Abstract:Northwest Yunnan province is an area of high mountainous and deep valley. The region also contains protected areas of natural forests in the upper reaches of Yangtze river and provides an ecological barrier between middle and clown reaches of the Yangtze river. It is one of China's important ecological functional regions and is characterized by strong new tectonic movements, active geomorphological processes and a fragile ecology. The natural environment and human activity produce important effects on stability of slopes and soil-vegetation system, and the levels and types of soil erosion. The influence of natural factors, such as geology, landform, soil, vegetation, climate and hydrology，and the influence of human factors like population, land use and socio-economic conditions on regional water and soil erosion are studied through detailed field investigation. This research is of great importance to soil conservation，ccological construction and sustainable development.

Abstract:According to observed data, the laws of runoff and sediment yield and the impact of precipitation variation on the sediment-reducing rate of comprehensive sediment capture in tributaries? in northwestern Shanxi province, of the Hekouzhen-Longmen reaches of the Yellow river are analyzed. The two main problems ? including the establishment of a runoff and sediment yield model and the improvement of the calculating method for sediment reduction due to precipitation variation, are emphatically discussed. The impact of less-than-normal precipitation on the sediment reduction caused by comprehensive sediment capture is analyzed too. The results may provide a scientific basis for the compressive sediment capture in the tributaries of the Yellow river in northwestern Shanxi provincet and can be used as an important reference for further research on water and sediment variation in middle reaches of the Yellow river.

Abstract:To study the hydrological effects of human activity in the Sanjiang plain, the influence of human activity on surface runoff processes, soil water content，groundwater level, and water quality are analyzed. Then, the spatial-temporal scale and the trend of hydrological effects of human activities are discussed. Results suggest that hydrological effects of human activities will expand on both temporal and spatial scales. More specifically, the intense influence of human activities on runoff processes, reticular development of the regional water system, fragmentation of wetlands，deterioration of water quality and so on will continue for a long time. The impacts will become more and more serious, and should be paid adequate attention.

Abstract:Soil phosphate diffusion characteristics and impacting factors are investigated by ³²P trace method of different soil texture. Results show as follows： the soil P diffusion coefficient increases markedly with the increase of soil water content, their relation being described by the correlation of the exponential; the soil P diffusion coefficient increases with the increases of soil clay content; the coefficient also increases with the increase of temperature, with the temperature effect on the soil P diffusion coefficient being described by the temperature coefficients of the P diffusion coefficient; the soil P diffusion coefficient increases markedly with the increase of P application quantity in soil; the effect of soil volume weight on the P diffusion coefficient is in relation to soil texture. such that for fine-texture soil, there is an increasing trend in the P diffusion coefficient with decreasing soil volume weight, and for light-texture soil, there is an increasing trend in the P diffusion coefficient with the increasing of soil volume weight.

Abstract:In using GIS technology to help make decisions about where trees or grass need to be planted? we can overlay all sorts of data and analyse the overlain results with little manpower and material resources. Furthermore this process can provide us with two kinds of data such as tables and figures. Taking Xianju county of Zhejiang province as an example, the suitable places for returning land to forestland or grassland are selected and formulated on the basis of the obtained knowledge. The difference between this and some previous research before is that this work adopted maps of large scale. In this way, small terrain features are reflected and precision is improved. It can provid reference material for similar work on data analysis and selection of suitable places for returning land to forestland or grassland.

Abstract:According to monitoring and analysis of ground-water and vegetation response at the lower reaches of Tarim river in the last 3 years, the water resource deficit situation changed after the project of transferring water. It was found that the average ground-water level rose from 8.25 m below ground surface before water transfer to 4.13 m below ground surface after water transfer. Correspondingly, the vegetation health improved in this region. However, due to differencevS in timing and quantity of water transfer to different parts of the lower reaches of the Tarim river，the ground-water level varies in the region. Judging by the criteria for ecologically sound ground-water levels, which indicate conditions to prevent salinization. desertification and damage to the growth of some xerophytic trees and bushes in this region. The problem, whether the ground-water level in different parts at the lower reaches of the Tarim river reasonable is analyzed. The results show that the ground-water level (between 2.97 and 4.8 m below ground surface after water transfer) from Yingsu to Alagan is comparatively reasonable. The ground-water level (between 0.1 and 2.47 m below ground surface after water transfer) from Daxihaizi reservoir to Yingsu is too high and may cause salinization. Conversely, the ground-water level at the downstream part from Alagan to Taitema lake is too low to prevent land from desertification and to improve vegetation restoration. Therefore going on translating water to raise the ground-water level is necessary.

Abstract:On the basis of natural environment of Dali county, the characteristics of agricultural development and eco-environmental problems are discussed. The county is classified into four sub-areas and ecoagriculture models of the sub-areas are put forward according to ecological principles, characteristics of the eco-environment and agricultural development. At last, three main engineering measures that actualize the eco-agriculture models are suggested.

Abstract:Increases in N,P，K,Fe,Zn,B and Mn ferhiizer application resulifd in a remarkable change in the wheat population, tilling increases of 1.71 ?2.45 millions/hm²，yield increases of 751.5 kg/hm², and earnings increases of 840 Yuan/hm² (the average earning of effective normal fertiiizer is 3.10 Yuan/kg). Furthering this fertilizer investment, the yield increases by 1147.5 kg /hm² and earnings increase by 1347 Yuan/hm² by doubling trace elements Fe, Zn, B and Mn; trace fertilizer profit in this case is 30.71 Yuan/kg. Yield increases by 1117.5 kg/hm² and earnings increase by 1716 Yuan/hm² by doubling the trace elements and P fertilizer (the average earning of effective P fertilizer is 7.53 Yuan/kg). Yield increases by 405 kg/hm² and earnings decrease by doubling potash fertilizer. Yield increases by 945 kg/hm² and earnings increase by 1314 Yuan/hm² by increased fertilizer content of P,K,Fe,Zn，B and Mn (except N). In this fertilizer investment type, the profit increased 3932 Yuan/hm² and the earning is 17.54 Yuan/kg by doubling phosphate fertilizer. Tht experiments show that phosphate fertilizer arul irace fertilizer are a key factor in improvement of wheat production capacity and profitability of high fertilizer levels.

Abstract:Based on monitoring of pollutants in urban storm runoff in Zhuhai city, pollutant loads are calculated with the SCS hydrologic model, and the results of the calculations are considered. The results show that the annual mean value for runoff is 1529.2 mm，with of the highest values coming from traffic roads and commercial districts. The concentration of pollutants is high in the urban storm runoff. The pollutant loads for T-N，T-P，COD_Cr and BOD₅, are 765.27, 74.06. 11958.94 and 1104.71 t respectively. COD_Cr accounts for 72.32 percent of the pollutant load from industrial point sources (PS) and 24.69 percent of the load from non-point sources. Urban storm runoff makes water quality worsen rapidly within short time after rain. Consequently, urban storm runoff has a large impact on the water environment.

Abstract:By choosing precipitation intensity, runoff intensity, soil particle diameter? thickness of soil layer, slope gradient, surface vegetation of 17 closed basins in a karst mountain region of Guizhou province as parameters, SPSS software and Multivariate Statistical Analysis are employed to build the dynamic remote sensing information model of soil and water loss to give a predication of the soil and water loss of Guizhou province.

Abstract:The thalweg in loess hill area is an important terrain structural line, reflecting topography and landform character. A case study is conducted in Jiuyuan valley of Suide county，north Shaanxi province. The principles and methods of disiiliing automatically thalweg are discussed in the context of a DEM，and the precision of results relative to charts and terrain maps is analyzed. The study shows that the technology and method of distilling the thalweg using DEM are practical and effective.

Abstract:Guided by digital earth and based on 3D terrain model construction, and using orthophoto map texture mapping and real time dynamic stereo showing technology, small watershed virtual reality landscapes are researched and developed. Small watershed virtual reality landscapes have high substations, plentiful terrain information，high accuracy, and are easily depicted audio-visually for dynamic observation. The applications of landscapes virtual reality technology to small watersheds are discussed.

Abstract:Use of the silt arrester on the luoss plateau has a long history and remarkable efficiency. Meanwhile，it is facing new challenges during its continued developing. Use of the silt arrester needs thorough monitoring for dc'velopment in terms of theory. From literature including regional monitoring surveys，tributary plans and feasibility research, special engineering designs and so on，it is summarized that silt arrester monitoring should abide by scieniific,systematic, practical, advanced and standardized principles. Also, several key problems are analyzed in order to guide silt arrester monitoring to realize coordination. legalization and effectiveness.

Abstract:Early warning for agricultural water security can be divided into water quantity and water quality early warning. Based on agricultural water supply and water requirement analyses, and trends in water supply and water requirement, agricultural water security in the northeast region of China is forecasted. According to the ratio of agricultural water supply and requirement, trends in agricultural water are ranked in different classes. In the current water supply and Wetter-consuming mode, the northeast region water resource is scarce. The water resource situation is better in the current water supply and water-saving mode or potential water supply and water-consuming mode compared with the current water supply and water consuming mode; however water supply is inadequate for development. Before 2030，agricultural water could be secured by the potential water supply and water-saving mode，but currently up to 2030 in the no warning situation, there is a 1.57*10¹⁰m³ water shortage. To address the problem of the agricultural water, suggestions are presented to ensure agricultural water security.

Abstract:An investigation of the supervision of soil and water conservation during processes of exploitation， production and construction is necessary to execute the law and manage information on soil and water conservation. The pertinence and validity of the execution of laws for soil and water conservation could be improved though such investigation. Basic situations and existing problems of the supervision of soil and water conservation in Fujian province are analyzed and evaluatftl, and the ways on how to improve the works about the supervision of soil and water conservation during processes of exploitation. production and construction in lht* future are suggested.

Abstract:The biodiversity of the west lakeside zone of Hongze lake is rich. There are diverse vegetation associations, many key protected bird species and large number of sub-populations in this area. The investigating results obtained are as follows：the west lakeside of Hongze lake has been identified 165 species of phytoplankton, 81 species of high plants，91 species of zooplankton, 69 species of zoo benthos, 102 species of fish and 194 species of birds. After brief introduction for socioeconomic feature，natural feature, environmental quality and the scope of the west lakeside zone of Hongze lake. The major factors which affect the biodiversity of the west lakeside zone of Hongze lake are expounded. Major content of the biodiversity protection is defined, that is infrastructure construction of natural groove guard, ecological rehabilitation of the west lakeside zone and synthetic renovation for regional environment. Some suggestions are proposed to use the biological resource of the west lakeside zone of Hongze lake continuously. The capital of the biodiversity protection of the west lakeside zone of Hongze lake is planed.

Abstract:Considering the construction of the Gongbo Gorge Hydropower Station in the upper reaches of the Yellow river, and the areas unique geology, soil and climate, the different harness areas are identified in both the major and subsidiary project construction regions. On the basis of an analysis of the causes of soil erosion, methods combining project treatment with vegetation treatment are adopted, and the main treatment measures suited to the area are brought forward. This study also provides references relating to the exploitation and construction of homogeneous hydropower stations and the treatment of soil erosion in the upper reaches of the Yellow river.

Abstract:The cumulative amount of controlled soil and water loss area in Pingchang county, Sichuan province is 782.3km². Of this 2.77*10⁴km² is under a grazing banned，2.06*10⁴km² for soil and water conservation, and 8.29*10⁴km² is planted to fruit. Great achievement has been gained since the ecological rehahilition project begun at the end of 2001. The key to implementing the project is to resolve One Contradiction, to grasp Two Combinations to deal with Four Relations and to establish Four Mechanisms. But the problems are the one sidedness of awareness, the limiiation of measures, the weakness of science and technology, the lack of capital, and so on. The countermeasures to overcome these problems include a full understanding of the contents of the ecological rehabilitation project, harmonizing relationship between humans and nature, consistently taking the way of comprchensive control, strengthening scientific supervisory measurements, enlarging capital collection and investment and so on.

Abstract:The changing characters of the regional environment and its relationship to humans over an historical period in Ningxia Hui Autonomuus Region as well as its neighbor areas are studied. The result shows that the regional environment and ils relatioiiship to humans are associated with two land use activities, namely naturally suited agriculture with Mockhret'ling economic activity and secondary - type suited agricultural economic activity. The physical environment in Ningxia region and its neighbor areas were utilized for agriculture and slock breeding activities for 1800 years from the Han dynasty to the Ming dynasty. During this time, regional areas suited to agriculture and stockbreeding fluctuated with military situations and political affairs. and also with ethical powers associatt'd with agriculture and stockhreeding. The settlement of agririilture and stockhreeding people was a direct reason for changes in the original physical environment.

Abstract:The arid and semi-arid areas in the west part of China comprise about 37.1% of the total national land. Scarce precipitation and intense evaporation make these areas unique in terms of water resources. There are many problems in these areas, such as shortage of water，excessive pumping of underground water and lowering of the ground water level, drastic desertification, and severe pollution of water resources due to exploitation. In order to use local water resources properly, it is necessary to consider implementing a management strategy for water resources and enhancing public awareness of the environment? together with the integrating administrative, economic, legal means and so on，for management.

Abstract:Well-known water erosion prediction models, such as USLE，RUSLE，WEPP，EROSEM， LISEM and GeoWP'PP are outlined. The recently developed regional water erosion model (SEMMED)，rill erosion model (RILLGROW), shallow gully erosion model (EGEM), and gully erosion model are introduced in detail. The challenges in employing these erosion models in China are discussed.

Abstract:The current status and problems in soil and water conservation education in China are presented based on the situation and development of soil and water conservation practice. Teaching plans and course systems in high vocational school and college are compared with undergraduate courses in soil and water conservation. Talent requirements are forecasted according to the development of soil and water conservation work. Strategy and direction in aspects of educational reform, in this case, mainly for Nanchang College of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power, are presented for the soil and water conservation specialty students, as well as the ecology specialty students.