Abstract:Hulun lake is a typical lake characteristic of grassland. Being less affected by the human being , the wa- ter environmental system of Hulun lake is strongly affected by the eco-hydrological process of the basin. Under the condition of global change and irrational action of human being , the water environmental system is being deterio- rating . The control of water environmental system must be on the base of the control of eco-hydrological process of the basin.

Abstract:Based on plot test of piling up top soil, the impacts of runoff on land productivity of sloping field is researched in Xiji county, semi arid hilly and gully region of the loess plateau. The results show that the lost runoff plays an important rule in the impacts of soil and water loss on land productivity of sloping field. Each 1 mm of lost runoff costs 9.7% of spring wheat output and 5.0% of potato, namely the impacts of lost runoff on spring wheat output of sloping field is half of that on potato. The impacts of lost runoff on spring wheat decreased by 41.7%～64.0% of its output in sloping field of different slope degrees and on potato decreases by 21.5%～33.0%. Impact of runoff on crops is 73.3% of the sloping field outputs every year and 16.3% of the total cultivated field.

Abstract:Based on investigation, there are thirty eight county with collapse gully erosion in Fujian province. The total area of collapse gully erosion is 2 630.69 hm 2 with 6 714 entries. The gully density is 0.055 entries/km 2. Though the area is small, but it made severe disservice. The affecting factor of collapse gully erosion, basic way and control patterns are discussed.

Abstract:The nodulation and nitrogen fixation of 53 species belonging to 24 genera major cultivated or wild legumes are studied in Gansu-Ningxia region of the loess plateau. There were 87 strains of root nodule bacterial from 112 samples be separated, and 63.5% of those nodules samples be effective for nitrogen fixation. The activities of nitrogen fixation in nodules of various species varied greatly and all of them were low that 35% of them are under 1 μmol/(g·h) C\-2H\-4 and more than 10 μmol/(g·h)C 2H 4 is only 6%. The characteristics of symbiotic nitrogen fixation and action of soil and water conservation in environment were discussed.

Abstract:Wetlands in the Zoige plateau play an important role in the protection of the wetland biodiversity of the Qinghai and Tibet plateau, but their present situation is unknown. TM image shows that there is 3.94×10 4 hm 2 wetland in the Zoige plateau, accounting for 2.2% of the total area. The ratio of marsh is the most in all kinds of wetlands. Compared with the wetland area in the early part of 1950s and 1980s, that in the region at present decreased rapidly and degraded badly, and the wetlands in the region are in dire need of protecting. At present, the protecting measures include: (1) strengthening the construction and administration of wetland natural reserved area; (2) discussing degradation mechanism and ecological restoration measures; (3) carrying through ecological stock raising experimentation on wetland meadow; (4) enhancing lawmaking and education on wetland protection.

Abstract:The major areas of key harnessed small watersheds in Taihang mountain of Hebei province were investigated in order to study the economic development patterns of the area. Based on the rock characteristics, geographical position and topographical conditions, four types of the small watershed areas were divided, i.e, the gneiss small watershed type in the west deep mountain area, the gneiss small watershed type in the east shallow area, the limestone small watershed type in the steep slope area, and the limestone small watershed type in the gentle slope area. Land use structure, industrial structure and investment structure of the four types of small watershed area were analyzed with multiple linear regression and gray forecast theory. Optimum patterns of economic development for the different types of small watershed area were also worked out.

Abstract:Dongping lake is a very important hydraulic junction of the eastern engineering of diverting water from the south to the north of China. The water quality and ecological environment of Dongping lake will make important affection on this engineering. Soil and water loss is one of the important factors which led up to water pollution. Taking Dongping lake as an example, the change of water quality of Dongping lake caused by soil and water loss is analyzed, and the countermeasures of soil and water loss on water pollution effective control are discussed.

Abstract:The nodulation and nitrogen fixation of major cultivated and wild legumes dispersed over 20 genera. There were 55 species be studied in Alashan desert region. Among them, 15 species have not been reported yet in Allen's "The Leguminoaes". The results showed that 94.8% leguminous plants can nodulate in natural environment. The shapes of nodules of these plants were circular, ellipse or cudgel, and most of them were white, yellow and brown in color. There were 77 samples of nodules be detected with the method of acetylene reduction. There were 24.6% of these nodules samples be ineffective for nitrogen fixation. Activities of nitrogen fixation in nodules varied little, all of them were low, and 45.9% of them be under 1μmol/g·h C 2H 4. The cause of low actions in Alashan desert region were discussed.

Abstract:The multi function Danjiangkou reservoir with national stage is in churchyard of Danjiangkou city of Hubei province, Studying on mechanism of soil erosion to reservoir range has an important theoretic and practical meaning. The soil erosion location just as the follows: happening, factor leading disaster and curing means. This theory of location differs from previously theory. The soil erosion landscape of Danjiangkou city can be divided into two parts with the boundary of Wudang mountain Langhe town. The patch of landscape in the southern is scatter, the corridor of landscape in the northern is directional. The cause of two the landscape grillwork formation is correlation with the following factors, current tectonic activity of road fault zone, difference of material crust and activity of mankind.

Abstract:The research of sloping farmland is the key part of soil and water loss harness as well as soil and water conservation planning, the development and the application of GIS offered a new technical means for the research of sloping farmland. It is the basic function for GIS to get unit polygon by overlaying the vector map, but the uncertainty of polygon is the disastrous factor affecting GIS's data quality. Based on MapGIS, updated information by DOM. The method of Overlaying Vector and Grid and operating attribute table is used to prosecute the sloping farmland investigation quickly in small watershed. It is the prominent of Overlaying Vector and Grid in the process of information combination.

Abstract:Terraced fields is one of the basis measures on soil and water conservation construction, especially on the loess plateau, in which the amount of the sloping fields is 49.2% of the total fields. Along with the nation's starting the construction of soil and water conservation overall, and putting it into capital construction, to drawing up the quota of budgetary estimate of soil and water conservation is more and more important. Combining with drawing up the way of working out the budgetary estimate and the quota of budgetary estimate of initial design on soil and water conservation project of the Yellow river basin, the way of work out the budgetary estimate of terraced fields, and the calculated unit, subtitle installed, the step distant, manpower, mechanism and consume material delimited are discussed. It talked about the rate of drawn fee to the unit price and the unit price of the project. In order to test the reasonableness of the quota of budgetary estimate, an example are taken for analysis.

Abstract:The way of trial plan is called "the best mixed plan", for it contains the idea of combination plan and uses the fundamentals of the best plan, it is close to two kinds of plans. The highest output of silt arrested land plot 1998, 1999 and 2000 reaches 12 919.5 kg·hm -2 , 13 815.0 kg·hm -2 and 15 018.0 kg·hm -2 respectively. There are 343 plans obtained through computer, the best combination plan with yield of 15 000～17 625 kg·hm -2 is to use 60 000 kg·hm -2 of organic manure, 462～483 kg·hm -2 of N, to irrigate 600 t·hm -2 of water before seeding, 1 377～1 458 t·hm -2 of water in crop growth, to maintain the density of potato and sorghum with 72 705～83 415 per hm 2 and 65 205～75 915 per hm 2 respectively.

Abstract:The problems of utilizing the sloping land of more than 15° in Shaanxi province are as follows: (1) serious soil and water conservation; (2) low stability of production; (3) very small speed of conversion from farmland; (4) irrational cultivation structure. The feasibility of conversion from farmland to forest and grass is analyzed. And the countermeasures of that are also proposed.

Abstract:Xinjiang Wei Autonomous Region is the biggest and more important province located in northwest borderland of China. With population increasing and acceleration improving of regional exploitation, soil and water loss being serious day after day. Soil and water conservation and sustainable development had become important subjects of eco environmental construction. The current situation, characteristics, original factors and problems of soil and water loss are analyzed, and some suggestions on soil and water conservation in Xinjiang region are presented from the view of sustainable development.

Abstract:The situation of soil and water loss and its natural and human causes of formation in Hongta district of Yuxi city are analyzed. The principle, objective and phase control task of the eco environmental construction of soil and water conservation, together with the appropriate control, monitoring and preventative countermeasures are put forward.

Abstract:The groundwater resources of Jiangle county can be divided into four types, loose rocks type hole water; clastic rocks type hole water; carbonate type crevice limestone cave water and bedrock type crevice water. Rainfall is the main supply source of the groundwater in Jiangle county. The groundwater can be divided into mountain basin hydrology geologic area, karst hydrology geologic area, low hill hydrology geologic area, and middle low hill hydrology geologic area. There are two subterranean hot waters in Jiangle county. The countermeasures on the exploitation and protection of Jiangle county's groundwater resources are suggested.

Abstract:In the seasonal arid area of upland in Donghai county, there are more erosion and degeneration of ecosystem owing to the greater difference of precipitation yearly and monthly, lower forest cover rate or using soil resources irrationally. (1) To use the advantage terrain positions fully, to dug bayberry of stopping water, to build small reservoir, water pools, big mouth wells, and small mouth wells. All of those were connected to be a soil and water conservation engineering system of upland by settling tanks; (2) To plant trees and grasses persistently, to use soil resources effectively, and build terraces, deeply plough soil, spread technique of contour cultivation, control erosion; (3) To build wells storage and irrigation system, to use surface water and groundwater sufficiently. It is the best way to resolve the deficiency of water in arid area of upland.

Abstract:Luntai county is situated in the middle of Tarim river. It is the jumping off point of western natural gas conveyed to east project. It has important status in social and economic development with representative characteristics of Xingjiang Wei Autonomous Region on soil erosion. Seven anti erosion approaches and countermeasures are chosen, those are (1) scientific classifing the preventing and cure type district; (2) building multi functional system of shelter forest; (3) strengthening management and breeding of forest and grass in north of Tarim; (4) positive developing comprehensive management of animal, forest and agriculture; (5) insisting on the measures of biology and technology to comprehensive harness of the area; (6) strengthening capital construction of irrigation and water conservancy to utilize water resources in rational; (7) building monitor system of soil and water conservation and strengthening scientific research. All above measurements are of very important significance to the sustainable development from Luntai county to all Xinjiang region.

Abstract:After analyzing the complexity of comprehensive benefits of soil and water conservation by using the theory of system science, the fundamental character and content of soil and water conservation economics are discussed from practical mechamism, theoretical basis, and technical mechanism. The discussion will contribute to a scientific understanding of the branch.

Abstract:Based on the principal agent theory, the participators in soil and water conservation of loess plateau, and the problems on the existing clientage are analyzed. The new incentive mechanism that can let the agent do as the principal's will is designed.

Abstract:In recent years, a great sum money has been pooled in water conservancy and soil and water conservation in Shaanxi province, it promotes efficiently construction of graceful environment. Because of so many financing channel and division of management, it brings about some new problems such as overstaffing in organzations, repeat in work. It is a good thing having enormous fund, but it will cause byproduct without sound administration. A series of investigation are conducted, and countermeasures are put forward according to aspects mentioned above in order to arouse the intensive attention of the related departments and resolve the present difficulties.