[Objective] The causes of aeolian sand hazards in the Milan-Gobi section of the Golmud-Korla railway were investigated to propose a targeted configuration mode for sand-control systems. [Methods] This study analyzed regional wind conditions, monitored the amount of sand transported along the line, and assessed the protection efficiency of the test section of the protection system through field observations. [Results] ① The Milan Gobi area of the Golmud-Korla railway is a high wind energy environment; the main sand driving winds are NE and ENE, and the annual sand transport volume reaches 2.15～3.45 m³/a. ② The sand in Gobi mobile dunes is mainly medium- and fine-grained, whereas sand particles within 40 cm below the surface are mainly fine-grained. After construction damage sand is easily generated, creating a new sand source. ③ The sand resistance rates of the single HDPE plate, reed bundle, and galvanized chicken wire barrier were 96.42%, 93.85%, and 76.60%, respectively; the sand resistance rates of the double fences were 97.95%, 98.71%, and 92.78%, respectively. The sand resistance rate of the entire protection system exceeded 95%. The amount of sand deposited in the zigzag sand barrier was large, and the corner of the barrier was easily buried by sand deposits. [Conclusion] A sand control system that combines a linear HDPE board sand barrier with a large reed bundle grid is suitable for the sand control system configuration mode in the Milan Gobi area of the Golmud-Korla railway.