[Objective] The spatial autocorrelation patterns and influencing factors of soil and water loss and socio-economic development in Jilin Province were analyzed to provide a scientific basis for soil and water conservation and the green coordinated development in Jilin Province. [Methods] The analysis was based on the area of soil and water loss in various counties and cities in Jilin Province, combined with the social and economic statistics in the corresponding period. Tools including geographic information system (GIS), GeoDa, and ordinary least squares (OLS)linear regression models were used to analyze the spatial autocorrelation patterns of soil and water loss and socio-economic development and to identify the key influencing factors in Jilin Province from 2017 to 2021. [Results] ① The index of Moran’s I of soil and water loss in Jilin Province was positive with a minimum value of 0.254 6. Soil and water loss had an agglomeration effect in certain areas. The high-high agglomeration areas were primarily concentrated in the northwest of Jilin Province, and the low-low agglomeration areas were primarily concentrated in the southern region. ② The values of Moran’s I of urbanization rate, proportion of construction land, vegetation coverage area, and agricultural economic growth rate from the socio-economic indicators system of Jilin Province were relatively higher, and there were certain agglomeration characteristics in spatial. ③ The spatial autocorrelation analysis of soil and water loss and socio-economic reflected that Moran’s I values of “urbanization rate” and “forest area” were relatively large, and the spatial distribution of social type data was more concentrated compared to population and economic type data. ④ A high correlation was observed between the agricultural GDP, agricultural land use ratio, vegetation coverage ratio, and soil and water loss. The five-year average results of the correlation were 0.038, 0.003, and 0.154, respectively. [Conclusion] The soil and water loss, socio-economic development, and the double variables of soil and water loss and socio-economic development in Jilin Province have strong autocorrelation in space, respectively. Urbanization rate and vegetation coverage area were determined to have the most significant impact on soil and water loss among all the influencing factors.