Abstract:According to field surveys,ten issues on soil and water conservation and ecology security in the eight provinces of south China are discussed.The former five are dedicated to elucidate the present status and problems of soil and water conservation.In general,the status of soil and water conservation turns better but still worse in part.Such a phenomena is presented that the hills are green with soil and water loss remaining.Problems of ecology security related to soil and water conservation are severe.Experience for soil and water conservation is not efficient in practice.Soil and water conservation in the rural areas is necessary and should be put ahead.The latter five attempt to summarize the control and mitigation measures of soil and water conservation.These items include national support,regional self-help,exploitation and conservation,cological economy,planning, strategy,policy,cooperation,science and technology and integrated system.The discussion is expected to provide a guide and reference in soil and water conservation for decision-makers.

Abstract:Basement fractures are closely related with environment geochemistry landscape and distribution features of soil erosion in the Ordos Basin.The basement fractures control environment geochemistry landscape and the features of element distribution, and especially the Dingbian-Suide and Huach-i Datong fracture zones divide the Ordos Basin into two completely different landscape sect ions of geochemistry and physiognomy.To a certain extent,the basement fractures control topography,landform, physiognomy,neotectonic movement, rock type,lithologyst ructure,soil type and property,and shallow groundwater and its characters,and indirectly control long-term alteration of rock and soil,and dynamic conditions of wind and w ater.Study of the relationships between basement fractures and soil erosion has great significance for guiding comprerensive control of soil erosion.

Abstract:In the area of watershed between the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River,there are a series of ecological environmental issues,such as fragile forest ecosystem,frequent drought damage,lake of water resources,serious soil and water loss and contamination by chemical fertilizer,pesticide and plastic membrane.The main causes resulting in the ecological issues were analyzed in terms of geological conditions,climate factors,forest coverage and soil conditions.According to natural conditions of the area natural rules and systematic engineering principle,a series of countermeasures were propased such as improving forest cover degree ,enhancing water conservancy project,adjusting agricultural production constitution,combining engineering measures with ecological measures to restore mine ecosystem and to take comprehensive measures to control soil erosion so as to improve ecological environmental quality in watershed between the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River.

Abstract:By investigating distribution and change of rainfall from 1961 to 2000 with analyses of empirial orthogonal function,wavelet and fractal dimension,the typical drought and waterlog were confirmed. Results showed that the amount of rainfall increased from the west to the east in the Loess Plateau in waterlog year,and from the north to the south in drought year.The fractal dimension of waterlog rainfall frequency was bigger than that of drought year.The interval of rainfall was more complicated in the waterlog year than in drought year.The rainfall frequency had differences between drought and waterlog year.The short variation period was dominant in waterlog year,and long period in drought year.The power of distributed rainfall by mountains was stronger in waterlog year than in drought year.Heavy rain frequency was much more variable in waterlog year than drought year.

Abstract:Land resource optimization allocation can ensure a sustainable land use.Models of land resource optimization allocation is very important for land use.This paper gives a comprehensive description of major land allocation models,including linear planning model,system model,multi-object planning model and integrated GIS model.The problems are analyzed,and the trend of land resource allocation models is toward systematization,mechanism,precision and practicability.

Abstract:The distribution of soil moisture on slope in loess hilly areas was studied by the method of fixed location observation.Results show that slope degree,slope position and slope direction are the important factors influencing the distribution of soil moisture on slope.We find the laws of profile and seasonal changes of soil moisture on slope.Through the hierarchical cluster of soil moisture of different stands,we may use condition of topography instead ofsoil moisture,and offer a academic base of soil moisture for establishing the system of defendant forestry.

Abstract:Based on summation of direct and indirect disturbances caused by highway construction,the changes of non-biological components (such as soils,landforms and weather),biological components (on levels of individual,population and community) and the whole ecosystem characteristics (structure and functions) caused by highway construction were discussed.The changing trends of ecosystem succession and vegetation types were analyzed.The index system of the ecosystem changes caused by highway construction was set up from the aspect s of ecosystem structure and functions.The mechanisms of ecosystem changes were discussed.It was pointed out that disturbances of highway construction made non-biological and biological components change;disturbances of highway construction and the changes of non-biological and biological components made structure and functions of ecosystem change;and eventually the changes of ecosystem succession and vegetation types ocurred.

Abstract:In a typical black soil region,soil moisture content was invest igated using the Time Domain Ref lectometry in July,2004.The conclusion is that in the small drainage,soil moisture content within 10 cm of soil surface is the most variable and the least,and then increases rapidly below the surface layer.In a layer from 30 to 100 cm soilmoisture content tends to be steady.At the depth of 10 cm,the soil moisture content sort by ascending is downside part,middle part and upside part;to the 20 cm depth,the soil moisture content is consistent,but the ascendingsort is upside part,downside part and middle part between 30 cm and 100 cm.Soil moisture of the woodland on slope is far lower than the soybean land,and the impact of slope woodland seems to terminate at a depth of 1m;the woodland in gully is wider than that on slope,so the impact reaches to the depth more than 1m.Soil moisture of barley field is much lower than that of soybean field.

Abstract:After observed Chinese pine's height,trunk diameter,top shoot growth, crown diameter,survival percent when mixed with seabuckthorn by row,by strip,by wide row and wide row cut seabuckthorn and compared them with Chinese pine of only Chinese pine woods in loess hilly and gully region of northern Shaanxi,the results show:Chinese pine's growth of mixed woods has no distinctly difference after planted three years later.When mixed sea buchthorn coverage density achieves at 70%,Chinese pine's growth of mixed woods by row and by wide row become slowly,after being planted six to seven years,a flock of Chinese pine begin to perish,eight years later,all of Chinese pine has deceased. As cut sea buckthorn germinate,Chinese pine of mixed woods by wide row cut sea buckthorn grow faster than that of only Chinese pine woods,after cutting sea buckthorn three years,when germinated seabuckthorn coverage density achieves at 40%~45%,Chinese pine's growth of mixed woods by wide row cut sea buckthorn become distinctly faster than that of only Chinese pine woods.When sea buchthorn intruded the strip of Chinese pine,Chinese pine of mixed woods by strip grow faster than that of only Chinese pine woods,eight years later,when seabuckthorn coverage density achieves at 40%~45%,Chinese pine's growth of mixed wood by strip become distinctly faster than that of only Chinese pine.Annualprecipitation has big influence on Chinese pine growth,but the influence lags one year.

Abstract:Based on analyses of sand-dust climate over the Liaohe River,and investigations of sediment and vegetation on the beach of Liaohe River,causes of the sand2dust event occurrences in the flood land were discussed,and the main treatment measures were proposed.

Abstract:Based on the soil erosion control project in the Three Gorges Reservoir area,42 watersheds were controlled in the first period from 1989 to 1994.The effects of the project on environmental human carrying capacity were studied in three aspects:watershed classification;environmental and human carrying capacities before and af2ter control;impact of controlling investment on environmental human carrying capacity.Results show that 42 watersheds may be divided into 6 classes.The environmental human carrying capacity had greatly increased after control in terms of dif2ferent consuming standards (food and money).The amount of rational controlling investment is about RMB ￥55,000 per square kilometer for the purpose of increasing environmental and human carrying capacity.

Abstract:By taking Pengyang County, Ningx ia Hui Autonomous Region, as an example,reasons for ecological degradation are analyzed. Present measures and methods of the county's ecological coustruction are intreduced.They are engineering measures (pond,"88542"preparation,fish-scalepit) and eclolgical measures (plant species select ion, physical disposition).Some suggest ions are proposed for loess hilly area of south Ningxia.

Abstract:Based on theories of sociopsychology,disaster-sociology and sociobehaviorism,and results from questionnaire surveying, the authors discussed human beings. psychology and behavior characterist ics of mountain hazardsbefore,in,and after hazarding,and offered sociopsychology countermeasures for mountain hazards alleviation.

Abstract:Xilinhot City is located in the center of the Xinlinhot steppe grassland,and is the most representat ive ofsteppe grassland in northern China.Ecological and environmental problems in the Xinlinhot have become more andmore severe in recent years.In this study,based on the land use/cover data in 1995 and 2000,the land use/ coverchange in Xilinhot area was examined using GIS.The changes of land use/ cover type and magnitude and landscapest ructure were analyzed.During the 5 years,degradat ion of grassland resources of Xilinhot was significant.Thehigh coverage grasslands decreased remarkably and turned into medium,low coverage grassland and unable lands.As a result,medium coverage grasslands,low coverage grasslands and unable lands increased.Grasslands developedtow ards badness.Human activities such as tow n expansion and the turning grasslands into arable lands,etc.,alsodestroyed many high and medium coverage g rasslands.The level of landscape heterogeneity increased and the land use/cover developed tow ardsdiversification and uniformity.The landscape structure of Xilinhot became fragmentized for human beings unreasonable use and int rusively dest roy,and the f ragmentation of grasslands was most obvious.Grassland resources is vital to social and economy development of Xilinhot.Deg radation and fragmentationof grasslands cause serious social,economic and environmental problems,which influences the production of agriculture and stockbreeding and sustainable development of the environment.It is time to take some measures to resolvethe problems.

Abstract:On the basis of the theory of eco-economics and by the applying analy tic hierarchy process(AHP),an evaluation index system and an evaluation model for compreneasive ecological benefits of the returning farmland to afforestation in the upper reaches of the Yellow River are proposed.A case study was carried out in Datong County,Qinghai Province,for comprehensive ecological benefits of the returning farmland to af forestation in the vegetationtypes of nature spruce forests,reuse farmland for woodland,natural wasteland and natural shrub in comparisonwith the agro-ecosystems.Results show that ecological benefit indexes of all the vegetation types,such as naturalspruce forests,reuse farmland for woodland,natural wasteland and natural shrub,are higher than that of theagro-ecosystem.The comprehensive ecological benefit indexes are in an order of natural spruce forests > reuse farmlandfor woodland > natural shrub > farmland > natural wasteland.The study results can be referred for the ecologicalregeneration project of the returning farmland to afforestation in the upper reaches of the Yellow River.

Abstract:Physical concepts of the"soil erosion rates"in different scales,such as erosion rate for a point,for anerosion block of land,for a slope,for a catchment and for a region,and their relevant formula were given.Meanwhile,monitoring methods and calculating models for assessment s of those rates were int roduced.Suggestions forfuture monitoring and research works on soil erosion and sediment production were also proposed.

Abstract:The organicinorganic composite adhesive was prepared.The effects of different raw material ratio on disintegration time of Calligonum alaschanicum seed were studied by using the organic inorganic composite adhesive.Results show that seed weight increases 3～5 times and has higher absorbency after the pelletizing processing.The problem that seeds floated on the wind for aerial sowing in desert is successfully solved

Abstract:From the view point of building an "economical society",this paper proposes that a traditional open evaporation tank for ex pressway construction changes to a buried storage tank so as to make full use of rainwater for irrigation of roadside fields or plants along the expressways.This may not only convert waste water to useful resources,but also improve the inelegant landscape resulted from open evaporation tanks.The paper also providesst ructural drawings of the desilting basin and the storage tank with volume of 147 m³.

Abstract:The "longterm Preservation" project is operated in a manner of "central government subsidization+localgovernment provision + farmer's self-raised fund".It has been perfectly carried out in Zigui County,HubeiProvince,and it has greatly promoted the improvement of local economy.How ever,after "the agricultural tax"and "The two kinds of labours" were terminated in the rural areas of China,80% of the fund which comes from farmers,loses its policy support.In this new situation,the project is still carried out in a business-like manner inZigui County.This thesis mainly introduces the experience in the preservat ion of ecosystem in Zigui County.

Abstract:Purple shale is distributed widely in the Hengyang region.Because of historical causes,ecology of the region has been destroyed and soil has been lost seriously.In order to renew the structure of ecology,to exploit theeconomic perspective of the shale,to transform the scenery and topography and to utilize the shale,some 1.8-metre-depth and 1.6-metre-diameter cavities were created using the blast ing method.Then,through conserving soiland water,improving soil and choosing suitable trees and grasses,ecology of the shale may be const ructed rapidlyin central Hunan Province.In the mean time,by special blast ing,shaping the mountains and designing the manmadescenery with natural scenery combined,scenery of the shale may be constructed rapidly.

Abstract:Based on research on management modes of deposited mud and sand in cohorts of storerooms and dams in the Loess Plateau of Shannxi Province,the authors point out a way how to resolve mud and sand deposit in cohorts of storerooms and dams in terms of landform features and the causes of soil and water loss.In order to relatively hold up mud and sand on the spot and cont rol deposition,we should cont rol head channels,branch channels,mainchannels on slope surface comprehensively.

Abstract:On the basis of investigation in the field and observation in experimental stations,the benefits of soil andwater conservation about returning cropland to forest in Wuqi County are analyzed and studied quantitatively.Results show that vegetation coverage is obviously increased by returning cropland to forest and grazing prohibition inmountains,physical and chemical characters of soils are greatly improved,vegetation communities are becomingstable gradually,and the amount of soil and water loss is kept within limits.Thus it can be seen that measures ofreturning cropland to forest and grazing prohibition in mountains are the effective approach to control soil and waterloss in loessy hilly region.

Abstract:The Pearl River Delta region is one of the regions which is abundance in water resources in China.However,due to the rapid development of economy and civilization in the past 20 years,its priority in environment hasbecome deteriorated,and the problems of water-environment of the region has become an important factor whichrest rict the region's sustainable development.In this study,main problems and the future st resses of water-environment of the region were analyzed.Furthermore,the main countermeasures of water-environment were put forward,such as the sources of the pollution cont rolling and integrated watershed management,which provide scien2tific reference in the project of water-environment and the prevention of water pollution

Abstract:By taking Jiafang Guzhai area in Mashan County as an example,and studying geographical and geological conditions,present development situation of lands, spatial allocation of land use,and soil and water loss in the karst area are analyzed.Some measures for controlling soil and water loss are suggested.

Abstract:Based on the tasks and local conditions of development of the Shan-Zhen-Zha region,regional background,resource characteristics and ecological environment problems were analyzed.The main functions of the region were determined that are ecology tourism,traditional Chinese medicine industry,green food base,water powerand ore resource development.Then,five economic regions were divided.The theory and practice of regionaldevelopment were studied.There main directions,five main industries and the measures for the region development were raised.Then the idea was suggested that protecting ecological environment and uniting economical,ecologicaland social benefits are the key to the good development of economy and society in developing regions.

Abstract:Water resource reasonable exploitation in Xinjiang arid ecological agriculture is the key of sustainable development factor.This article based on current situation of the water resource of Xinjiang development and utilization of water resources.Preliminary appraisals analyse that current situation rationality in Xinjiang's developmentand utilization of the water resources under the terms,and propose the preliminary suggestion on the unreasonableproblem,offer a better method on the water resource rational dist ribution of Xinjiang Wei Autonomous Region.

Abstract:Heihe River is located in the dry area of western Gansu Province and Mengolia region,it is the secondlargest continental river in China.The water of Heihe River comes form Qilian Mountain.The rock of the areaweathered,the surface river and subterranean river gathered in the Heihe River irrigated area with large amount ofsolubile saline (mainly NaHCO₃ and Na₂CO₃),making the proportion of saline of this area increasing steadily,andthe soiled dest royed greatly.The improper activities in human productivity and life also increasing the chances ofsalinization,and it is the main reason of the continual increase of salinized area and the damage of salinization.Blindly reclaiming wasteland,over pasturing,lumbering make the grassland seriously deteriorated.Over reclaiming wasteland brings the under surface salinealkali to the surface land,and increases the salinization.Due to thesenatural and human factors,the salinization became more and more serious,leading to a st retch of salinealkalispots,even barren land.In the recovery and cont rol of the salinealkali lands in irrigated area,we should stick tothe suit measures to local conditions and sustainable development,and choose some effective measures according tothe degree and character of salinized area and its local economy,society and ecological environment.From the author's point of view,there are four feasible measures to improve the situation of salinization in Heihe River irrigated area,namely agricultural techniques,water conservancy project,biogeographical improvement and chemical im2provement.