[Objective] The characteristics of cultivated land use transformation and the differences in spatial and temporal distribution of carbon emissions were analyzed to explore the role mechanisms of influencing factors in the process of cultivated land use transformation carbon emissions, and to provide scientific basis for the low-carbonization of cultivated land use. [Methods] Based on the land use data and the carbon emission coefficients, the temporal evolution characteristics of cultivated land use transformation and its carbon emissions during 2000-2020 in Hu’nan Province were revealed at the county and 5 km grid scales, and the spatial distribution characteristics of carbon emissions were identified and analyzed with the help of spatial autocorrelation method; the optimal parameter geodetector model was used to assess the depth of the influence of factors and the degree of interaction between the factors. [Results] ①During the study period, the area of cultivated land in Hu’nan Province has been shrinking continuously, accompanied by a large number of frequent conversion activities between cultivated land and forest land, water area and construction land, the carbon emission shows a fluctuating and increasing dynamic change trend.②The spatial autocorrelation analysis shows that the carbon emissions from the transformation of cultivated land utilization have significant high-high concentration and low-low concentration phenomena in both scales, indicating that the carbon emissions from the transformation of cultivated land utilization have strong concentration distribution characteristics in both spatial and temporal dimensions. ③The interactions among the factors are stronger than the single factor, and the interactions of socio-economic factors and locational conditions have significant explanatory power at both scales. [Conclusion] The impact of cultivated land use transformation on carbon emissions in Hu’nan Province is significant, and there are obvious differences in carbon emission characteristics and drivers at different spatial scales. In the future, carbon emission reduction measures and cultivated land use planning should be formulated more scientifically and rationally.