[Objective] The vulnerability and obstacle factors of water resources in Wuhan City were explored to further clarify the characteristics and influencing mechanism of water resources system, therefore to provide a basis for regional water resources management and efficient utilization. [Methods] Combined with the current situation of water resources in Wuhan City, 12 indicators were selected to construct a water resource vulnerability assessment system based on a pressure-state-response model. The entropy weight method was used to calculate the indicator weight, and the set pair analysis method was used to assess water resource vulnerability. On this basis, an obstacle degree model was applied to identify obstacles of water resource vulnerability in Wuhan City. [Results] The overall vulnerability of water resources in Wuhan City showed a gradually decreasing trend from 2013 to 2022, and the vulnerability level decreased from middle to micro vulnerability. From the perspective of each subsystem, the vulnerability of water resources in the pressure subsystem gradually decreased, whereas the state and response system vulnerability levels showed a fluctuating decrease. The main obstacles affecting the vulnerability of water resources are water consumption per 10 000 yuan of GDP, water consumption per 10 000 yuan of industrial added value, compliance rate of river water quality, development and utilization rate of water resources, and the centralized treatment rate of sewage. The order of obstacle degree was pressure > state > response. [Conclusion] Although water resources are greatly influenced by human activities, they can provide important support for economic and social development in Wuhan City. The vulnerability of regional water resources could be effectively reduced and the supply-demand contradiction of water resources alleviated by continuously optimizing the allocation of water resources, accelerating the upgrading of industrial structures, improving the level of sewage treatment, and applying technological innovation.