Abstract:Photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate on Hippophae rhamnoides sinensis and Hippophae rhamnoides were studied in different soil water conditions.It is found that photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate increase with increased soil water content.The day course of photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate is of single summit or twin summits in different soil water conditions,and time for the summit varies with soil water content.With suitable water content,the mean photosynthetic rate of the male of Hippophae rhamnoides is higher than the mean photosynthetic rate of the female of Hippophae rhamnoides.Under drought stress,the female of Hippophae rhamnoides is higher than the male.The mean photosynthetic rate of the female of Hippophae rhamnoides sinensis is higher than the mean photosynthetic rate of the male.The photosynthetic capacity of Hippophae rhamnoides is higher than that of Hippophae rhamnoides sinensis,and the mean transpiration rate of the female of Hippophae rhamnoides is higher than the mean transpiration rate of the male of Hippophae rhamnoides.The mean transpiration rate of the male and female of Hippophae rhamnoides sinensis do not have any differences.The regression analysis shows that the relationship of photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate with soil water content can be expressed by y=a+bx+cx~2.

Abstract:Soil and water loss is now a major environmental problem in the Dabie mountain area of Anhui Province,which results in ecological and environmental degradation,and is harmful to local people's life and production.Based on the long-term hydrologic records of the Dasha River,authors analysed the human effects on the hydrological regimes in different times since 1970.Results show that human activities significantly reduce flood and sediment discharge and increase runoff in a dry season.The average contributive ratio affecting soil erosion by human activities is 65.6%,and at the same period the contributive ratio by runoff and rainfall is 34.4%.So,it is necessary to adopt the biological and engineering measures to solve soil and water loss problems in the Dasha River.

Abstract:The suitable shrub-grass plants of Caragana korshinskii Kom.,Hippophae rhamnoides L.,Medicago sativa L.are the main research object.Soil moisture dynamic variation law of shrub-grass lands and the shrub in the closing area were studied by means of located observation and the harmonic analysis.Results show that the annual variation of soil moisture of the typical shrub-grass vegetation in the area affected by the annual variation of rainfall and evaportranspiration is remarkably divided into the arid and humid seasons,and four periods of soil moisture variation.The soil moisture profile is divided into the rapid change layer,the active layer and the second active layer by the two indexes of standard deviation and variation coefficient,and the relation of soil moisture profile with the precipitation in the same period is analysed.The adjusting function to soil moisture of shrub-grass lands,shrub forestlands is better than grasslands,farmlands and bare-lands,and the soil moisture condition of shrub in the closing area is better.The research results are important to the vegetation recovery and ecological engineering construction in a similar region.

Abstract:The "hypotaxis stability" concept and the dynamic stress hypotaxis safety ratio method were presented in order to take the safety of arch dam into consideration because the safety coefficient does not assure the safety of dam.A three dimension dynamical contact unit model was developed to illustrate fractured rock mass of the dam abutment slope.Using the 3D-dynamical constraint joint element,certain dam abutment slope system was analyzed.Numerical analyses show that: with dynamic stress hypotaxis safety ratio method and the three dimension dynamical contact unit model,the "hypotaxis safety ratio" of abutment slope can be decreased by 20%.

Abstract:Geostatistical theory and methods were used for describing spatial variability of community characteristic and above-ground biomass of functional group in sandy grasslands of the Horqin Sand.Results showed that vegetation richness and coverage had distinct degree and scale changes in spatial variability.Vegetation richness had the high spatial variability,while coverage had a high dependence in study area.The above-ground biomass of functional groups and community in sandy grasslands had a different spatial auto-relation range from 9.39 m to 252.69 m.This showed that factors,affecting ecological processes and patterns of above-ground biomass of different functional groups,played their ecological roles on different scales.The semi-variogram values of above-ground biomass of perennial herbs and Mesophytes,following the increase of spatial distances,showed decreasing trends when semi-variogram values exceeded the effective range.However,semi-variogram values of above-ground biomass of other functional groups,following the increase of spatial distances,showed a trend of increasing spatial variability,but semi-variogram values were no longer changed when exceeding the effective range.The above-ground biomass of perennial herb and intermediate xerad, owing to the effects of human disturbance and livestock activities and topographic condition,had no spatial difference in a range of five meters.It may be controlled by a process on larger scale.So,the above-ground biomass of different functional groups had the more complex mechanism and processes corresponding to disturbance and effects from human,livestock and nature.Moreover,changes on xerad not only influenced community's coverage,but also played an important role in maintaining ecological functions and the stability of grassland ecosystem

Abstract:This study was conducted based on the 26 year positionfixed experiments of non-calcareous fluro-aquic soil,during two years of 2002 and 2003,12 treatments were designed: CK,N_1,N_2,M_1,M_1N_1,M_1N_2,M_2,M_2N_1,M_2N_2,NPK,NP and NK.Numbers of soil microbe and soil animal numbers in winter wheat and summer corn rotations were measured.Results indicated that both the amount of bacteria,epiphyte and actionmyces sharply and the amounts of acarina,collembolan and nematode were increased by application of organic fertilizer and the combined application of inorganic fertilizer with organic fertilizer for a longtime.Soil animal collembolan and nematode were significantly related to soil organic material and available phosphorous and available nitrogen.Acarina was significantly related to soil organic phosphorous,available potassium and available nitrogen.It indicated that they can be used as the biological indices of soil fertilization properties and quality.

Abstract:Based on the technology of GIS and RS,applying the land use coverage data and DEM,the status of cultivated lands,and relations between the cultivated lands and landform in the areas of the middle and lower reaches of the Jialing River were analyzed,we also investigated spatiotemporal variation trend of cultivated land resources in the past 50 years.Results indicate the cultivated land area decreases abruptly after a long-term increase,but structure of the increased lands is unreasonable.So we must pay attention to both quantity and quality,which helps to the ecological environment construction,cultivated land resource uses,reforesting formerly cultivated land inspection,food security and so on.

Abstract:In order to correct the deviation at project operation of Conversion of Cropland to Forest and Grassland and guarantee the realization of the policy goal with the correct route,subject group choice the case area-Yuanzhou district of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region to do an investigation from two aspects in some related government departments and farmers of typical villages,etc.We have learned the goal,process,way,schedule arrangement as well as existential problems of conversion of cropland to forest and grassland and the advice from related departments;we have also collected the general information;Visited the basic situations of family of peasant households,participation to the project,the utilization as well as input and output of the plot's pro and after conversion of cropland to forest and grassland,production condition in all kinds industries of family,etc.The result shows that there are four aspects matters exist in project's implemental path.The first,it is not enough to respect peasants' wills.The second,it is not enough to consider peasants' livelihood after the project finished.The third,the proportion of arbor,shrub and grasses is not in conformity with natural geographical environment in the project.The last,the project of conversion of cropland to forest and grassland was not planned scientifically;the operation's randomness is relatively great.The paper puts forward three basic suggestions for the questions hereinbefore.The first,strengthen the research of conversion of cropland to forest and grassland so as to strengthen the scientificalness of the policy.The second,plan scientifically,do the work of conversion of cropland to forest and grassland well practically.The last,create the just policy environment so that the peasants can choose correctly.

Abstract:Vegetation cover is of the important ecological function of water and soil resource conservation.In mountainous region of Yunnan Plateau,roadside vegetation community condition and its succession have special significant of the direct and indirect impact on the highway environment security and water and soil conservation.Kunming-Shilin highway was selected as a study case.Helped with RS and GPS technique,field investigation on the vegetation community condition was completed along this highway.The data of 36 samples was obtained.By use ecology analysis method,the characters of vegetation population composition,constructure level and succession direction were studied and developed.Based on the primary analysis result,some proposals on vegetation conservation along this highway were brought forward.

Abstract:There will be a 30 m annual change in water level after the Three Gorges Project is finished,and thus there will be a water-level-fluctuating zone.The hydro-dynamical change may deteriorate the environment,and the Eco-vegetation Project is one of the efficient ways to optimize the environment and restore the ecosystem.Vegetation has the functions of reducing disasters,bringing about economical benefits as well as purifying and beautifying the environment.Adequate land resources,sunlight energy,solar radiant heat and water resources make it possible to implement the Eco-vegetation Project.We propose to plant fruit trees above 178 m,willow between 178 m to 170 m,and annual herbages such as forage grass and vegetation below 170m.

Abstract:For the present situation of seriously over-exploited groundwater resources and the rapid declining level of groundwater in the Minqin Oasis in the lower reach of Shiyang river,as well as the induced effects of ecology and environment, the concept and calculation method of ecological water demand for restoration level of groundwater were provided,then ecological water demand for restoration level of groundwater from 2000 to 2019 is forecasted.Some applicable measures which can restore the level of groundwater and ecological environment were developed according to the features of the oasis.

Abstract:The performance,ecnomic characters and growing-seedling culture technology of Puna Cichorium Intybus were studied in the Feima River areas near Yan'an City.Results indicated that Puna Cichorium Intybus well adapted to the soil climate and field management conditions.Forage yield reached 8.2～9.8 t/hm²,and its quality was in a high class.It was of disease resistance and free of pests.Growing-seedling culture may solve the problem of maintaining a full stand of seedlings in the Feima River areas near Yan'an City.

Abstract:This paper presents a method for assessment of loess collapsibility using the data mining technology.Coefficients of collapsibilities are predicted using the method.The database should be created based on practical engineering,and a prediction model,built with the BP neural network.The predicted loess collapse settlement is compared with the measured loess collapse settlement.Results show that prediction precision of collapse settlement is up to 89% for a specific project case.This indicates that the intelligent method of evaluating loess collapsibility is very useful in engineering

Abstract:According to the analysis of topographic characters,climate types,the change trend of both temperature and precipitation,use of the technique of RS and GIS,the spatial distribution pattern of macro-scale ecological background were discussed.Conclusion was made as follows:(1) On the countrywide scale,the research area was a part of 6 topography domains and 11 topography regions.(2) There were 7 types of climate in the research area.The East Region was prevailingly controlled by the meso-temperate forest-to-steppe climate,while the Middle Region,by the warm-temperate continental forest-to-steppe climate,and the West Region,by the temperate cold alpine grassland climate.(3) In the recent 40 years,climate change trends varied from region to region.In the East Region it showed mainly a tendency of warm-humid type,while in the Middle Region,a cold-arid type and in the West Region,back to a warm-humid type.(4) According to the geomorphic and climatic characteristics,the research area was divided into three regions: East North-by-Northeast China Farming-pastoral Zone(East Region for short),Middle Farming-pastoral Zone in Shanxi,Shaanxi, Ningxia and Gansu Provinces(Middle Region for short) and West Farming-pastoral Zone in Gansu and Qinghai Provinces(West Region for short).

Abstract:Based on the experimental results by natural rainfall,simulated rainfall and artificially added flushing water,and the analyses of recent increase in the amounts of soil and water loss occurred in the development and construction in the typical area,we found three prediction methods for the development and construction project.They are the mathematical modeling method for evaluation of newly increased soil and water loss,the coefficient method for newly increased soil erosion,and the coefficient method for newly increased soil and water loss.The methods may be used for the prediction of man-made soil and water loss in implementing the development and construction projects in the middle reaches of the Yellow River,and for a reference to other similar area.

Abstract:Based on 49 single rainfall data from the Lushan County station of soil and water conversation in He'nan Province,various values of rainfall erosivity were calculated using the RUSLE,CREAMS,RICHARDSON and a revised model of daily rainfall amount developed by Guoxinbo,respectively.Results show that model efficients are 0.78±0.55,0.57±0.34,0.45±0.22,respectively.Tested results show CREAMS modol is better than other two models,but it is not appropriate to direct use.The better parameters should be found in future.

Abstract:The ecological footprint method is a biophysical assessment method of the human appropriation of ecological capacity,measuring the ecological imperative of sustainability.Human consume products and services of nature;each of us have an impact on the earth.By calculating the difference between ecological footprint and ecological capacity,we can estimate whether it is in a sustainable status or not.This paper introduces the concepts of ecological footprint,the calculation model and the ecological capacity.According to the calculation model,ecological deficit of Yantai is 1.0789 ha per capita,which shows that Yantai City is in a unsustainable status.At last,measures are suggested to increase regional ecosystem's carrying capacity and to make the development sustainable.

Abstract:The choice of a quantitative conversion model is a key to the ¹³⁷Cs measurement to estimate soil erosion rate.Two main kinds of models including preliminary empirical equations and recent theoretical models have been established. The ranges and limitations of the common models are discussed respectively to the mass-balance model.Great attention is paid for its precision and basis of physical-chemical processes.At the same time,there are also several limitations with them.Firstly,for the convenience of computation,the processes are simplified.Secondly,in order to improve the processes related to the ¹³⁷Cs precipitation and erosion,many parameters which can not be measured accurately are incorporated.The profile-distribution model and the diffusion and migration model have the same situations.The results from the same reduction of ¹³⁷Cs may differ remarkably between different models for their different theories and expressions.So,improving the existing models and developing more reasonable models are still one of the main tasks for the ¹³⁷Cs technology.

Abstract:The effects of the different intensities of artificial disturbances on the tree layer(CK,the original Castanopsis carlesii forest;class A,the regeneration by selected cutting;class B,the natural regeneration in clear-cutting land;class C,the artificial measures promoting regeneration,and class D,Chinese fir stand) of the Castanopsis carlesii forest were studied using formula of β diversity in Wupin County,Fujian Province.The results showed that the β diversity indices were measured by binary data(β_(WS),β_C,β_R,β_T) ascended gradually with the increasing of disturbance intensities,but the simility coefficients of community(C_J,C_S) droped down gradually as the disturbance intensities increases,and so on the β diversity indices measured using numberical data(C_N,C_(MH)).Relations of every measurement formula are very compact and coefficients of correlation all exceeded 0.87.

Abstract:The improvement of water and soil conservation needs the complex science demonstration plots in a new era.According to this,the water resource agency of Yanqing County,Beijing City plans to develop a synthetic demonstration area of water and soil conservation based on the old one.The new synthetic demonstration area includes two domains: a water and soil conservation complex lab and water and eight soil conservation demonstration plots.They will explode scientific principles and technology such as rainfall monitoring,water saving,ecology restoration,use of ecology energy and so on.

Abstract:The concept and its connotation of ecosystem restoration of urban rivers were defined.The restoration should be a kind of reconstruction or alternation,including river restoration and the optimization of a socio-economic system.The integrative multi-object restoration,aiming at ecosystem health of urban river was proposed,and the principles for ecosystem restoration of urban rivers were given.Furthermore,ecosystem restoration mode of urban rivers described as "pollution source controlling,discharge detaining,silt cleaning,capacity increasing,greening,bank widening,landscape constructing,habitat building" was established.Finally,restoration technologies,including channel restoration technology outside and inside rivers habitat and fishway restoration technology,physical form restoration technology were summarized.

Abstract:The state,local governments and the benefited peasant households constitute the main body of construction of rainwater collection and irrigation saving engineering.Different projects of rainwater collection and irrigation saving should correspond to different bodies of construction,different management modes and different forms of construction rights.The principle should be that the person who constructs it has the right to use it,and the person who manage it has the responsibility to maintain it.Insistence on the principle can guarantee the quality of projects and their continouse use

Abstract:Plant root system plays important roles in soil stabilization and control of soil and water loss.Based on some recent information about it,an overview was taken on root anti-scouribility,root materials mechanics and soil reinforcement mechanism in form of a root-soil composite,as well as its application and prospect,etc.Finally,further research in the respect is urgently needed in order to best serve our country vegetation restoration during the ecological environmental management and construction.

Abstract:Since reforms and open policies were initiated,Nanchong city has been constructed as a center of northeast Sichuan Province by modifying its old districts and selling its land. However,the caused soil erosion is so severe that it restricts Nanchong city's developments.Analyzing the human factors resporsible for soil erosion in Nanchong City,the author pointed out the following three reasons-vegetation destruction caused by farming,encroaching farm land for urbanization and setting up many infrastructures.Based on above analyses,some suggestions are given that we should heighten public awareness,and restore vegetation and wetlands.For the sustainable development of the city,the suggestions should be implemented by enhancing administrative management and propagandizing viewpoint that plant more local trees in the city.

Abstract:By means of extensive investigation and researches and on the basis of fully understanding the natrual,ecological,social and economical status in the origin area of the Yellow River,we launched works on prevention,protection and supervision for soil and water conservation and the project of ecological restoration.Three years after this project was started,we achieved notable successes in the following aspects: dissemination of the regulations concerning soil and water conservation,construction of the guarding and monitoring system,construction of demonstration area of ecological restoration and construction of supervision on the soil and water conservation network system.Ecological environment had been greatly improved,and the man-induced loss of soil and water had been effectively controlled within reasonable limits.