Abstract:Assessing the benefits of soil and water conservation aims at promoting conservation technology and providing a decision-making basis for eco-construction. Tracing technique by environmental radionuclide can directly determine the net soil erosion within a certain period, and provide information on soil erosion and sedimentation and thire distribution. Therefore, it is a good way for soil erosion assessment. This study tries to use ¹³⁷Cs, ²¹⁰Pb and ⁷Be to trace soil erosion at different time scales, and proposes corresponding calculating formulas.

Abstract:In view of the characteristics of soil and water loss in development projects, methods using new technology for project monitoring are presented based on the analyses of current monitoring techniques and methods. The analyses and preliminary experiment indicate that dynamic change in landuse can be instantly monitored by applying RS technology. GPS can be used to monitor the volume of cinder and residue as well as their area covered besides positioning. The three-dimensional laser scanning machine can be used to precisely monitor the lost quantity from the cinder slope and the side slope of pipeline engineering works. The quantity of mine waste and earth excavated can be monitored by using the common digital-camera-based photographic survey technology.

Abstract:To prevent soil and water loss, remote sensing and GIS are often applied to soil and water loss investigation. This paper summarizes the techniques estimating vegetation factor by remote sensing in soil and water loss investigation. Vegetation fractional cover is estimated from NDVI using the dimidiate pixel model, by taking Kaixian County of Chongqing City for an example. Better results have been achieved using the technique. By combining the results with newly soil and water loss investigation by remote sensing in Chongqing City, flaws found in the investigation and the relevant suggestions are presented. The evaluation indexes for soil and water loss investigation by remote sensing are also discussed.

Abstract:Aiming at soil and water conservation monitoring in development and construction projects, a new scheme that uses advantages of lidar and DGPS is presented for the application to reality. Some good effects of the scheme have been observed. It is proved that the scheme is a scientific and highly effective method, and thus can be widely used in development and construction projects at present. In addition, its measurement precision is much finer than traditional methods, and it is more real and more credible. The scheme can exquisitely reflect the change in shape of dregs field; easily realize the three dimensional modeling; truly realize the non-contact measurement; greatly reduce field workload and the risk. Moreover, the scheme is able to measure soil erosion of many forms, such as excavated slope, collapsed hill, and mountain landslide, and helps to promote the traditional soil and water conservation towards precision farming.

Abstract:At present, the 3S technologies are widely used in geology, military, communication, environment, forestry and so on. The full application of ground remote sensing monitoring can make the works on soil and water conservation monitoring more systematic and perfect. The article preliminarily discusses the application of ground remote sensing monitoring system to dynamic soil and water loss monitoring, as well as the acceptance, benefit evaluation and supervision and enforcement of soil and water conservation projects.

Abstract:This research takes the Xiangride oasis as a study area, and takes temporal Landsat TM images in 1987 and 1999 as data sources. Based on a great many data obtained in field spots, temporally different images in the two terms were processed accurately through the application of 3S techniques (RS, GPS and GIS). The dynamic change in land cover was analyzed, and the temporal-spatial change characteristics and the driving forces were summarized. A new research method and some suggestions were presented for the sustainable development and environmental improvement of the oasis.

Abstract:This thesis regards the construction and management system of soil and water conservation database as background, and views the data from soil and water conservation work as research object. Then it analyzes the data flow and data type of the system, designs the logical and physical structure of the database, and shows the functions that the system realizes.

Abstract:This paper analyzes the present situation of informatization standard system construction of soil and water conservation. Accordingly, the contents of the informatization standard system construction are presented, such as glossary, classification and coding, planning and design, information collection, information transmission and exchange, information storage, information processing, management, security, and geographic information. Suggestions on how to implement the informatization standard system construction are also given.

Abstract:As the work on soil and water conservation monitoring in Jiangxi Province proceeds, data from the monitoring have been fairly accumulated. However, the problems like the integration, analysis and management of data have been exposed increasingly. The design principle, norm, standard, and security of the database are discussed for the database management of soil and water conservation monitoring.

Abstract:There are a series of problems of soil and water conservation monitoring in development and construction projects in China, such as massive data, shortage in comparison, and monitoring result lagging project. Use of the GIS, which can input, memorize, query and analyse data, may solve the problems. Taking Tongbai pumping and energy storage power station as an example, this paper introduces the GIS based information system of soil and water conservation monitoring in development and construction projects.

Abstract:This study is performed by understanding the "zero" theory of soil erosion base level/point at first. Establishment of the lowest base level/point for soil and water conservation monitoring in a wide range of geography dimension and in a great time span is suggested according to the law of rock layer and soil under the external forces (water power, gravity and wind power, etc.), namely the process moving from the high potential energy to the low potential energy. The theory helps to extend the scope of amendment to the Soil and Water Conservation Law, and reduce short-term and long-term soil erosion.

Abstract:The Petroleum pipeline project in Western China is the unique large-scale line construction project passing through various landforms in Xinjiang and Gansu Provinces. The types and factors of soil and water loss become complex as the large-scale landform surface was broken, and a large amount of waste soil and dregs were induced by construction. The wind erosion area under arid climate and the water-wind erosion area under semi-arid climate are the two typical areas along the pipeline. Particularly, wind erosion is the main erosion process. Soil erosion processes are analyzed, and its prevention and control measures are proposed for the project construction.

Abstract:By taking Changting County for an example, soil and water loss in Changting County was dynamically monitored using SPOT data from 2000 to 2003. The situation of soil and water loss and its control effects in Changting County in the 3 years were then understood. Accordingly, a new method for soil erosion remote sensing monitoring in the water erosion area of Fujian Province was discussed for the regular monitor announcement required by the Law of Soil and Water Conservation.

Abstract:The paper introduces the soil and water conservation monitoring practice in the development and construction project of Yizheng-Changling oil pipeline in Hu’nan, Jiangxi and Hubei Province. The content includes the background of project, monitoring area and its zoning, monitoring contents, monitoring methods, analyses of monitoring data, discussion and conclusion, etc. The monitoring result indicates that the monitoring indices like restoration ratio of disturbed farmland, control ratio of soil and water loss, retaining ratio of discarded earth and stone, and control ratio of soil erosion come up to the standards of prevention and harness. However, the two indices of restoration ratio of destroyed vegetation and coverage degree of forestry and grass have larger gaps for reaching the desired goal.

Abstract:Rapid development of small-sized hydropower station has not only promoted economic development, but also aggravated regional soil erosion in Gansu Province. We discuss the monitoring method for soil erosion in the abandoned dreg site of a small-sized hydropower station, and put forward a few simple and easy methods to observe the quantity of soil erosion in Gansu Province.

Abstract:Soil and water conservation monitoring in construction project is of great significance to soil and water loss control. Through instant soil erosion monitoring in construction and production processes, as well as its supervision and control, soil erosion can be controlled to a minimum level. By taking the construction project by Tonghua Power Co., Ltd. undertaken by Institute of Soil and Water Conservation of Jilin Province for an example, achievements of soil erosion monitoring in the course of project construction are analyzed and appraised.

Abstract:Soil and water conservation monitoring is an important means to objectively know about the processes of soil erosion and the effects of controlling measures. A profound analysis to the purpose and significance of soil and water conservation monitoring in exploitation and construction projects is made at first. An index system for soil and water conservation monitoring is then established by using the past experience, and the monitoring approach for the main indexes is discussed preliminarily. The study lays a foundation for effective and orderly implementation of soil and water conservation monitoring in exploitation and construction projects.

Abstract:Soil and water conservation monitoring in development and construction projects is one of the important tasks of soil and water conservation. Monitoring result can be used as the base of soil and water conservation supervision and prevention. According to the analysis of the soil and water loss characteristics in development and construction projects, monitoring contents and key points are put forward. Detailed monitoring indexes are collected and summarized.

Abstract:The development and construction projects are divided into three categories of spot type, line type, and zone type projects in terms of spatial scale. Procedure and method of soil and water loss monitoring are discussed by taking soil erosion monitoring for zone type project for an example. Results indicate that we should choose remote sensing and remote measurement, as well as investigation and statistics, and combine plot measurement in the applied ground for zone type project.

Abstract:By taking the Lu-Wan oil product pipeline project in Shandong Province for an example, the scope, content, method, time-interval and frequency of soil and water conservation monitoring are presented systematically. Based on the analysis of dynamic changes of soil erosion in the project area, the implementation and efficiencies of erosion control measures are evaluated. The result indicates that through water and soil conservation monitoring, the dynamic changes of soil erosion and the normal functions of control measures can be timely reflected.

Abstract:Soil and water conservation monitoring is an important measure for the management of construction project. The content, method and technology of soil and water conservation monitoring as well as the characteristics and harms of soil and water loss in the Rongqi to Shenzhen Expressway are discussed, combined with the characteristics of construction project. Some proposal on monitoring detail are given.

Abstract:Freeze-thaw erosion is an important research topic to the north regions of China, and however, it is also an easily neglected object. For the exploitation and construction projects, soil and water loss is usually not thought to occur in winter because of ceased construction work, less stage disturbance, snowfall dominated precipitation, and seasonally disappeared runoff. We carry out a fixed-point erosion monitoring by the drill rod method on both excavated slope and filled slope in winter in order to investigate the influence of freeze-thaw erosion on exploitation and construction project. Results from monitoring and investigation show that more serious freeze-thaw erosion occurs in the stage. The bigger harm is mainly found on excavated slope and filled slope. The influence on the flat factory area is less (less influence means less harmful, not a small quantity of erosion). This paper briefly discusses freeze-thaw erosion in exploitation and construction project. It may be worse in representation, but it provides a reference to future works since it still explains some problems partly.

Abstract:The compilation of soil and water conservation schemes and the situation of soil and water conservation monitoring in development and construction project in He’nan Province are introduced. Current problems existing in monitoring for those projects are analyzed. Some countermeasures are suggested to handle the problems. Firstly, the publicity should be aggrandized to enhance understanding. Secondly, the management methods for soil and water conservation monitoring should be drawn up so as to fully establish the regulations and systems of technological standards. Thirdly, training work should be strengthened for monitoring personnel to have better qualification and well do basic monitoring works. Fourthly, supervision and inspection should be reinforced to combine monitoring with administrative enforcement reasonably. Fifthly, monitoring technologies and methods should be studied deeply so as to enhance its accuracy and ensure scientific and objective monitoring data.

Abstract:The technical bottlenecks and the limitations of administration system existing in soil and water conservation monitoring in highway construction projects were put forward on the basis of the research and consideration on monitoring practices in development and construction projects. The inter-relations of monitoring and supervision were analyzed as well. Some suggestions were proposed to solve the problems of soil and water conservation monitoring.

Abstract:Flood control decision-making is an intellectualized decision process. The agent is an important technology in artificial intelligence. A flood control decision-making model constructed by dint of an agent is able to decompose the complexity of flood control decision process, and the abstract makes the agent being able to accomplish the different functions. According to the effects, the agent may have three types of protocol agent, mission agent and model agent. Mutual cooperation makes the accomplishment of flood control decision process feasible. This paper takes the flood forecasting system as an example, and explains the advantages of the flood control decision-making model based on the agent.

Abstract:Ecological control to the slope of spoil ground is the key project of environmental protection in expressway construction. The monitoring experiment for soil and water loss in the spoil ground of Beijing-Zhuhai expressway’s south section within the boundary of Guangdong Province was conducted to study the soil and water loss, ecological control and application effects of the slopes of spoil ground. Results showed that soil and water loss was serious, and soil erosion modulus was about 32 360 t/(km²·a) on spoil ground. Moreover, distinct gully erosion was observed on the slope. Soil and water conservation effects from using Vetiveria zizaniodes to protect the slope were significant. Soil loss from the slope where Vetiveria zizaniodes grows decreased by 92.24 %, and the slope was stable compared with the control plots. To a certain extent, using Vetiveria zizaniodes to protect slope can replace the slope protection measure of planting grass in mortar-rubble skeleton. Therefore, it is feasible to popularize Vetiveria zizaniodes cultivation to protect the slope of spoil ground along the expressway.

Abstract:The study area is located in the shrub-grass zone, Longli County, Guizhou Province. Based on long-term data and hydrological methods, soil moisture capacity is studied in views of its temporal and spatial patterns and dynamic characteristics. Different types of vegetation cover have different forms of soil moisture movement. Shrub land, grass land and corn field are selected for comparison. Land types rank in the descendant order of corn field, grass land and shrub land in terms of the initial content, whereas they rank in the descendant order of corn field, shrub land and grass land in terms of the descending rate. The analyses of soil moisture indicate the descending rate of the soil moisture on grass land is slower than that on shrub land, and their water retention property is stronger. Vegetation on grass land is different from other regions, and appears to be adaptable.

Abstract:Soil moisture is an important component of soil, and plays an important role in materials and energy exchanges between earth and atmosphere. It is also the basic parameter of crop growing and crop yield forecast. With the features of observing large area synchronously, timely, and economically, remote sensing technique makes dynamic soil water monitoring possible. This paper briefly summarizes the up-to-date progresses on the developed principle algorithms and methodologies for remote sensing of soil water content, including thermal inertia approach, crop water stress index method, normalized vegetation index scheme, ATNDVI, crop water deficit index method, vegetation condition index scheme, temperature condition index method, temperature/vegetation dryness index approach, hyper spectral remote sensing based algorithm, and microwave remote sensing orientated methodology. The features and feasibility of every discussed algorithm or approach are systematically analyzed, and the future possible prospect of the developing trend on soil moisture monitoring by remote sensing is reviewed.

Abstract:The characteristics, spatial variability and evolution of soil nutrients in artificial forest lands (Caragana korshinskii) with different ages in the loess hilly and gully region are systematically studied through the approach of substituting the temporal serial for the spatial serial. Results show that soil nutrient contents on artificial forest lands are in a low level. Spatial variability of soil available phosphorus(AP) and spatial variability of available potassium(AK) are greater than those of other nutrients in top soils. The environment of factors affects soil nutrients to some extent. Correlation of soil nutrients with elevation, gradient and aspect is negative, while correlation of soil nutrients with position of slope and relief is positive. The soil nutrient contents increase with the increase in landuse year. Significant correlation is found between soil nutrient contents and landuse year. No significant increases in organic matter(OM), total nitrogen(TN), available nitrogen(AN) and available phosphorus(AP) are found with the increase in landuse year. Total phosphorus(TP)keeps a relatively stable content in different landuse years. However, AK increases significantly after the community of many years. From the formula of soil nutrient index(SNI), we can know that OM, TN, AN can reach the middle nutrient level after 35 years, and AK can reach the middle nutrient level after 27 years on artificial forest land in the loess hilly and gully region.

Abstract:The landscape patterns and their dynamical changes of agricultural and pasturing interlaced zone of Northern Shaanxi Province in China from 1986 to 2000 are studied using three sets of multi-temporal remotely sensed data of TM, acquired in August of 1986, July of 1993, and August of 2000. Results show that the Shannon’s diversity index of whole landscape has increased; the whole landscape is conversing from simple to diversified landscape; the landscape types present a dispersed distribution in space; the structure of the landscape becomes more complex. The fragmentation indexes for arable land, forest land, grass land and construct land have increased, which indicates that the disperse index between patches has increased and patch shape becomes more irregular. The fragmentation index of landscape has increased.

Abstract:In order to conduct species comparison and eco-benefit analysis in revegetation, some fixed plots with different treatments of revegetation were set up on different types of land in the headstream area of Pearl River. The result of four-year study showed as follows (1) Among the six species studied, the tree height growth of Pinus yunnanensis was the lowest, and that of the Alnus neplanensis was the fastest. The tree height growths of Sabina chinensis, Cupressus torulosa, Cryptomeria japonica, Alnus ferdinandi-coburgii were 2.8, 2.5, 2.3 and 1.7 times of that of Pinus yunnanensis, respectively. The tested species, in terms of DBH, ranked in the descent order of Alnus neplanensis, Sabina chinensis, Cupressus torulosa, Cryptomeria japonica, Alnus ferdinandi-coburgii and Pinus yunnanensis. (2) Land types ranked in the descent Shannon Wiener index were in turn rehabilitated land at shady slope, grass land and bare land, and degraded forest land; land types ranked in the descent evenness index were in turn rehabilitated land at shady slope, arable land at sunny slope, grass land and bare land, and degraded forest land. (3) Soil bulk densities of all the land types decreased, and capillary porosities obviously increased compared with those in 2001, which implied that soil physical structure was significantly increased, and the condition of soil compaction was improved greatly. (4) The average soil erosion modulus for the experimental region decreased to 1 087 t/(km²·a), and it decreased by 38.48 %. The area of soil and water loss decreased from 188.27 hm2 to 104.83 hm2, decreasing by 44.32 %.

Abstract:Due to the spatial and temporal variations of environmental factors, the processes of soil erosion and sediment yield in medium and large watersheds are much more complex than those in small watersheds. As a result, both empirical and physics-based models can hardly be applied in medium and large watershed with a reasonable result. This paper first illustrates the characteristics of soil erosion and sediment yield in the medium and large watersheds, and then gives a review of the models developed for the watersheds. Some methodologies to upscaling, which may be an important approach to simulating the processes of soil erosion and sediment yield in the medium and large watershed, are also discussed.

Abstract:Based on an integrated scientific review of soil and water erosion and ecological security in China, the method for potential hazard degree evaluation of representative water erosion region in China based on GIS is proposed, and the whole technological process of potential hazard degree analysis and evaluation is summarized. Practice has proved that the evaluation result is reasonable, basically. The study can be used as a reference to the studies of potential hazard degree evaluation of soil erosion and the GIS development for soil and water conservation.

Abstract:In the hydro-fluctuation belt of reservoir, long-time inundation and dipping lead to vegetation dying, soil loss, rock slide and collapse, and landslide, as well as destroyed mountains stability. The hydro-fluctuation belt of reservoir should not only be regarded as the disturbed area, but also the destroyed area of soil and water conservation facilities, especially in South China where vegetation grows well. The destroyed area is the difference between the surface area when the water level is below its normal level and the surface area before the reservoir construction. The area can be calculated by the measurement arithmetic and the simple estimate arithmetic.

Abstract:Focusing on the ecological recovery type adopted in the highway from Mian County to Ningqiang County, the authors analyzed the classified situation of the ecological recovery in mountain area using the method of clustering analysis. Soil organic matter, alkali dissolving nitrogen, rapidly available phosphorus, vegetation coverage, and native plant invasion species and their growth state were selected as the evaluation indexes. Through the clustering analysis, 27 representative samples were reduced to 8, which may fit to the situation of the highway ecological recovery. Such an evaluation method has received a positive result.

Abstract:At present, ecological and environmental problems in agriculture are major constraints for the economic development of Ningxia region. The emergency of agricultural eco-environment protection industry is aimed at solving ecological environmental problems in agriculture. Not only does it serve agriculture, but also improves and creates sound ecological environment for agriculture, and protects and fully utilizes agricultural environment resources. Aimed at afore-stated conditions, the paper first discussed the connotation of agricultural eco-environmental protection industry; presented its current situation and the channels of investing in and financing the industry. By above-mentioned study, the paper then put forwarded the new mechanism of investing in and financing the industry such as establishing and perfecting the laws and regulations concerning the industry,suggested drawing up "Development Plan of Agricultural Eco-environmental Protection Industry in Ningxia" and set up the mechanism for undertaking the industry, so as to improve the sustainable development of agricultural eco-environmental protection industry in Ningxia.

Abstract:The study on the model of farmer participation in irrigation management in Xinjiang Region offers a concept for sustainable development of irrigated agriculture in arid regions. Xinjiang water users associations keep a healthy water order, enhance the farmer’s consciousness to conserve water, mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers, and maintain the irrigation facilities. However, association rights are imperfect; protection policies are inadequate; management and operation mechanism is not sound; the effective role in the pricing mechanism and policy are conditioned. Therefore, we should clarify the water rights, establish policies to support and guide farmers, construct the irrigation management system suitable for local characteristics, create a harmonious internal environment, and build a reasonable water price forming mechanism and a water fee collecting system.

Abstract:Based on the two-year field experiment in Yuyang district of North Shaanxi Province, the rainfall productive potential of minor grain crops in the loess hilly and gully region of North Shaanxi Province is studied systematically. Results show that minor grain crops rank in the descendant order of millet, black soybean, mung bean and buckwheat in terms of the rainfall productive potential. Development degree of the rainfall productive potential in the region is from 9.78% to 19.07%, with an average of 13.83% only. This indicates tremendous prospects of their productive potential exploiting.