Abstract:Ecosystem self-rehabilitation is an important component of vegetation restoration in the loess hilly and gully region.Using natural and artificial grassland as controls, this study considered vegetation succession,aboveground biomass and soil infiltration in slope land subject to the conversion of farm land to natural vegetation.The results show that after land use conversion, the natural vegetation communities soon exhibited positive succession,with increasing biomass and improving soil infiltration. It is possible that within 20 years, the annual surface soil infiltration could increase by 0.01mm/m in and could reach to 40cm in depth.It is suggested that converting slope farm land to natural grassland is an effective approach to improve soil infiltratioin, and consequently, soil conservation.

Abstract:This study involved analysis of the effect of engineering measures for water conservancy on localrainfall.The analysis was based on data collected over 8 years,during the period of high water levels in Sanmenxia Reservoir,on the middle reach of the Yellow River.Data collection followed implementation of the World Bank Loan Project for soil and water conservation in the Loess Plateau.Meteorological data was also used. The results show that high volume water storage in reservoir and the implementation of large scale afforestation and grassland establishment and earth works,such as slope terracing and check dam construction,altered the base soil and water conditions.Rainfall interception increased and runoff were impounded.The engineering measures ultimately increased water vapor production and regional moisture circulation,so that the local microclimate was improved and rainfall increased.

Abstract:Information on land use and soil erosion was extracted from TM remotely sensed images.The relation between land use change and soil erosion change was explored by overlapping the respective map layers.Results show that land use change in the m idtown of Suining City is favorable for soil and water conservation.The main land use change enhancing soil and water conservation occurs on the dry upland.Changes within dry land areas,i.e.the conversion of dry land to terrace,are the most effective for preventing soil erosion.The conversion of dry land to forest is also helpful for soil conservation.In other words,the implementation of comprehensive land management practices in the midtown of Suining City has produced satisfying ecological benefits,and the successful experiences are worthy of consideration.

Abstract:On the basis of environmental characteristics and vegetation distribution in the loess hilly-gully region of northern Shaanxi Province,there have 5 areas for vegetation econstruction been demarcated.These are the gully region along Maowusu desert,the region of loess hills and Yellow River valley,the region of Baiyushan and Hengshan mountains in the northwest,the region of loess hills and Yellow River valley in the east and the region of secondary forest along Huanglong and Laoshan mountains in the south.Regionally suitable vegetation species,directions of development,reconstruction tasks,reconstruction methods for every region and trees and grasses suitability for planting or sowing are considered.

Abstract:The sediment sources in smallwatershedswere analyzed based on studies in a watershed in western Shanxi Province of the Loess Plateau.On the basis of watershed classification,seven typical watersheds were chosen and observed for 14 years.Results show that the sediment yield of small watersheds comes mainly from gullies (60% of the total sediment load).Erosion soures of the valley(including gully heads,gully beds,and valley sides)are 1.28～2.48 times more significant as sediment sources than the interfluves(including hill slopes and hill tops).Cultivation of slopland and bare soil are key contributors to soil erosion.

Abstract:Natural and social-economic conditions of the Baife Temple Branch in Suining City,Sichuan Province are presented,and problems of land use,industrialization,living standards and soil and water conservation are analyzed.Eco-technology gardens based on soil and water conservation have been designed.Eco-environmental construction,economic development and the application of new technology for soil and water conservation have been the intention.Sustainable agriculture,slope hydrology,establishment of green industry and tourism are the main components that have received consideration.This design study attempts to establish an example for the construction of soil and water conservation and sustainable development system s in similar watersheds in the region.

Abstract:Management of the ecological environment in the Three Gorges reservoir area is a difficult and world-scale problem.Resettlement of migrants from the Three Gorges reservoir area is a very important issue affecting ecological environmental protection and construction.Based on an analysis of the environmental capacity and differences in the characteristics of resettled migrants.This study considered and appraised the environmental capacity of migrants resettled to Ouying village,Fengjie County,with respect to local resources and environmental and econom ic development levels.Results indicate that,under the local resource and environmental and development conditions,an acceptable number of migrants for resettlement is 1500.With adjustment of the agricultural production area and advancement of industrialization environmental capacity for migrants resettled to Ouying village,Fengjie County,the capacity ofm igrants could be slightly enhanced.This article also discusses the migrant resettlement and regional sustainable development.

Abstract:The current water conservation forest in the upper stream area of the Miyun reservoir of Peking City is analyzed.The forest types and present condition are considered.The effects on river flows of Pinus tabulaef ormis wood,Robinia pseudoacacia wood,chestnut wood and mixed forest are considered.The effect of deadwood leaves on the absorption of rain,woodland soil water storage capacity and overland flows and the purification of water as it moves are considered.The result reveals that use of water increases according to the order:Pinus tabulaef ormis forest

Abstract:A conclusion is drawn that,in southern Jingyang County in Shaanxi Province,active conformations,earthquake faults,rock and soil layers and river erosion are the primary cuases of geological hazards.Intense human activities,particularly irrigation,also contribute to it.After analyzing the distribution and formation processes of cliff collapse and landslide,which are typical geological hazard phenomena in the loessial highlands in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province,prevention measures and predictions methods are put forward.

Abstract:Using Shangyang Experimental Area as a case study,plant species,the extent of canopy closure extent and the coverage of herbaceous plants are analyzed to provide information about plant community evolution in areas rehabilitated for soil and water conservation.Differences in plant community evolution between the rehabilitated forest and the natural,unvegetated hillside are assessed.Some suggestions about rehabilitation for soil and water conservation are put forward.

Abstract:Annual and monthly(April to September)precipitation data from 20 stations in Shaanxi Province for the period 1951 to 2000 are used in relative statistical calculations.The characteristics of rainfall stability and change revealed by these calculations are analyzed.Results show that average precipitation has changed little,but there have been short and long periods of the change,with change particularly evident in the 1990s.Precipitation trends are forecasted,and further analysis reveals that precipitation will tend toward an increase in the period 2001-2010.Finally,the influence of rainfall on river flow,soil and water loss and desertification are analyzed.

Abstract:Dynamic monitoring of desertification in the high frigid regions of China is of great application.The situatation of monitoring centers is placed in the high frigid regions of T ibet and Qinghai Plateau at the provincial capitals and the six additional stations locationed in areas of Caidamu Basin,Qinghai Lake,Gonghe,A-li,Naqu,Rikaze.These stations will constitute a monitoring web on desertification in the High Frigid Regions.It is proposed that the dynam ic monitoring strategy based on"3S".Finally,the difficulties in conducting the monitoring strategy are discussed.

Abstract:TM data from 1986 to 2000 covering Shaanxi Province,Gansu Province,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,Qinghai Province,Xinjiang Wei Autonomous Region and western Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region were digitally interpreted to determine land use/cover modification.Remote sensing image processing software and Geographic Information System software were used in the research.Analysis methods included image enhancement,pseudo color composite,geometric rectification,mosaic and subset,and graphic database and attribute database establishment.The TM interpretation results for each county in the six regions were added.Three classification levels were adopted for land use/land cover.At the first level six classes were used including cultivated field,forest,grassland,water body,urban and unused land.In 1986,the area of desert,sand field and desertified land across the six regions was 85425467hm²( 26% of the total area),which was found mostly in Xinjiang,western Inner Mongolia,Qinghai and Gansu.Xinjiang was most severly affected,with 52035232hm²( 32% of the region) affected.In 2000,the area of newly desertified land across the six regions had increased by 1610062hm² and redesertified land covered 291776hm², resulting in a net increase of 1318286hm²(0.4% of the total region).Of the six land cover classes,grassland was most severly affected(797081hm²)comprising 50% of the newly desertified land.

Abstract:Reclaiming steep slope land to extend the area of slope fields plays a very important role in soil and water loss and eco-environment deterioration in the Loess Plateau.In order to convert farm land into forest on slope land effectively, obtaining up-to-date and reliable information on the spatial distribution and regional extent of slope fields by remote sensing is of critical importance.Using Landsat TM 5 data of the loess hilly and gully area of northern Shaanxi Province, integrated supervised and unsupervised classification were applied to extract slope field and other categories. By improving the signature selection accuracy, this method improves classification accuracy greatly. The result show s that integrated classification is suitable to slope field investigation in the loess hill and gully area.

Abstract:Based on an overall analysis of the methodology and technique for the description of terrain information representation, the TCI(Terrain Complexity Index),a new concept and quantification method for terrain complexity is proposed.TCI is a comprehensive index revealing the complexity and variation of true surface,which could be extracted via a calculation of an angle between two conjunct surfaces from a 3 by 3 cells based analysis window. Experiments shows that the TCI matrix derived from 1∶50 000 map scale DEMs could effectively represent the variation of the DEM based model surface. This research provides a good basis for constructing the conception system,as well as investigating the spatial distribution pattern of terrain information content.

Abstract:In the dry aeolian sand region,check dam s for soil and water conservation can store water and mud, improve the natural environment and enable oasis agriculture.Using a gravel-sand m ixture from channel bottom s as a building material for check dams allows use of readily available material and may also facilitate use of flood water. Follow ing a series of experimentswork, the stability of the sides and seepage flow of Shangliushui check dam were analyzed. The results indicate that gravel-sand mix can fulfil the goals of dam stability and controlled seepage flow in the dry aeolian sand region.

Abstract:Calculation by means of existing forecast factors can enable matter element analysis to have forecast functions. Continuously readjusting the grade lim it value(classical domain and joint domain)of every factor can maximize the ratio of historical runoff to actual run off production in a drainage basin.It is shown by example that this is a new and effective method for runoff production forecasting in drainage basins.

Abstract:Calculation by means of existing forecast factors can enable matter element analysis to have forecast functions. Continuously readjusting the grade lim it value(classical domain and joint domain)of every factor can maxim ize the ratio of historical runoff to actual runoff production in a drainage basin. It is shown by example that this is a new and effective method for runoff production forecasting in drainage basins.

Abstract:Agricultural environment resources are the basis of sustainable development of agriculture. Appropriate exploitation of agricultural environment resources and development of modern agriculture are related to the formation of the economic zone of the Changjiang river delta. Based on an analysis of characteristics of the agricultural environment on the south coast of Hangzhou Bay,the predominance of agricultural exploitation and advanced strategies to exploit agriculture resources sustainably is discussed.

Abstract:The effect of mining in damaging the enviroment is becoming greater, and is threatening the regional sustainable development. Soil and water loss in the mining area of Liaoning Province is investigated and analysed. Results indicate that: there are many mining operations and they are broadly districuted;minig has take place for a long time; there are many abandoned mines;soil and water loss is intense and average loss is high; a few areas have been restored;and,overall,the environmental damage is serious.Based on mine characteristics and the situation of Liaoning Province, a series of countermeasures to environmental damage are put forward, including reform mining systems,increase capital investment; stage the improvement of mines starting with the easily modified operations first;increase efficiency; enhance scientific and technical knowledge; apply new technology;and implement existing policies.

Abstract:The deteriorated forests and their features in Huangguoshu Scenic Spot are elaborated. On the basis of forest and site factors,the deteriorated forests in this region are divided into five types: low yield econom ic forest, deteriorated deciduous broadleaf forest, deteriorated evergreen theropencedrymion,deteriorated arbuscle,deteriorated bush in limestone.The last type can be divided into closed forestland facilitating forestation and vegetation recovery on difficult sites. Management measures to improve deteriorated forests include hillside closure, filling and improving, forestation and forestry diversification. Taking into consideration the conditions of the region's environment, society and econom ics, these management measures are put forward with proposals for ecosystem construction based on ecology, production and sustainability in Huang guo shu Scenic Spot and karst regions generally.

Abstract:On the basis of investigating synthetically on the spot, land resources of Hongqiwatershed in the low mountains and hills region of northeastern China are analized and assessed according to the development and requirement of ecological construction in the watersheds. The land use structure are adjusted. Measures and their scales of ecological construction of soil and water conservation project are defined, and their benefits are caculated.

Abstract:The issues of national park management and tourism management are very controversial.Tourism management methods in China and overseas are discussed.Using the scenic sites of Qinghai Lake as a case study, actualmanagement system s and their problems are analyzed. New tourism management methods for the case study are put forward and their actual construction and implementation are summarized. Finally, a major point is discussed:there should be a balance on the right of the tourism operations owner, themanagement of tourism and the need for operations, and the right of the local population with respect to the scenic sites.

Abstract:The conversion of tilled fields to forest land has been implemented for 3-4 years in the central region of He'nan Province, but it has not relied on the policies and measures of the eastern region because of the special geography and social circumstances of the central region.This study analysed the status of converting tillage to forestry and the implementation of this practice in the central region of Zhongmou County, which is in an old loess valley region. Five recommendations are put forward for this sort of environmental engineering in the central region of He'nan Prorince.

Abstract:The fundamental conditions and reasons for environmental deterioration in western China and the effects of eco-environment construction in Yulin City are analysed. Eco-environment construction measures are suggested, including the making of a long-term,systematic and resourcesaving plan, mountain pass sealing, artificial afforestation, prioritization of protective forestry and development of economic,fuelwood and recreational forestry and advocacy of plantation diversification.

Abstract:The emergence of soil and water conservation projects run by local people signals a new trend in the development of such activities.Operational arrangements include lease and contract, shif-lease, joint-share,monopolized management and cooperation between companies and households. Farming, animal husbandry, peripheral production and integrated exploitation are representative styles of land utilization. Problems lie in imbalances in development, the impediment of capital assistant, difficulties in implementing of policies and the violation of owner/operator interest. Management measure for locally-driven projects include systematizing Policy regulation;standardizing management methods;confirming property rights,improving assistance and extension services and stressing the fundamentals of soil and water conservation,including discouraging less important actions.

Abstract:The practice of converting farmland to forestland in Xichuan County of He'nan Provine in the last 2 years is analysed. The findings, including shortcomings, of this work are summarised. The research points out the significance of developing land for forestry in Xichuan County and clarifies the main aspects of this land use conversion in order to direct successful attempts.