Abstract:The micromorphological fractal features of cultivated soil in the Northern Weihe area are studied using fractal geometry method. With the aid of polarizing microscope and SISC IA S V8. 0 softw are, micromorphological features of the cultivated soils are observed. Void and coarse grain features and the fractal d-imensio n of the cultivated soils are analyzed and calculated using the box-co unting method. Results show that void fractal dimensio n has a good relativity w ith porosity, void area, and void perimeter, w ith the correlatio ncoefficients being 0. 77874, 0. 68558, and 0. 81487, respectively. Coarse grain fractal dimensio n takes on a good relativity with are a ratio, coarse grain area, and coarse grain perimeter, with the correlation coefficients being 0. 984 18, 0. 984 06, and 0.93010, respectively. The fractal dimensions of soil micromorphology are able to indicate the distribution characteristics of soil structure and the influences of human cultivation.

Abstract:Soil water is an important factor to the land use and ecological construction on the Loess Plateau.Soil particle size can sig nificantly affect soil moisture.The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of soil particle composition on soil moisture in the sem-iarid area of the Loess Plateau. Caragana landand cropland were selected in Suide County, Shaanxi Province and soil moisture, as well as particle size,from surface to 18 m deep was tested. Results showed that soil moisture was significantly influenced by clay content below 3 m depth on cropland and below water consumption depth of caragana shrub. The relationship between soil moisture and clay content could be best simulated by logarithmic function. Within water consuming depth of caragana shrub, the impact of soil particle composition on soil moisture was not significant.

Abstract:Soil micro bial biomass carbon (MBC) , microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) , soil respiration (RS) ,and soil organic matter (SOM) under various landuses including farmland, garden plot, artificial pasture, waste land, shrub land, economic w oodland, and arbor land in the loess hilly-g ully region w ere measured. The relationships among soil microbial biomass, soil respiration, soil organic matter (SOM) , and total nitrogen (TN) w ere studied and the function of soil microbial pro perties as bio-indicators of soil health w as illustrated. In addition, the effects of landuse on soil organic matter w ere evaluated. Results indicate that the content of MBC in topsoil ranges from 84. 14~ 512. 78 mg/ kg; the content of M BN, from 4. 29 to 41. 83 mg/ kg; and the content of RS, from 108. 69 to 235. 71 mg/ kg. The contents of microbial biomass and RS in to psoil are higher in w aste land and arbor land and low er in the farmland. T he content of SOM in topsoil is 0. 510%~ 1. 547% and it is higher in the economic w oodland and arbor land and low er in the farmland, garden plot, and artificial pasture. Its differences are significant in various landuses. Soil microbial biomass and RS are markedly correlated w ith organic matter and total nitrogen and soil micro bial properties can be used to indicate the health of soils. T he conversion of farmland into other landuses results in a remarkable increase in the amo unts of microbial biomass and soil organic matter, especially in topsoil.

Abstract:Infiltration of soil is an important process in hydrologic recycle and plateau ecology on the Qingha-iTibet Plateau. By the ex periment from 2005-2007, some factors like saturated hy draulic conductivity,gro und temperature, and vegetation coverage are analyzed. Results show that the values of saturated hydraulic conductivity in high vegetation coverage are higher that in low vegetation coverage. Relation of saturatedhy draulic conductivity with soil organic matter, total nitrogen, and particle size can be described by power function. With increased soil temperature, saturation infiltration decreases firstly and then increases sharply,which can be well described by a quadratic function. The environmental factors affecting infiltration into the alpine meadow soil can be gro uped into the three principal compo nents of soil texture and its physical and chemical properties, the loose degree of soil, and hy dro philic organic colloid.

Abstract:To understand the eco-hydrological functions of litter,the water absorbing and releasing speed, the dynamics of holding water, and the effects of environmental factors on holding water were studied. A plantation of larch (Larix principi-rupprechtii) in the small watershed of Diediegou in north side of Liupan M ountains, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region w as selected as research stands. Results show ed that the equation for water absorbing speed of litter and its immersed time was y= 38. 206lnx+ 133.38(R²=0.952 1) and the equation for water releasing speed of litter and its immersed time, y= 339.1e^{-0.000 3x}(R²=0.880 6).The water-holding ability of the larch litter was as high as 415.97% of the dry weight. According to the observation on water dynamic process of litter across a grow thseason, the water content of litter decreased markedly in the case of no rainfall for a long time, but increased after rainfall as a result of water-absorption by litter. The drying-up and wetting dynamic process occurred continuously with raining. By correlation analysis, the water amount held in litter w as significantly and positively related with rainfall depth, but negatively related with temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, atmosphere w ater potential,and vapor pressure deficiency (P<0.01).

Abstract:Based on the runoff data at Yingluoxia Stationin Heihe River from 1944 to 2004, the inter-annualchange, intra-annual distribution characteristic, and stability characteristic of mountainous runoff at the station, as well as the impacts of runoff change on regional water resource security, were analyzed.Results showed that (1) runoff took on an increasing trend in the past years,but the trend was not evident. Runoff change was not influenced by human activities sig nificantly and high and low water changes were equivalent.(2) Runoff in flood season (from May to October) was over 80%,so the percentage of run off in other months was small.(3)The runoff variation coefficients of each month in a year were small. The run off var-iation coefficients for January, March, and December were less than that for the whole year,so the stability characteristics w ere good,while those for other months were greater than the whole year.(4)The increase of annual runoff, especially the increase of run off in May and June,added regional water available and relieved Critical Drought.(5) The change of annual runoff was small. The intra-annual distribution characteristic became more and more homogeneous and the rate of high and low water became more and more low.These changes were helpful to develop and utilize water resources of Heihe River.(6)The increase of annual run off, especially the increase of runoff from August to October, w as helpful to enforce the plan of w ater reallocation in the middle reaches.

Abstract:Soil water content,bulk density,porosity,and organic matter on five abandoned farmlands (2,5,9,12,and 16 years) are studied by contrasting with slope farmland in Zhaigou District of Ningshan County.Results show that soil physicochemical properties on four retur ned farmlands (5,9,12,and 16 years) are better than slope farmland. Soil water content, porosity, organic matter, and bulk density are improved with rehabilitatio n time,whereas soil physicochemical properties in the 2 year returned farmland do not change obviously. Soil water content, porosity, and organic matter are reduced with increased soil depth and how ever, bulk density is on the contrary. This suggests that soil fertility, w ater retaining capacity, storage capac-ity, and ant-ierosion ability can be improved by returning farmland to forest, but it will not make significant changes in a short time

Abstract:Based on the ecological and environmental problems caused by water resource exploitation in Qiantang River basin,the conception and connotation of annual suitable eco-environmental water requirements in Qiantang River Basin are analyzed. Correspo ndingly,a computation model is constructed to calculate both channel eco-environmental water requirement and riverside eco-environmental water requirement. Results show that the annual suitable eco-enviro nmental water requirements of channel and riverside are1.59×10¹⁰and 6.70×10⁹m³/a,respectively. The total annual suitable eco-environmental water requirement amounts to2.26×10¹⁰m³/a.This research provides a scientific basis for eco-environmental protection,exploitation,and utilization of water resources not only in Qiantang River Basin but also in other similar humid basins.

Abstract:Soil seed bank is the renewal source of standing vegetation and researches on it become quite active in the area of plant population ecology.This paper studies the species composition,density,diversity,and the relationship between seed and standing vegetation about soil seed bank of Melilotoides ruthenicus var.in 2 schanicus community on the arid grassland in the upstream area of Shiyang River. Results showed that a total of 20 plant species belonging to 12 families were found in the soil seed bank. The density and specie of soil seed bank increased with the decrease in Melilotoides ruthenicus var. inschanicus’s coverage in the horizontal distribution. The vertical distribution of density changed in the order of 0-5cm>10-15cm>5-10cm soil depth,but the species decreased with the increased depth. There was no seed exist in the grassland com 2 munity where the Melilotoides ruthenicus var. inschanicus’s coverage is more than 60 %. With the decrease in Melilotoides ruthenicus var. inschanicus’s coverage,the Margalef richness index,Shannon-Wiener diversity index,and Pielow evenness index of the soil seed bank showed a rising trend,but ecological dominance showed a descending trend,decreasing from 0.46 to 0.24. The similarity coefficient of the soil seed bank and standing vegetation varied from 0.29 to 0.58.

Abstract:Taking the Potentilla acaulis community in the upstream of Shiyang River as an example and adop-ting soil seed bank analysis combined with vegetation restoration determination , the soil seed banks and vege-tation functional group structure,as well as their relationship,are analyzed and an discussion on the response of functional group,maintenance mechanisms of community stability during the vegetation succession are made. Results show that(1)the perennial grasses and the perennial weeds are dominant species under differ-ent vegetation gradient and their dominant state has not changed significantly. But the situation of annuals and biennials and the Legume plants are not so prominent.(2) In horizontal direction,the perennial weeds have a higher proportion with the smaller change in a small change range in the soil seed bank. The tendency of perennial grasses and Legume plants presents a single curve , while the annuals and biennials show the op-posite tendency. In vertical direction ,compared with the vegetation gradients in 0-5 and 0-15cm layers,dominance ratio of different functional groups presents a significant positive correlation,while the tendency is not obvious for the gradients in 5-10cm and 10-15cm layers.(3) Compared with the standing vegetation,the soil seed banks have more species with higher stability and for the same interference , its group shows a more significant state of survival strategy.

Abstract:In this paper,the“three defense lines”system of integrated soil and water loss control in Beijing City is analyzed according to the topographical conditions and human activities. At the same timethe envi-ronmental effects of the“three defense lines”are studied. The analysis of soil loss indicates that the spatio-temporal distribution of soil loss is basically consistent with the change of rainfall erosivity. However,there is a greater difference in the magnitude of the spatiotemporal distribution as changed with the spatiotemporal distribution of rainfall erosivity.The change of annual soil loss in Fangshan,Mentougou,Changpingqu,and Huairouqu districts is less,and the change in Miyun,Pinggu,and Yanqing counties is relatively greater.

Abstract:Based on meteorological data from 21 weather statio ns in Hebei Province from 1980 to 2006,spatiotemporal characteristics of sand-dust weather and its influence factors are analyzed .Analyses indicate that dust-blow ing is the dominating type of sand-dust weather.In spatial scale,the occurring frequency of sanddust weather decreases from west to east,with the highest values in northwest and south and the low est in east .Different sand-dust weathers have different hig h-frequency centers .Periodicity of climate change is the main reason causing annual and seasonal changes of sand-dust w eather .The coupling character of gale and sand-dust source determines the spatiotemporal distribution of sand-dust weather .In time scale,three kinds of sand-dust weathers take on a trend of annually fluctuating decrease and seasonally occur most in spring .

Abstract:Soil and water loss is the most important stress factor to ecology security in black soil region of Northeast China. Based on the concrete analysis of the causes,hazards, and present status of soil loss and its prevention in black soil region of Northeast China,some indexes related to soil loss were introduced. Accord-ing to the index selection principles and by referring to the model of Press (P)-Status(S)-Response (R)and the suggestions from several experts,the primary selection of indexes were made further and classified.Finally an evaluation index system of ecology security under soil and water loss stress in black soil region of northeast China was established, which is composed of 8 first-grade indexes and 21 second-grade indexes

Abstract:An indicator system of regional landscape patterns at the path and landscape scales was proposed by the principles of landscape ecology.The pumped storage station of hydropow er develo pment plan was taken as an example to show the impacts on regio nal landscape with the RS and GIS interpretation. Results showed that vegetation composition in the study area was simple, which was largely forest land. The landscape heterogeneity was low and the ability of ant-i interference was weak. This circumstance was worse when the design was put into practice. Moreover, the grey relation analysis indicates a goo d consistency with landscape pattern indexes and actual situation and it is a better way to assess the impacts of ecological environment.

Abstract:Based on the analysis of land reso urces and current po pulation status and the characteristics in the Qing hai Lake area, the ultimate and the maximal population carrying capacity of land, and population carrying capacity of cultivated land and grassland and its proportion in each county are estimated. Results show that the ultimate population carrying capacity of land in the Qinghai Lake area is 695 973,in which the capacity for cultivated land is 483 720 and for grassland, 212 703,with the capacity ratio being 69. 44% and 30. 56%, respectively. The total maximal population carrying capacity of land is 324, 620, in which the capacity for cultivated land is 181 219 and for grassland, 143 410, with the capacity ratio being 55. 82% and 44.18%,respectively. The maximal population carrying capacity is found to be diffident in each county: Gong he county is 70 176, Haiyan is 60 049, Gangcha is 59640, and Tianjun is 332.

Abstract:Using the principle of geobotany and the sampling methods and specimen collection, the area-ltypes of families and genera and the geographic elements of genera are analyzed through primary survey of the plants in Tianjin Binhai New Area.The investigated 232 species belong to 46 families and 135 genera, indicating edificators, dominant species, and main accompanying species. A mong these plants, Comp ositae, Gramineae, Leguminosae, Chenop odiaceae and Poly gonaceac are of most importance. In view of the plant morphological characteristics, thew etland plants in the area have 14 area-lty pes, among which 38 genera occupying 28. 36% of the total belong to cosmopolitan-areal type and this apparently indicates that thew etland plants are universal in geographical distribution. Pantro pic-areal types and north temperate-areal types occupy 20. 90% and 15. 67% of the total,respectively. The halophytes have distinct advantages.

Abstract:The physical characteristics , soil nutrients , microorganism amounts, and enzyme activities of soils were studied in a young Michelia macclurei stand and a young Rhodolcia championii stand .Soil density in the Michelia macclurei stand was significantly smaller than the control , whereas its capillary porosity,total porosity,and capillary moisture capacity were sig nificantly greater than the latter .Soil density in the R hodolcia championii stand was 115 %of that in the Michelia macclurei stand,whereas its capillary porosity,total porosity,and capillary moisture capacity were 85%,87%,and 76%of those of the latter,respectively,and capillary porosity of the two stands was close.The content of soil organic matter,total N,total K,and alkalized N in the tw o stands were sig nificantly greater than the control,whereas their total P,available P,and available K were significantly smaller than the latter .The soils in the two stands were rather strong in acidity .Soil nutrient contents in the Michelia macclurei stand was relatively high and its soil organic matter,total N , total P,total K,alkalized N,available P,and available K were 1.29,1.26,1.17,1.02,1.20,1.33,and 1.51 times those in the R hodolcia championii stand , respectively .The amounts of bacteria, fungi,and actinomyces and the activities of urease,acid phosphatase,and catalase in the Michelia macclurei stand were 1.63,1.18,1.75,1.19,1.06 ,and 1.24 time those of the R hodolcia championii stand,respectively ,and those in the two stands were significantly greater than the co ntrol.

Abstract:By considering the regulation requirements of previous general landuse planning and revealing the dynamic change of landuse in Tongzhou from 1997 to 2005,the study evaluates the implementation effects of general landuse planning based on the analysis of the driving factors of landuse changes. The evaluatio n ind-icates that the total characteristic of the landuse shift is that far mlands (especially arable land) decrease and construction land increases abruptly,while no n-use land has a little change.The difference of landuse shift is obvious.It can be divided into two phases by taking year of 2001 as a cutting point: in the former phase, the landuse system is ordered and fairly steady and in the latter phase, how ever, there is an intense fluctuation and the landuse space structure becomes complicated. There is a vast difference betw een landuse shift and the deviation degree of the control target of all kinds of landuses. The general landuse planning in Tongzhou is not implemented very well.

Abstract:In order to study the intraspecific and interspecific relationship in the Quercus liaotungensis community, the intraspecific and interspecific competition intensity was investigated by using Hegyi competition index model for individual tree(IC) in Songshan Nature Reserve. Results show ed that the intraspecific and interspecific competition intensity in the community gradually decreased with the increase in forest DBH level. The trees, in terms of the intraspecific and interspecific competitio n's intensity, were in the order of Quercus liaotungensis>Fr ax inus chinensis>Ar meniaca sibirica> Carp inus turcz aninow ii. A ccording to the sample number statistics, the power function of IC=AD^-Bfor the competition intensity and the objective tree DBH distribution was most remarkable. The intraspecific and interspecific competition intensity in Quercus liaotungensis community was forecasted. When the diameter of Quercus liaotungensis tree was above 25cm,the change in competition intensity w as very small. Therefore, suitable artificial measures should be taken to promote plant grow th and enhance ecosystem stability

Abstract:For studying the effectiveness of agricultural utilization of sewage sludge,soil physical and chemi-cal properties and crop output before and after sewage sludge utilization were studied by the field experiment of sludge utilization. Results showed that along with increased sludge application quantity,the maximum soil bulk density was reduced by 14.8% and the quantity of water stable aggregates amounted to 31.5%.The contents of available Nitrogen and available Phosphor were significantly increased and the content of organic matter was increased simultaneously. The output of wheat and corn increased , sludge application quantity was 56.25t/ hm²,and wheat production increase reached the extremely remarkable level. Corn output was higher than the contrast and increased with the increased quantity of fertilizer

Abstract:This article studies the biomass and the content,absor bance,and enrichment of cadmium of the two tested plants of I mp atiens balsamica and Zinnia eleg ans Jacq under different conditio ns of cadmium concentration. Results show that by the tw o plants grow ing in soil have the different characteristics of cadmium absorbance and enrichment under the different conditions of cadmium concentration.The biomass increases with the increase in cadmium concentration and then decreases at a certain co ncentration.The enrichment ability of cadmium for I mp atiens balsamica is stronger than Zinnia elegans Jacq at the low concentration, but it converses in the high co ncentration.So,neither of the two tested plants reaches the standard of the hy peraccumulator.

Abstract:Soil moisture dynamics and evapotranspiration of Caragana microp hylla communities with different ages were studied based on the soil water balance theory. Results showed that compared with natural C.microp hylla community,the soil moisture content of artificial vegetation was lower and continually decreased along with increase in age.The vertical change of soil moisture showed the tendency of increasing with soil depth in the 6-year-old and natural C. microp hylla communities,while performed a reserved trend in the 11 and 22- year-old C. microp hylla communities,and their soil moisture content in most layers were lower than 1.50%.Most precipitation lost through evapotranspiration during grow ing season and the temporal distribution of evapotranspiration had a single-peak curve.

Abstract:Lanzhou loess is divided into dry patter, wet patter, and saturated patter according to original water content.The three patterns are studied by using torsion shear apparatus. The constitutive relationship between dy namic stress and strain,the dynamic properties of the damping ration, and the strength of the three patters are studied. The dynamic strength indexes are presented for the cycle time of 10,20,and 30.The study indicates that the curve for stress and strain of the three patterns is a hyperbolic curve; the relationship between damping ration and dynamic strain is linear; and dynamic strength is affected by consolidation stress. At the same time, the dy namic strength indexes change with the cycle time, but change in friction angle is less than that in cohesive strength

Abstract:By taking Yangxian, Hanzho ng City, Shaanxi Province as an example, GIS technology was used to analyze the type,size,and spatial distribution of land resources in the region. Results are as follows: (1)The landuse structure was not appropriate and too much land was not used.(2) The analysis of land used,inview of slope and elevation, indicated that the cultivated land,gardens,and construction sites were concentrated in the areas with slope less than 8 and elevation less than 800m above sea level.As slope and elevation increased, woo dlands and pastures became the predominant landuse types.

Abstract:Soil water-stable macro-aggregates (>0.25mm) are an important characteristic index of soil ero-sion and soil quality. The effects of freezing-thawing on the content of soil water-stable macro-aggregates in Sanjiang Plain wetlands were studied under different soil water contents,numbers of freezing2thaw cycles,and compaction treatments by indoor incubation experiment. Results showed that the content of soil water-stable macro-aggregate was influenced by the freezing2thawing. The effects of freezing-thawing frequency were more significant compared with compaction and initial soil water content. Before the 4th freezing-thaw cycle,the content of soil water-stable macro-aggregates under different treatments increased with the increas-ing of freezing2thawing frequency. After the 4th freezing-thaw cycle,however,the content at high soil water content did not change obviously and increased slightly.

Abstract:Soil water dynamic change is significant to water cycle research and agricultural production. The least square support vector machine and the meteorological factors were used to train,test,and simulate soil water dynamic change in red soil region. Results showed that the least square support vector machine had more reliabilities and advantages of simulatio n perfor mance and mathematical meaning than the neural netw orks. Therefore, soil water dynamic change was simulated by the least square support vector machine and its trend was extracted by bior 3.3 with five layers of wavelet decomposition. The trend of soil water dynamic change can be divided into four stages which can provide a scientific basis for the water utilization and soil moisture prediction in the study region.

Abstract:Nitrogen loss in non-point source is the main factor causing water pollution. By dynamic monito-ring of water body nitrogen in six ditches and stream channels in Baoxiang River watershed , the characteris-tics and influence factors of nitrogen pollution in water body were studied. Results showed that in different locations and different times,the nitrogen concentration of ditch water on farmland is greatly different from that in channel water. The average concentration of total nitrogen (TN) in ditch water is higher than that in the corresponding channel water. The average TN concentration in ditch water ranged from 3. 86 to 22. 86 mg/ L and the TN concentration in channel water,from 3.14 to 6.63 mg/ L. The overall trend is that the ni-trogen concentration of water body gradually increased from upstream to downstream. Nitrogen in ditch water on farmland and in channel water showed the same trend over time. TN between ditch water and channel water and TN between ditch water on farmland and the surface soils surrounding ditches and stream sediment are significantly correlated

Abstract:Based on the MSS images in 1979 and ETM data in 2002,soil erosion change in Panshi City isstudied with the aid of RS and GIS. The sub-pixel models are used to estimate vegetation coverage and then landuse and slope information is combined to study regional soil erosion change. Results show that from 1979 to 2002, soil erosion became more serious and the main soil erosion region was gradually expanded and its ar-ea was increased. This method is highly efficient and can improve the speed and efficiency of regional soil ero-sion monitoring. It is an effective way to study regional soil erosion.

Abstract:Extracting the to pographic moisture index from medium and low resolution DEM has an important significance to the research o n regional soil erosion factors and mo dels. How ever, as the resolution becomes lower, slope tends to become gentle and unit grid elevation information changes will also affect the calculation of unit catchment area.So,extracting the to pographic wetness index at medium-low resolution must take into account the impact of these two aspects.The 10,20,40,and 60m resolution DEM s are separately interpolated from digital topographic map on 1:50 000 scale and then statistics frequency and cumulative frequency are analyzed. Slope transformation is made based on the 10 m resolution DEM . T he average of catchments area of hig h-resolution DEM raster is taken as the unit catchment area of the medium-low resolution DEM. Finally, the topographic moisture index is corrected according to the above mentioned two aspects.

Abstract:To meet the environmental and scenic demands,some rocky slopes in civil engineering need some works on ecosystem restoration.Firstly,the present methods in rocky slope ecological protection engineering are summarized Then,the changes of gunning (or gunniting) soil layer in rocky slope ecological protection engineering projects are investigated. By using the principle of mass balance and the mult-i subject know -ledge, an inequality for the mass balance of the gunning soil layer on rocky slope is set up, all the factors in the inequality are analyzed, and the figures on the changes of gunning soil layer on rocky slope under different situations are presented. It is found that water erosion,landslip loss,and initial thickness of gunning soil layer are the key factors of soil conservation. Based on the above fact, some measures on how to guarantee the success in rocky slo pe ecological protection engineering projects are discussed. This paper may help the practice of rocky slope ecological protectio n engineering projects in the future.

Abstract:An index model of soil erosion estimation was put forw ard based on raster data after analyzing the main influence factors in Weifenhe watershed.By taking rainfall,terrain,ravine density,vegetation coverage,and soil parent material as the main indexes,soil erosion was evaluated and classified and the spatial distribution of soil erosion was determined .The calculated results are accorded with measured data.

Abstract:Yongding River was selected as the research object. In view of the characteristics of the river , rele-vant data were collected and processed and a basic database for the research area was built. With the applica-tion of the indicator system of risk assessment,principles for the deep analysis of the natural characteristics were established. Based on the principles,vegetation coverage,land use types,organic matter content,and soil types were selected as the factors which affect aeolian erosion and assessment indexes were established.In the last step,research on risk degree assessment of soil erosion by wind in Yongding River basin was con-ducted to define the distribution of risk degree of soil erosion by wind and a distribution map of risk degree of soil erosion by wind was made.

Abstract:Annualized Agricultural Non-Point Source model (AnnA GN PS),a continuous-simulation water-shed-scale model ,is widely used to evaluate non-point source pollution in agricultural watersheds in a number of countries. The Daning River watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region was selected as a case stud-y. The model was parameterized based on landuse,soil,topographic data,and eight-year climatic data. Di- rect runoff was derived from the observed runoff using the baseflow filter method. Then indicators such as percent error (PE) , Nash2Sutcliffe coefficient (NS) , determination coefficient r²,and gradientk were used to evaluate the performance of AnnA GNPS. The calibration result for runoff is very satisfactory ( PE =-3.71%,r²=0.94,k=1.04,and NS=0.94).The validation result also matches well with the observed data,with PE=-6.37%,r²=0.93,k=0.93,and NS =0.94 for runoff and PE=-16.5% for sedi-ment yield. Alternative scenario simulations show that converting cultivated land into forest is promising BMPs (Best Management Practices) for sediment reduction. The results demonstrate that the model is suit-able for prediction and assessment of runoff and sediment from the watershed.

Abstract:The classification accuracy is unsatisfactory in the complicated terrain area of the Loess Plateau when the single supervised classification is used in remote sensing. The paper discusses the extraction of classification information of Yan. an City and nearby area from a TM image and deals w ith the image classification based on the SVM method integrating the information of M NF,NDVI,and DEM.In comparison with Max-imum Likelihood and SVM method of single spectrum, results showed that the objects with the same spectrum are distinguished by using DEM in image classification. Compared with the traditional classification method, the classification based on the information of DEM and multiple bands supported with the SVM method can acquire hig her classification effect.

Abstract:Erosive rainfall standard refers to the critical value of rainfall differentiating the occurrence and no n-occurrence of erosion by individual rainfall. The determination of the standard can judge whether or not individual rainfall leads to soil erosion and soil nutrient loss. Based on the observed data from slo pe cropland runoff plots,its found that slope gradient has a sig nificant impact on the number of erosion events in the same time series (correlation coefficientr=0.968) and the standard of erosive rainfall in the purple soil area of M id-Sichuan is drafted. The precipitatio n standar ds of erosive rainfall for 5,10,15,20,and 25 slopecro plands are 55.7,42.9,39.9,39.5,and 32.0 mm; the average rainfall intensity standards, 8.87,7.86,5.53,5.36,and 5.24 mm/ h;and the PI standards, 552.12,416.16,351.09, 331. 53, and 239. 29 mm²/ h,respectively. T he relationships betw een precipitation standar d and slope gradient, average rainfall intensity standard and slo pe gradient, and PI standard and slope gradient are fitted by regression analysis.

Abstract:To characterize the plants diversity under various protections in the process of vegetation restoration, the plant composition and community characteristic of grassland, abando ned land, artificial closure area, and natural wetland in Yanchi County were analyzed by means of clustering analysis as well as Shannon ) Wiener index, Simpson index, evenness index, and richness index. Results revealed that the wetland in Siertan Nature Reserve had the most biomass and the plant diversity of wetland in Liuyangpu artificial closure area was greater than natural grassland and abandoned land. The vegetation feature and plant divers-ity in 2008 were less than those in 2006 and 2007 for less rainfall and the coverage in 2008 decreased by 50%~ 60%. The biomass in Wuliang dian natural grassland and Siertan wetland decreased by 50%; in abandoned land,about 60%; and in Liuyangpu artificial closure area, about 70%. In 2008, the diversity index of the four land types decreased slightly and the richness index decreased significantly. Compared with 2007, the richness index of artificial closure area on Siertan wetland decreased by 46% and 22% , respectively. Otherw ise, the evenness index of Siertan wetland was seriously affected. It was 0.905 in 2006, while it decreased to 0.836 in 2007and 0.467 in 2008.

Abstract:In order to study soil erosion processes and their influence factors on roadbed side slope, the roadbed side slope of Hurongxi expressway from Enshi to Lichuan located in Southw est Hubei Province was taken as a study object.The analysis of main factors of soil erosion on the roadbed side slope was carried based on soil erosion observation under the natural rainfall condition.The analysis indicates that rainfall process was the most important factor influencing soil erosion and as a whole the effects of rainfall amount, rainfall duration, and rainfall intensity on soil erosion were relatively similar.On a relatively gentle slope,the influence of rainfall amount was greater than that of rainfall intensity, but on a relatively steep slope, the influence of rainfall intensity was greater than that of rainfall amount.Taking the time as change sequence, the factors influencing soil erosion were in such an order of rainfall >soil moisture content >vegetation degree of coverage .Soil erosion did not have a remarkable correlation with slope length and gradient, but was more sensitive to the change in gradient.

Abstract:This paper presents an analysis of the Grain for Green program in Mizhi County with Participatory Rural Appraisal. Pertinent data were collected through a questionnaire survey to local households, because they are the main stakeholder groups of the program. The questionnaire survey covers local people's attitudes to the program and the follow-up far mer income structure. Study shows that although the farmers are in support of the Grain for Green program, we must adjust agricultural structure and improve far mer income in order to ensure the sustainable development of the Grain for Green program. The relatio nships for the three aspects are also necessary to coordinate for the consolidation of the Grain for Green program: (1) the relationship between export of labor services and develo pment of the program implementing area;(2) the relationship between the program implementing area and agriculture industry development (3)relationships betw een agricultural subsidies and far mer income.

Abstract:Saline land is an important land resource and its improvement has a great significance to practice.The comprehensive treatment measures for saline land in Lubotan, Shaanxi are mainly the application of agr-icultural engineering technology and bio-technology. Through reasonable project design, land leveling, saline tolerant crop planting, and farmland construction, regional ecology can be gradually restored and system selfadjustment and dynamic balance of water and soil can be achieved. Results show that the quality of saline-a-lkali soil and ecological environment is improved and remarkable economic, social and ecological benefits are achieved.

Abstract:Populouspopulars farmland shelterbelts were afforested by ways of planting and sprout seedling in the Hetao irrigated region. Wind speeds in different sites of shelterbelts were measured and analyzed statistically. Results showed that wind speeds were reduced effectively by Populouspopulars farmland she-lterbelts. Different afforestatio n w ays had no sig nificant difference in w ind-reducing effects. The coefficient of reducing wind was the largest in 2H. In view of w ater consumptio n and costs, afforestation by way of planting is superior to afforestation by way of sprout seedling.

Abstract:In order to reflect the changing trend of environmental quality objectively and provide a scientific basis for enviro nmental management decision-making,the air,acidic rain, surface water, and noise are analyzed by using Spearman rank correlation coefficient method based on monitoring data of enviro nmental qual-ity since the Tenth Five-Year Plan Period in Shaanxi Province. Results show that the environmental quality has being improved since the Tenth Five-Year Plan Period in Shaanxi Province. Ur ban air quality has being improved and urban dust pollution prevention has achieved remarkable successes. There is generally low inc-idence of acid rain in the region. Acid rain is observed only in some areas and its distribution is in relative stability. Water quality deterioration in the overall trend has been prevented; the trend of surface w ater pollution has been alleviated; city noise pollution has been effectively controlled; and the quality of traffic noise and urban noise has been sig nificantly improved.

Abstract:Based on the remote sensing data and supported by RS and GIS, the land use/cover change (LUCC) images and the ecosystem services value (ESV) change images of Yulin City during 1985-2000 were constructed by using the theory of geographic information images. According to the research on above change images, the characteristics of LUCC and its ecological effects in the study area were analyzed. Results showed that the areas of water and unused land were decreased, while the areas of farmland, forest land,rangeland, and construction land were increased in the research period. Rangeland was found to be increased fastest. The main land use change category was the transformations from unused land to rangeland , from farmland to rangeland , and from rangeland to farmland, whose areas were 79.59% of the total change. The change of land use made the ESV of the research area increase from 9.84×10⁹yuan in 1985 to 1.01 ×10¹⁰yuan in 2000. There was 86. 74 % of the total increased ESV in the northern six counties where the ESV was increased by 2.66×10⁸yuan, but there was only 13.26% of the total increased ESV in the southern six counties where the ESV was raised by 4.06×10⁷yuan. During the research period, the similar changes inecosystem service value and ecological risk index show that the eco2environmental effect of the land use changes in Yulin City is positive, but the effectiveness of ecological construction is obviously imparted by the great change from rangeland to farmland.

Abstract:以双城市农田耕层0--0 cm采样数据和土壤图、区划图、土地利用图为基础,通过地统计学和空间叠加分析方法,生成了施肥管理图。并以长期田间试验和施肥模型为依据,建立了推荐施肥指导数据库和专家系统。在ArcGIS Server平台上,利用JAVA Script编程语言开发了双城市施肥决策支持系统。该系统可以在全市范围内按照不同的地力和养分等级进行施肥指导。系统操作简便,可视化程度高,可以帮助农户获得合理的施肥建议,可为决策者对区域土壤养分动态变化的监测和管理提供数据支持,为促进农村信息化建设、提高土壤肥力质量和作物产量,保护生态环境提供了基于GIS的信息化管理平台。

Abstract:The P-S-R model is used for building index system consist of the 25 factors, which are from three areas: the status quo of natural resources for the land, the socia-leconomica-lenvironmental pressure of the land and the human impact, are closely related to the use of land reso urces. It. s made by the principal component analysis that the quantitative researches on the land ecological security of Xi.an, To ngchuan, Baoji,Xianyang, Weinan, Yan.an,Hanzhong,Yulin,Ankang,Shangluo City etc. in Shaanxi Province. The analytic results showed that Yan. an and Yulin are good condition of the land ecological security; Hanzhong, Ankang and Shangluo are warning state of land ecological security; Tongchuan and Baoji are the medium warning state of the land ecological security; Xi.an, Xianyang and Weinan are serious warning state of the land ecological security. For the characteristics of the land ecological security status of the provincial cities,the corresponding countermeasures and suggestions are proposed.

Abstract:Landscape patter ns in Zhangjia valley of the low tabular mo untains and hills in Western Chongqing City are studied by using five sets of land use data in 1957, 1976, 1982, 1992, and 1998, quantitative metho ds of landscape ecology, and techniques of RS & GIS. Firstly, landscape is classified into the six types of irrigable land, dry land, orchard, woodland, village, and watershed by using remote sensing images. Secondly, depended on spatial analysis function of GIS, indexes of fragment, isolation, dominance, disturbance,frangibility, and risk of each landscape in different perio ds are calculated. Thirdly, according to the causality of ecological risk and landscape pattern, the relation of ecological security to landscape pattern is build and index of integrated ecological security is calculated. Results showed that(1) from 1957, ecological security has been favorable in Zhangjia valley and a series of engineering for ecological construction have positive effects on environment. However, human activities aggravate natural degeneration step by step.(2) With the time elapsing and the eco nomic develo pment, the change of the landscape indexes in Zhangjiagou valley in different periods are complicated and anomalistic. The r hythm of the changes is consistent with agricultural policies, population increase, and economic develo pment.

Abstract:By field survey and laboratory analysis on mine wasteland in Gejiu tin deposit in Yunnan Province, the geoaccumulation index was used for heavy metal assessment. Results showed that by the content of heavy metal,the order of the heavy metals was Cd>Mn>Pb>As>Zn>Cu=Fe. The average geoaccumulation indexes of Cd and Mn were above 4.55, which was the highest one among them, and their pollution levelreached 5, which w as betw een intense and very intense pollution. T he average geoaccumulatio n index of Pb was 3.08 and its pollution level reached 4, which belonged to intense pollution. The average geoaccumulation indexes of As and Zn were 2.37 and 1.97 and their pollution levels reached 3 and 2,which belonged to mo derate pollution.The average geoaccumulation indexes of Cu and Fe were less than0,w hich was in no pollution.The measure of forestation was better than agriculture for heavy metal pollution management on the mine wasteland. Combined with the result of heavy metal assessment,the main plants for vegetation restoration w ere given.

Abstract:Based on the remediation effects of soil, four different amendments are studied by the pot experi-ment of arsenic contaminated soil to determine the optimal remediation model. The soil remediation contribu-tion value for different amendments is evaluated by grey relevant analysis and cluster analysis. The evalua-tion indexes include biomass yield, agronomic characters, and absorption amount of arsenic of lettuce. Re-sults show that the phosphorus plaster treatment(20g/kg), with greatest grey relation degree(r =0.824)and optimal cluster analysis, is the best amendment for the soils contaminated by arsenic.

Abstract:Being an essential part and form of city constr uction, city forest has powerful ecological functions and plays an important role in urban afforestation and soil and water conservation.By the investigation of forest in Ganzhou City and the thorough analysis of the constructional conditions and present situation,this article concludes that the forest system of Ganzhou City should defer to the pattern of three levels-the spot,the line, and the surface . The article also proposes the optimization of urban forest layout and the main con-struction ways

Abstract:As the water source of the Middle Line South to North Water Diversion Project,water quality of Han River is an important issue. With the information on water quality of Han River,hydrology data,and discharge point dist ribution,the water environment capacity of the main pollutant COD in the classified water function area is calculated through different hydrology condition designs and by the application of one and two dimensional model sofwater environment capacity

Abstract:This study is performed by using Quickbird images in 2006 as the data resource. Combined investi-gation with statistics of forest land resources in Xi an City and integrated GIS with the analysis of landscape patterns,the forest landscape attributes in the city are analyzed. Results show that forest resources in the Xi'an City are deficient,unbalanced,and centralized.Urban forest coverage is low and small patches occu-pies a large proportion. The present layout of urban greening species failsto form intense eco-relationship and is not strong enough to benefit the people

Abstract:The work of soil and water conservation in Tanwan Province began promoted by Chinese Rural Re-vival United Committee,whcih focused on training of soil and water conservation technician,and demonst ra-tion of comprehensive cont rolling.This article describes the history evolution of soil and water conservation in Taiwan and Soil and Water Conservation Bureau of Taiwan's particular portfolio of business and organiza-tional structure,while on the vision for future development,strategies,and objectives of management of suggestions,providing industry,government,and academia contribute to a deeper extension