average value of 0.80, which did not reach the value needed for the most effective production; ② There was a significant positive spatial correlation with regard to the low-carbon utilization efficiency of cultivated land, and there were strong clustering distribution trends of high and low values in some areas. Multi-core polarization of hot spots was significant, mainly located in the northern and southern regions. Over time, the low-carbon utilization efficiency of cultivated land exhibited varying degrees of polarization characteristics, and the internal differences showed a gradual narrowing evolution trend; ③ From the perspective of influencing factors, the per capita sown area, the amount of fertilizer used per unit of cultivated land, the per capita disposable income of rural residents, and agricultural expenses had positive impacts on the low-carbon utilization efficiency of cultivated land. The multiple cropping index, the amount of machinery used per unit of cultivated land, and the urbanization rate had negative impacts on low-carbon utilization efficiency. The per capita GDP had different degrees and directions of impacts on the low-carbon utilization efficiency of cultivated land in different years. [Conclusion] The overall low-carbon utilization efficiency of cultivated land in the Songnen Plain region of Heilongjiang Province is on the rise, and there are significant differences between regions. In the future, it will be necessary to optimize resource allocation efficiency and to establish regional synergy mechanisms to promote the improvement of low-carbon utilization efficiency of arable land in various regions. The demonstration role of hot areas should also be encouraged.