[Objective] The spatial and temporal variations in urban land green utilization efficiency and the influencing factors were investigated to provide a scientific basis for optimizing the development and protection patterns of national land space and promoting the sustainable development of urban land. [Methods] The slack-based measure-directional distance function (SBM-DDF) model was used to measure the land green utilization efficiency of urban land in Anhui Province from 2008 to 2022. Kernel density analysis and center of gravity migration models were selected to analyze the spatial and temporal variations, while the geodetector and geographic time weighted regression (GTWR) models were combined to study the factors influencing urban land utilization efficiency. [Results] ① The average value of green land utilization efficiency of urban land in Anhui Province from 2008 to 2022 was 0.77 and was divided into two phases: a straight-line decline from 2008 to 2014 and a fluctuating increase from 2015 to 2022. ② Polarization phenomena were observed in the region, with the low value of the city increasing, the high value being more stable, and the regional gap gradually expanding. The gravity center trajectory of efficiency value of the whole province moved first to southeast and then to northwest, and the improvement was more obvious in northwest than in southeast. Although it remained high in the south and low in the north, indicating unbalanced spatial characteristics. ③ The leading factors were environmental protection inputs, urban and rural structures, urban greening, environmental regulation, and industrial structure, the interaction between industrial structure and environmental protection inputs was the strongest, with a q-value of 0.82. The spatial heterogeneity of the leading factors was significant: urban greening influenced all cities positively; urban and rural structure, environmental regulation, and environmental protection inputs influenced the central and southern regions positively and the northern region negatively; and the industrial structure influenced the resource cities negatively. Industrial structure has a significant negative influence on resource-oriented cities. [Conclusion] Strict land use control, promotion of industrial structure upgrading, increasing ecological and environmental protection, strengthening overall collaborative development, and formulating differentiated development paths should be used to promote the overall improvement of green land use efficiency in the urban areas of Anhui Province.