[Objective] Finding out the response and vulnerability of carbon storage to land use change in Dawen River Basin can promote the green and sustainable development of the basin, and also provide reference for land use optimization management and control. [Methods] Based on land use data, InVEST model was utilized to study the impact of land use change on carbon storage evolution in Dawen River Basin from 2000 to 2020, and the potential impact index (PI) was used to assess the vulnerability of ecosystem carbon storage. [Results] The results indicated that: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the land use structure of the study area has changed significantly, mainly as a large decrease of cultivated land (316.44 km2) and a sharp increase of construction land (523.98 km2). The conversion of cultivated land to construction land was the main land transfer type. (2) During 2000-2020, the carbon storage decreased by 1087.46×104 t, and the transfer of cultivated to construction land was the leading factor of the decrease. The spatial distribution characteristics of basin carbon storage were "overall high in the north and low in the south, and significantly high or significantly low in local areas". (3) The land use degree index increased by 8.12. The PI for the first and last 10 years was -1.33 and -1.42, respectively, indicating that the vulnerability of carbon storage service was increasing. [Conclusion] The reduction of cultivated land, grassland and forest land and the expansion of construction land in the study area have significant effects on carbon storage and its vulnerability. In the future, carbon storage should be taken as an important reference factor in land use planning to achieve the optimal balance of carbon storage functions.