Abstract:Spatial heterogeneities of total carbon(C),total nitrogen(N),total phosphorus(P),and total potassium(K) contents in black thin-layer soil in Shuangcheng City,Heilongjiang Province were analyzed by geostatistical method.Results showed that all of them had the significant spatial heterogeneity.The spatial distribution of total C was affected by the depth of dark soil and it had high spatial similarity with total P.Total K had the least spatial heterogeneity and its variability is little in entire area except in the central and southwest areas.Total C was correlated positively with total N and total P,and total N,negatively with total P.However,total K was correlated negatively with total C,total N,and total P.Total C,total N,and total K were greatly affected by soil structure factors and their effects accounted to 86.8%,85.4%,and 81.8%,respectively.Total P was affected equally by structure and random factors.

Abstract:Processes of runoff,soil erosion,and sediment are studied on five runoff plots with different landuse types.Results indicate that the differentiation of the processes is distinct.Runoff on bare wasteland,sloping farmland,dry land,and sparse forest is 13.55,10.99,7.12,and 2.85 times of those on woodland,respectively.In terms of soil erosion modulus,landuse types rank in the descendant order of bare wasteland(7 744.2 t/km²),sloping farmland(3 826 t/km²),dry land(942.2 t/km²),sparse forest(336.5 t/km²),and woodland(10.2 t/km²).Runoff can be stored up and soil erosion can be decreased effectively with the cover of vegetation.Results also show that surface runoff and soil erosion under different landuse types are obviously different for different grades and types of rainfall intensity.Bare wasteland,sloping farmland,dry land,and sparse forest are the main landuse types contributing to soil and water loss.Lastly,based on the single rainfall,regressive models for runoff,soil erosion,and sediment are constructed,their multi-correlation coefficients are found to be significant,and the models can be used for prediction.

Abstract:The paper analyzes the change characteristics and trend of runoff and sediment using water and sediment data observed in the coarse sand source regions of the Loess Plateau from 1960 to 1999.The changing characteristics of runoff and sediment had a great variation during the study period.Concentrated time for runoff occurrence in the studied watersheds was in August,except Tuwei River watershed where the time was in July.Concentrated time for sediment occurrence in the studied watersheds was all in August.Abruptly changed time for both runoff and sediment in the five watersheds was all in the 1970's and after that time,runoff and sediment had a decreased trend,especially in 1990's.Human activities and climate change are the main influence factors.

Abstract:The experiment with specially treated soil aimed to study the effects of different concentrations of Pb on seed germination and seedling growth,and to analyze the change of eco-physiological index and Pb contents in aboveground part and roots of Lolium perenne.Results showed that at the lower concentration of Pb(500 mg/kg),seed germination and seedling growth of Lolium perenne were improved observably,but at the higher concentration of Pb(500～2 000 mg/kg),seed germination and seedling growth were restrained distinctly.The restraining effect was intensified with the increase in Pb concentration.Meanwhile,MDA and soluble monosaccharose contents were increased with the increase in Pb concentration.Chlorophyll content of leaves appeared to increase at the beginning stage and then decreased.Lolium perenne had some of enrichment capability.When Pb concentration was 500 mg/kg,relative accumulation of the aboveground part reached its maximum.

Abstract:The purpose of the article was to make a preliminary analysis of dynamic landuse change in Yan'an experimental area in the past 30 years.The landuse information was extracted from the remotely sensed imagery in the years of 1975,1986,1997,and 2003.Based on these thematic maps,the range,speed,direction,and spatial features of landuse change were analyzed by the combined means of GIS spatial analysis and statistics analysis.Results showed that in the past 30 years,the area of cropland was lowered sharply and the area of grassland was reduced.However,the area of forest land and the residential area were increased greatly.The annual speed of increased forest land and residential areas were higher than that of others.The direction of landuse type change was mainly toward forest land.The change of forest land mainly occurred in the south forest area;the cropland and grassland,in the whole study region;the residential area and water area,mainly in the valley and river bank.

Abstract:Spatial distribution of Cesium-137 and characteristics of soil erosion were studied using 137Cs trace technology in the Yangwa watershed on the Loess Plateau of the southern Ningxia Hui Automous Region.The 137Cs inventory was 1 966.99 Bq/m² in the watershed.Special activities of 137Cs were different in plough layers under different land uses.It could be expressed by an exponential function for the soil profile of forest and grassland and by a uniform distribution for the soil profile of sloping land.In terms of area activities of 137Cs,tableland,forest and grassland,and sloping land were ranked in descending order.Sedimentation and soil erosion on cultivated sloping land and tableland had a great variance,with the variation coefficient being over 65%.The change trends of soil erosion module and distribution of 137Cs were adverse,but both of them were distributed as a strip or patch under different land uses.The moderate and serious erosion types were the main types of soil erosion and their area accounts for 46% of the total area of Yangwa watershed.Therefore,controlling soil erosion on sloping land is the key to the watershed management.

Abstract:Based on simulated rainfall experiments,the characteristics of runoff and sediment yield were studied on purple soils in the hilly area of Sichuan Basin.Results showed that the time lag of surface runoff increased with increased rainfall intensity and slope gradient and it ranged from 0.7 to 9.5 min.The time lag of subsurface flow ranged from 2.6 to 46.4 min.Rainfall intensity was the most important factor influencing subsurface flow.The cumulated amount of surface runoff increased with rainfall intensity and slope gradient,while the subsurface flow amount decreased with rainfall intensity and slop gradient.Surface runoff receded rapidly and the recession coefficient(k) ranged from 0.41 to 0.66.However,the subsurface flow receded slowly with k ranging from 0.91 to 0.99.Rainfall intensity was the key factor of sediment yield for the same rainfall duration and sediment yield varied from 23.4 to 972.3 g/(m²·h) with increased rainfall intensity.Sediment yield increased with increased slope gradient for the same rainfall intensity.

Abstract:This paper takes Hemingguan watershed and Lizikou watershed in Nanbu County,Sichuan Province as study areas and discusses the sediment delivery ratio(SDR) based on the distributed models of soil erosion and sediment yield from the two watersheds.Results show that the main factors affecting the SDR are different in the two watersheds.Rainfall amount and runoff volume are main factors in Hemingguan watershed but in Lizikou watershed,the main factors are runoff volume and rainfall intensity.The reason is that the size of Hemingguan watershed is much smaller than Lizikou watershed.Moreover,there is a tendency that the SDR for single rainfall gets smaller as the size of study area increases.Finally,the paper analyzes the relations of the SDR to rainfall amount,antecedent soil moisture,and runoff coefficient and constructs two formulas of SDR for the two watersheds.

Abstract:By seed germination monitoring,transient soil seed bank of nine communities in the Baihua mountainous area of West Beijing City are analyzed.Results showed that the storage capacity of soil seed bank of different vegetation communities ranked from 97 to 1 224 seeds/m2;the number of species,from 9 to 24;Simpson index,from 74 to 0.93;Margalef index,from 1.13 to 42;and Shannon—Wiener,from 0.69 to 94.Effects of litter on soil seed bank were shown in two aspects.First,litter could intercept soil seed bank and the interception rate was between 30.8% and 77.3%.Linear correlation analysis revealed that the interception rate had a positive correlation with litter thickness.Second,litter could affect seedling growth(the experiments used mortality of seedling in three months).In forest communities,mortality of seedling in litter layer(11.9%～20.3%) was higher than that in soil layer(3.2%～8.2%).In shrub and herb communities,mortality of seedling in litter layer(2.6%～4.4%) was lower than that in soil layer(3.2%～5.1%).This indicates a significant positive correlation between mortality of seedling in litter layer and litter thickness.

Abstract:Effects of the "Kehan 98" super absorbent polymer(SAP) and fertilizer proportion on the characteristics of soil evaporation and soil aggregation were investigated using two soils.Results indicated that the curve for accumulated soil evaporation with or without SAP and fertilizer applications could be expressed by a power function.The quantity of soil aggregates increased with the increased SAP.Soil aggregation in the Huanmian soil,a lightly textured soil,increased significantly compared with the Lou soil,a heavily textured soil.When both SAP and fertilizer were applied,soil aggregates were reduced with an increase in the quantity of fertilizer.The contents of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in different soil aggregates increased with the increased SAP and its storage content increased correspondingly.

Abstract:The ecological water requirement of Robinia perseudoacacia can be expressed by the evapotranspiration of trees in growing season.It can be influenced by weather,vegetation,and soil moisture.If soil moisture is above temporary-wilt or growth-retard,tree growth can be sustained,basically or normally.Therefore,soil water contents for temporary-wilt and growth-retard can be taken as the minimum ecological water requirement and the suitable ecological water requirement of Robinia perseudoacacia,respectively.They can be estimated by introducing soil factor and tree species factor to potential evapotranspiration with Penman formula.Accordingly,the ecological water requirement(May to Oct.) for Robinia perseudoacacia in Yangou watershed is estimated.The minimum and suitable ecological water requirements of childhood Robinia perseudoacacia are 420.3 and 506.7 mm,respectively.The minimum and suitable ecological water requirements of young Robinia perseudoacacia are 602.4 and 730.4 mm,respectively.

Abstract:There are some common problems in the study of driving forces of landscape pattern change and ecological environment effects,such as the uncertainty of data,insufficiency of sample of the time series data,and "noise" disturbance.After these questions are described,this paper explains the principles and application background of gray analysis method,maximum likelihood method,and Panel Data model.Then,dynamic of yearly runoff into the Dongting Lake,hydrology response to change of landscape pattern in Xiangjiang River basin,and driving forces of landscape pattern change in Dongting Lake watershed are selected to test the result in the use of these non-statistical methods.Results show that the methods are effective,specially when they are combined with the classical statistics methods such as correlation analysis and principal components analysis.Therefore,the research efficiency and scientific level of the results can be further improved.

Abstract:The coefficients of collapsibility and the structural parameters at different water contents are obtained to show the variation characteristics of collapsibility and loess structure through confined compression tests in 3 different loess areas of Lanzhou City of Gansu Province,Yangling District of Shaanxi Province,and Gongyi City of He'nan Province.The results illustrate that the contributions of coupling and arrangement characteristics to and their effects on structural characteristics of loess can be seen directly through the distribution of the confined compression curves.Loess structural parameters change greatly with water content at the early time of test,but loess structural parameters and the coefficients of collapsibility decrease with increased water content beyond a certain compressive stress.The value at the critical point change regularly with location.The structural parameter is much more sensitive and efficient than the collapsibility coefficient to show the early structural variation of loess.

Abstract:By using advanced laser LNM raindrop spectrum detector,precipitation in the mountain area around Miyun Reservoir of Beijing City,was continuously detected from August 2006 to January 2007.Combined with previous methods and research results on raindrop and started from the mechanism that rainfall generates energy,the changes of raindrop characteristics and rainfall energy outside and inside forest canopy in the area were analyzed.The result indicates that average diameter and the median diameter of natural raindrops outside forest canopy decrease with increased rainfall intensity.Raindrop size distribution outside forest canopy is commonly lower than that inside forest canopy.Curve for the relationship between raindrop diameter and cumulative precipitation outside forest canopy is smoother than that inside forest.At low rainfall intensity(≤0.35 mm/h),rainfall energy inside forest canopy is significantly greater than that outside forest canopy.So,it may be agreed that forest canopy can increase the effect of rainfall energy at low rainfall intensity.

Abstract:Based on the data observed for debris flow and precipitation from 1995 to 1997 in Jiangjia gully,Yunnan Province,different weighted relations between antecedent rainfall and process precipitation are analyzed.The analyses indicate that antecedent rainfall and process precipitation are the critical factors to trigger debris flow.Debris flow may be divided into three types based on different weighted relations between antecedent rainfall and process precipitation.Moreover,the relation between sediment yield of debris flow and rainfall under different rainfall conditions is discussed and a sound result is obtained.

Abstract:An assessment index system including 11 indexes for natural vulnerability,artificial vulnerability,and burdening vulnerability is established to appraise water resource vulnerability in Hengyang City of Hu'nan Province.The 5 grade and 100 score method is used to get the quantitative scores of evaluated index and the integrated index method is used to calculate the vulnerability scores.Critical value of each evaluated index is ascertained by consulting index extremum of 8 provinces in South China.The results of assessment demonstrate that the vulnerability of water resources in Hengyang City is in strong vulnerability grade.Drought index during Junly to September,perennial average rainfall,population density,and GDP per capita have the significant contributions to water resource vulnerability in Hengyang City.Therefore,taking some management measures of water resources to debase water resource vulnerability is a good settlement,such as enhancing industrial structure adjustment,raising the utilization rate of water resources,controlling population growth,strengthening hydraulic engineering construction,and improving water resource management policies.

Abstract:Based on the thematic maps(TM) images from remote sensing in different time intervals and supported by GIS,we extracted the area of degraded land in Daqing City.Then we studied the temporal-spatial changes of land degradation from 1988 to 2001 and analyzed the effects of precipitation,aridity,and the ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperature on land degradation.At last,using principal component analysis and multiple regression analysis,we analyzed the major driving forces of land degradation.Results show that the area of degraded land increases continuously and the change of the area is very evident.Where the precipitation is 400 mm,the index of aridity is 1.14 and the ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperature is 2 780 ℃.The magnitude of land degradation changes sharply.The social economic factors of cultivated land,population,and oil exploitation are the main driving forces for land degradation in Daqing City.

Abstract:It is very important to dynamically simulate and forecast the development and evolution of soil erosion processes.The traditional soil erosion model is a steady-state model,which is not good at dynamically simulating the initiation and development of soil erosion processes.Cellular automata(CA) is a "from down to up" dynamic modeling framework,being capable to simulate the spatial-temporal evolutionary process of a complex geographical system.A basic thought that CA is applied to simulate soil erosion processes is put forward using theory and method of CA.By taking the loess hill and gully region as an example,a process model of soil erosion in small watershed based on CA is constructed.

Abstract:Artemisia intramongolica is a kind of dominant shrub on sandy land in the typical grassland area of our country.It has been suitable to the hot and xeric habitat on sandy land for a long time and has formed a series of characteristics that are adaptive to its habitat.Different temperatures and treatments were designed to investigate the germination characteristics of Artemisia intramongolica seeds.It was found that optimal temperature for germination was 15 ℃ and 25 ℃.At 10 ℃ and 30 ℃,germination reached a low percentage and at 35 ℃,germination was inhibited.To test the tolerance to temperature and drought,seeds were subjected to pre-sowing treatment.Experimental data illustrate that germination of seeds can not be improved by pre-sowing treatment but can be greatly improved by pre-sowing treatment if the germination is under an optimal temperature.

Abstract:Supported with,it commenced with the two sides of eco-environmental restriction and economy-development support.Indexes such GIS as mountain area proportion,water net density,wetland area proportion,the length of main stream,the quantity of major resources,traffic accessibility,undereducated degree,and GDP were selected as subdivision factors.Four types of development function regionalization were then created using the quadrant method.Furthermore,Wuwei County territory was taken as an example with 23 towns in the territory being regarded as basic evaluation units.By adopting the assimilated clustering and mutex-similar matrix classification with economy-development support and eco-environmental restriction,the territory was subdivided into preferential development area,feasible development area,moderate conservation area,and exploitation prohibited area.Finally,some policies and advices were put forward for development function regionalization.

Abstract:This paper studies the optical characteristics of organic matter,humus composition and form,and humic acid at different planting ages of alfalfa in soils on the Longdong Loess Plateau.Results show that as the year of planting alfalfa goes by,soil organic matter content is gradually increased and its quality is improved.However,the situations of both reclaimed land and abandoned land are opposite to that of alfalfa field.From soil surface to underlying layers,ratio of looseness to tightness in alfalfa field planted for 10～20 years is increased,which means that planting alfalfa mainly affects soil fertility in the soil layer of 20—40 cm.The analyses of color tone coefficient(logK) and relative chromaticity(RF) of humic acid indicate that when the time of continuous cropping is between 5 and 15 years,the quality of humic acid tends to be improved.If the time of planting alfalfa is too long,the quality of humus acid may be reduced,the structure of humic acid may become aging,and the quality of humic acid on abandoned land may be reduced as well.

Abstract:Sediment control is the major work for the management of Yellow River.A response function is established based on the sediment transport characteristic of "more in,more out".The test for sediment concentration prediction in the lower reaches of Yellow River shows that the response function is better than neural network model.This indicates that response function model is applicable to sediment prediction.

Abstract:From June to December of 2006,five storm events and three base-flow events at the Lintong hydrologic station were monitored.The quality of raw and clarified water from the events was analyzed.Results indicate that concentrations of SS,NO₂—N and NO₃—N,as well as COD,total P(TP),and total N(TN) of raw water during flood are higher than those of base flow.High values of COD,TP,and TN of raw water are related to natural humic substances in surface soil.Total N of clarified water is mainly made of dissolved nitrogen and total P is mainly made of particle phosphorus.COD TP and TN of raw water are closely related with SS.The mean concentration method was used to estimate the weighted mean concentration of non-point source pollution(NSP) for each element.The method of water quality and quantity correlation was used to establish the correlation equation between NSP load and surface runoff for each element.The calculated mean NSP concentration and the established correlation equation were then used to estimate NSP load at the Lintong hydrologic station on Weihe River from 1991 to 1999.The results from the two methods prove to be credible.

Abstract:Eco-environment of the main road was investigated,including G108 national road,G109 national road,and the road connecting to Miaofeng Mountain,Dongling Mountain,Baihua Mountain,Tanzhe Temple,and Jietai Temple in the west mountain area of Beijing City.The investigated objects included geography,climate and soil,vegetation,destroyed conditions and restoration of roadside slope.Based on the investigation,evaluation and restoration policies were conducted for roadside slope,which will provide scientific guidance for the restoration of roadside slope in the west mountain area of Beijing City.

Abstract:The source region of the Yellow River is located in the northeast of Qinghai—Tibet Plateau,and its eco-environment becomes very fragile for the especial geographic location in recent years.Influenced by natural factors together with human being factor in these years,eco-environment in the region degrades very quickly,and desertification is the major problem.Supported by GIS and RS,as well as field investigation and indoor analyses,an eco-environmental information system in the region is worked out.A classification is performed,multi-source data are gathered,and the present status,classification and spatial distribution of land desertification in the whole region are showed based on the data obtained from field investigations and Landsat TM images(4,3 and 2 bands) of September 2005.The result indicates that the desertified land in the study area is mainly concentrated in Gonghe Basin and upland plain area.The total area of desertification land is 13434.8 km2,14.65% of the entire land in the aim region.There are many reasons responsible for the desertification process,of which the main reasons are the geological environmental evolution,regional climate change,and human irrational activities.

Abstract:Urban expansion pattern and driving mechanisms in Kuala Lumpur was analyzed by using long time sequence and high resolution Landsat TM images.After the influence factors and limiting factors were confirmed,simulation and prediction of urban expansion for the study area were made based on the CA model theory.Results show that urban expansion in Kuala Lumpur is in a high speed period and is supported by the multi-economic centers.The filling expansion pattern in Kuala Lumpur inner city is greatly affected by centralized expansion pattern around Kuala Lumpur.Urban expansion is mainly toward northwest,south,and southeast for the influences of terrain,economy,and government policies.Urban expansion to the south is most obvious.

Abstract:Soil erosion is limited by various factors.Guided by the Universal Soil Loss Equation and the unique geographic features of Ji'nan City,primary evaluation factors for the sensitivity of soil erosion in Ji'nan City are determined,including precipitation,terrain undulation,soil quality,and vegetation.Every single factor is extracted and its sensitivity of soil erosion is obtained with the support of GIS technology.The comprehensive evaluation is then completed based on the work.By using the spatial analysis of GIS,it is easy to find the area and spatial distribution of different sensitivity grades.The study provides a scientific basis for governments to make policies of soil and water conservation.

Abstract:To determine the characteristics and influence factors of soil erosion on spoil area induced during road construction,a natural rainfall experiment was conducted along the Pingan County to A'dai town of Hualong County road,Qinghai Province during raining season.Results show that the amount of soil erosion in spoil area is significantly correlated to the amount of rainfall and its intensity.Most of soil erosion occurs in July,August,and September.The change in slope degree greatly affects soil erosion when slope degree is about 40°.Soil erosion massively increases with increased slope degree.In initial period of vegetation growth,cultivated soil is eroded more easily than dumped red soil.

Abstract:Karst drainage area is a regional synthesis which is made up of spatial drainage boundary,unique landform,and river system structure,as well as hydrologic dynamic processes.It has its own special drainage structure.Thus,there are complicated and diversified factors that influence the karst drainage abilities of holding water and supplying water.Besides rock,geomorphology,and vegetation,the karst basin feature is also a very important factor for holding water,conservancing water,and supplying water.DEM data were extracted from Guizhou ASTER images by applying RS and GIS.Based on DEM,TM,and CBERS,28 karst drainage areas were selected to analyze the ten main factors that affect water holding and water supplying.In addition,quantitative analysis was made for the factors.A remote sensing retrieval model was then constructed by applying SPSS and MATLAB software to data processing and analysis.Sound retrieval effects were achieved through ANOVA and test of sample regions.

Abstract:Daily precipitation of 55 meteorological stations over the Hanjiang River basin was regard as stochastic signal in order to express its change characteristics on temporal scale.At first,daily precipitation signal was decomposed using the Haar wavelet,the Daubechies(db2) wavelet,etc.and the wavelet coefficient from decomposition of daily precipitation was regionalized using the Kriging spatial interpolation algorithm.Then the wavelet coefficient in each 100 m×100 m grid was reconstructed by the Haar wavelet and six other wavelets to get the spatial and temporal mapping of daily precipitation and test the sensitivity of different wavelet functions to the interpolated results.Meanwhile the daily precipitation amount from other 45 meteorological stations over the Hanjiang River basin was used to validate the interpolated results quantitatively by five indexes:mean error(ME),mean absolute error(MAE),root mean-square error(RMSE),correlation coefficient,and determinacy coefficient.Results show that the Haar wavelet is the best wavelet to decompose and reconstruct daily precipitation and express the temporal-spatial variation of daily precipitation.The wave profile of the Haar wavelet in the time domain resembles the shape of the precipitation impulses in a given time span,which might be the best way to simulate the temporal variation of daily precipitation.So the interpolated results of daily precipitation amount using the Haar wavelet is perfect in the spatial-temporal interpolation model based on wave over the Hanjiang River basin.

Abstract:An investigation which includes microclimate,gangue physical and chemical properties,terrain,gangue moisture,and organism was carried out in 280 coal waste piles in Yangquan City,Shanxi Province.Microclimate of coal waste piles was hot and dry,and ground temperature was abnormal by spontaneous combustion of gangues.Temperature of sloping surfaces where partly had been burning was exceeded the normal temperature range for plant growth.Coal waste piles easily generated slope erosion due to their large slopes and lax accumulations.After surface gangues had been eroded,no soil adhered to plant roots and plant growth vigor gradually became weak.Compared with loess,gangues had poor water holding capacity and low available water capacity.Surface gangues lacked water supplements from lower layers,which affected plant growth directly.The pH value of ignited gangues declined,nutrient status of surface gangues was bad,and species and quantity of gangue microbe were small.Plant growth condition in the coal waste piles indicated that ground temperature,erosion condition,acid,and moisture were factors affecting vegetation restoration.Plants could not grow if ground temperature exceeded 50 ℃ or pH value was low than 5.Compared with the regions of 20% water moisture,vegetation coverage in the region of 15% water moisture declined by about 10%～20%.In the eroded areas,vegetation coverage declined by about 30%.

Abstract:Vegetation condition has a close relation with the dry and wet degree of environment.The normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) is a good index indicating the condition.Generally,the NOAA/AVHRR data may be used to monitor drought and there are some successful methods such as anomaly vegetation index(AVI) for the purpose.At present,the Flemish Institute for Technological Research,Belgium(VITO),freely provides a set of SPOT VGT NDVI data from 1998 to 2006.Using the AVI calculated from the SPOT VGT NDVI data from 1998 to 2006,drought grade in the monitoring year was classified.The study successfully monitored the drought that occurred in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,Northwest China,in 2000.The result was also validated using meteorological observation data collected from some weather stations in Ningxia.It is shown that the method can be used not only to accurately monitor drought range and degree but also to help the governmental departments in related areas.

Abstract:The article summarizes Du Mausoleum's position,landscape,and environmental conditions by referring to Guanzhong eco-environmental evolution process.Du Mausoleum has been influenced by natural and human factors,of which human factor is the key to its eco-environmental evolution process.Based on field survey,the major environmental problems with Du Mausoleum include the inconsistent ecological landscape,irrational commercial activities,water shortage,and soil and water loss.The principles for the solution can be to adjust measures to local conditions,persist in sustainable development,and incorporate associative means.Moreover,this artile presents some measures of restoration and rebuilding for Du Mausoleum's ecological environment,such as population control,adjustment of industrial structure,adoption of engineering measures,and vegetation restoration.

Abstract:Rational use of land resources and sustainable development of environment are the two hotspots for the integrated control of soil and water loss.Based on the monitoring data,the structure and functions of the integrated control measures of soil and water conservation and its benefits in Huairou district of Beijing City are analyzed.It is shown that rainfall is the main exogenic force for erosion processes.In Huairou district,rainfall,rainfall intensity,and rainfall erosivity are very different in spatial and temporal variability.Rainfall erosivity is higher in the middle-south part of the district and descends to the north and south.This is consistent with the observation that the Huairou district is in the rainstorm center of Beijing City.The monitoring data from 2005 to 2006 indicate that soil erosion intensity and contaminant loss rate are low in the key protected area and key supervised area.They decrease year by year but the decreasing trend is gentle.The decreasing trend of soil erosion intensity and contamination loss rate is much more evident in the key controlled area than other areas.At the same time,rainfall amount in 2006 is less than that in 2005,and however,runoff volume is higher than that in 2005.All of these show that the three line defense measure for soil and water loss control is effective to control soil erosion and improve environment in the district.

Abstract:By taking the west part of Jilin Province for an example,the coupling coordinate model was employed to analyze coupling interaction between resource-environment and population-economy systems from 1995 to 2004.Analyses indicated that resource-environment system was fluctuated obviously with rainfall and there was a stagnation of resource-environment system owing to the intrinsic frangibility and irrational exploitation.Economy subsystem in West Jilin developed fast in the past 10 years compared with population subsystem.However,economy,with heavy reliance on agriculture,was still lower than other developed regions and human welfare was essentially improved little for undeveloped economy and high human pressure.In general,the coupling coordinate degrees were increased from 1995 to 2004,but most of them belonged to the non-coordinate type or critical non-coordinate type and population-economy lagged behind resource-environment.Resource-environment system may lead to severe restriction to population-economy.

Abstract:Based on the theory and current improvements of fundamental orientations of system and coupled with household pasture characteristics,an evaluation system and a set of indicators for sustainable development on the scale of household pasture were put forward.The system attributes and characteristics impacting on the sustainable development were examined by analyzing 30 households in Inner Mongolia in terms of information entropy weighting,grey relational analysis(GRA),and data envelopment analysis(DEA).Results show that the evaluation system is suitable for both single-sample assessment in temporal dimensionality and the comparison of multi-samples in spatial dimensionality on the small scale.Activities and decisions in economy and live aspects drive household pasture to change the level of sustainable development,which is characterized mainly by economic benefits and the standard of living.The level of sustainable development evaluated for different household pasture is not the same.The suggested grassland area less than 200 hm2 possessed by a household is a disadvantage factor for the sustainable development.System attributes for households with high or low sustainability demonstrate imbalance.However,moderate sustainable households show a balance status for each system attribute.

Abstract:Water conservation in an ecosystem is one of the important service functions with which the ecosystem provides human being.Vegetation structure type,vegetation overlay degree,the earth surface cover condition,and soil physical and chemical properties were selected and quantified scientifically.Various digital maps were made separately by using ArcView software.By using AHP method and referring to the results from the expert system,a judgment matrix was constructed,various indicator weights were determined,and digital maps of various indicators were superimposed synthetically.The classification map of protected ecological function area for water conservation in Hebei Province was obtained.The protected ecological function area covers the water source areas of big cities in the province and the regions such as North Hebei Province,Mt.Yan,and Mt.Taihang.

Abstract:Changes of land use quantities and structures in Xianyang City during the years from 1997 to 2005 are analyzed.The parameters are revised using the methods and modes of ecological value estimation in view of the actual conditions of the research area.Meanwhile,during the research period,ecosystem service value(ESV) of each year and ratio of ESV for various land use types are estimated.The results during the research period are concluded as follows.Firstly,the area of decreased cultivated land is the most and the area of increased woodland is the most,which are distributed mainly in Jingyang,Wugong,Sanyuan,and Liquan counties.Secondly,the ESV of Xianyang City increases 44 774.15 yuan and the annual increasing ratio is 0.72 percent.Changes of ESV in Xianyang City are concentrated in Weicheng District and Liquan,Yongshou,Binxian,and Changwu counties.Thirdly,the ESV proportion for cultivated land decreases least and the ESV proportion for woodland increases most.The most change of the ESV proportion for cultivated land and water area occurs concentrately in Weicheng District,the most change of the ESV proportion for garden occurs concentrated in Qindu District,and the remarkable change of the ESV proportion for woodland occurs in Binxian County.The ESV proportion of grassland and unutilized land in each district and county does not change obviously.

Abstract:According to the evaluation method and targets of "Technical Criterion for Eco-environmental Status Evaluation(trial)" issued by the State Environmental Protection Administration of China,organism abundance index,vegetation cover index,river density index,degradation index,and environmental quality index are introduced to evaluate the eco-environmental status of South Shaanxi Province.The whole eco-environmental status of the region may be grouped into first rate class.After the analysis of the actual situation,it is pointed out that soil and water loss is the regional dominant eco-environmental problem.Finally,some countermeasures and suggestions,such as ecological immigration and the dissemination of economical benefits,are proposed.

Abstract:The theoretical basis and practical sources on the concept of optimum structure and disposition of soil and water conservation are discussed.Intension and extension of optimum structure and disposition of soil and water conservation are given.Researches on optimum structure and disposition of vegetation measures for soil and water conservation in China are summarized on the basis of practice.Basic theory and method of optimum structure and disposition of soil and water conservation is explained.

Abstract:Soil and water conservation planning is a detailed outline to implement soil and water conservation in a region or basin.It has a great significance to supervise soil and water loss control and enhance soil and water conservation and ecological construction.By analyzing the idea,method,and content of the Technical Specification for Soil and Water Conservation Planning(SL335-2006),some application experience in preparation of soil and water conservation planning of Linhai City is summed up.This study,as a reference,is useful for soil and water conservation and ecological construction in similar regions.

Abstract:19 kinds of grasses were selected to plant in the granite erosion area,Ningdu County and the quaternary red soil erosion area,De'an County,Jiangxi Province.In the three year field experiment,the indexes of rate of seedlings emergence,survival rate,average tiller number,vegetation coverage,fresh weight of root,upland part of grass's unit weight and biomass,and soil organic matter were investigated.The method of analytic hierarchy process(AHP) and fuzzy mathematics were used to evaluate the grasses.Results show that Palspalum notatum Flugge and Paspalum wettsteinit Hackel can grow well in the two test areas;Melinis minuciflora,Styiosanthes guianensis(Aubi) SW.,Setaria palmifolia.,Kummerowia striata(Thunb.)Schindl,and Digitaria sanguinalis can grow well in the granite erosion area;and Eragrostis pilosa,Lolium L.,Cynodon dactylon,Eremochloa ophiuroides,and Sorghum sudauense can grow well in the quaternary red soil erosion area.

Abstract:Being an inland area,water resources are the most basic demand for further development in Shihezi region.Because of less quantity and poor quality of water resources,per capita consumption in the region is only 1/2 of that in Xinjiang Wei Autonomous Region.The contradiction between supply and demand is intensified along with the social development.We analyze the balance between supply and demand in the region.Countermeasures are provided against existing problems in order to improve the imbalance between water supply and demand and then to achieve sustainable use of water resources.