[Objective] The composition and activity of soil organic carbon pools in typical vineyards in the eastern foothills of the Helan Mountains were analyzed, and the potential carbon sequestration capacity of the vineyard ecosystem in the region was quantified, in order provide a scientific basis for exploring the carbon sequestration capacity and calculating the carbon sequestration value of vineyards. [Methods] Soil organic carbon (SOC) was sampled and analysed at the park scale in a typical Xinhuibin vineyard in the eastern foothills of the Helan Mountains to study the characteristics of SOC content, density, and composition. [Results] ① The average SOC content in the 0—100 cm profile of the vineyard was 4.65 g/kg, and the SOC density was 64.5 t/hm². Although the SOC content was low and nutrients were scarce, SOC was still the main component of the carbon pool in the vineyard ecosystem. ② The soil organic carbon content in the vertical profile decreased with the deepening of the soil layer, and there was a significant difference in the SOC content between the 0—40 cm surface layer and the 40—100 cm deep layer. The SOC enrichment coefficient of the surface soil was > 1, indicating a stronger ability to fix organic carbon. ③ There was spatial heterogeneity in SOC content within the park; the spatial heterogeneity of surface soil organic carbon was constrained by differences in grape varieties and fertilisation among different fields. In contrast the spatial heterogeneity of deep soil organic carbon was mainly constrained by the formation background of the original soil. ④ The ratio of soil organic carbon activity and neutral and inert components was approximately 1∶2∶5, with a high proportion of inert components and low carbon pool activity, indicating strong stability. Although the content of inert organic carbon determined the level of total organic carbon, changes in the content of neutral organic carbon can also affect the content of total organic carbon and total carbon. [Conclusion] The soil carbon pool activity and SOC content of vineyards at the eastern foot of the Helan Mountains are low. Grape planting will eventually increase soil carbon storage and enhance the carbon sink capacity of the ecosystem.