Abstract:According to the observation data of rainfalls and soil loss in the ecological experiment station of red soil(EESRS)in Ying tan City of Jiang xi Province from 1997 to 2003,the amounts of soil erosion of single precipitation and single rainfall erosivity in different soils of south China were analyzed.The results were as following:(1)The tendency of rainfall erosivity in single precipitation was:Ⅴ>Ⅲ>Ⅳ>Ⅱ>Ⅰ(I:12.7mm50mm).(2)The tendency of unit precipitation on soil loss in different soil types was:Ⅰ>Ⅳ>Ⅲ>Ⅴ>Ⅱ.(3)The tendency of soil loss in single rainfall erosivity was the same as that of unit precipitation,except grade rainfall.

Abstract:The typical trees(one year old Platy cladus orientalis,Pinus tabulaef or mis Carr,A certruncatum Bunge and Robinia pseudoacacia)on the Loess Plateau were planted in self-designed soil box with adjustable gradient three years ago.The experiments were carried out by a simulated rainfall in laborat ory.The effects of forest vegetation canopy and root on the charact eristics of overland flow and sediment particle composition were analyzed.The results showed that:(1)Runoff yield was large for all plots.The average overland flow depth of each slope was less than 1mm.Fr of bareland slope was greater than1.0,as supercritical flow,for others it was smaller than 1.0,as subcritical flow.After the canopy layer was removed and the topsoil was scrapped off,overland flow of Robini a pseudoacaci a slope and A certruncatum Bunge slope was close to the critical flow,the function of reducing sediment yield and runoff by Robinia pseudoacacia and A certruncatum Bunge was significantly weaker,while the function of Platy cladusorient al is and Pinust abulaeformis Carr slope became stronger.(2)Clay loss ratio of the slope covered with vegetation canopy was 1.40%~2.00% higher than that of bare land slope.The proportion of sediment particles with diameter bigger than 0.05mm was 1.04%~ 1.26% lower than the bareland.But there was no apparent coarsening soil layer on soil surface.The obvious rough bedding texture layer appeared on bare slope.(3)After removing the forest canopy layer and the disturbed topsoil,the average particle size of sediment particles was larger than that covered by canopy but smaller than the bare land slope.And the percentage of the lost clay content with diameter smaller than 0.001mm fluctuated with the time past.It is suggested that forest root systems could increase antierosion capability of forest soil.

Abstract:Presently blue water is the main issue in the field of water resources,research,whereas less attention has been paid to green water which is important to ecological systems and rainfell agriculture as a part of water resources.Hence,green and blue water during the period of 1973 1979 in Xixi Watershed of the Jinjiang Basin was calculated using the SWAT model,and their composition feature and temporal distribution were analyzed accordingly.The result was also compared with that of two watersheds in Northern China.(1)The total amount of green and blue water resources was 1.6 times of the amount of conventional water resources in Xixi Watershed;(2)The annual green and blue water in Xixi Watershed reached peak in flood season,and was the lowest in winter,and the green water flow was a major part of green water resources;(3)Because the climate is wet and the aridity index is small in the studied area,the blue water,which was 1.8 times of green water,was the major part of the water resources in Xixi Watershed,but the green water was still an important part even in Southern China.

Abstract:The micro-topography soil moisture content of south slope in Hevalley of Wuqi County,Shanxi Province was researched by the method of dynamic fixed-point monitor.The results showed that:(1)The seasonal variation of micro-topography soil moisture lagged behind the rainfall seasonal variation,its influence on soil moisture content of dryseason was more obvious than that of rainy season.(2)In the 0180cm soil layer,the micro-topography soil moisture content tended to increase and the coefficient of variation reduced with the increase of soil depth.(3)There existed differences between micro-topog raphy soil moisture content for different soil layers.In soil layer of 020cm,all the micro-topog raphy soil moisture was bigger than the comparison slope and t he order was plat form,collapse,dissected valley,steep slope,shallow gully;the order of soil moisture in 2080cm soil layer was dissected valley,plat form,collapse,steep slope,shallow gully,comparison slope;in 80 180cm soil layer,the micro-topography with the big gestsoil moistur econtent was platform,comparison slope,shallow gully and dissected valley were almost the same,steep slope was a little bit smaller than comparison slope,collapse was the smallest.

Abstract:This study investigated quantitative forest stand parameters at the plot level such as the tree height,diameter,basal area,and other parameters with terrest riallaser scanning and multi-stop scanning method,then the spatial structural characteristics of one plot level st and of Quer cus var i abil i s f orests in Xishan Mountain of Beijing City were described by using mingling degree,neighborhood comparison and uniform angle index.The result showed that there were fiften populations in arbor layer of Quercus variabil is forests,among which,Quercus variabil is had the obvious advantage in population density and basal area,being the dominant and constructive species of the tree layer.The average mingling degree of the whole stand was 0.306,suggesting the low mingling degree of the stand.The dominant species such as Quercus variabilis and Koel reuteriapani culata population were mainly none or less-mixed,while the accompany ing species generally presented moderate,intensity and high intensity.In the spatial structural units,Quercus variabilis,A certruncatum,Robinia pseudoacacia and Quercus liaotungensis Koidz were mainly of do minant,sub-dominant,and intermediate trees,accounting for 64%,68%,64% and 59% of the total plants of the populations respectively,while the advantage of other populations was not obvious.The uniform angle index value of Quercus variabilis forests was 0.528,indicating that the spatial　pattern of the stands was of aggregative distribution,but the aggregation degree was not high and the aggregation scale was not large.

Abstract:The small scale climate change and water environment in the eastern half of Chaohu Lake was investigated by canonical correspondence analysis(CCA)in 1987-2007.The results were showed as the follows.Annual precipitation,mean temperature per year,and yearly sunlight hours varied constantly in about twenty years with mean value of 1176.19mm,15.96,1906h,respectively.However,annual days of high temperature over 35 showed a significant difference among surveyed years,which ranged within 4~32d/a.Water circum stance of eastern half of Chaohu Lake displayed anonconsistent change with that of climate.In these years,Total nitrogen(T N)and total phosphor(T P)exhibited a convext rack of parabola curve.The rest parameters like CODMn and Chla changed with the concave curve.It was deduced that eastern half of Chaohu Lake was evolving inmeso-trophic status by typical indicators such as eutrophication index(EI,mean 41.22 annually)and nutrient quality index(NQI,1.95~5.86).Relationship analysis indicated that climate factors were closely related with water indicators.Especially,T N,T P,CODMn,and sunlight hours contributed largely to mesoeutropho cation in eastern half of Chaohu Lake,whose influential coefficient was 69%,45%,36%,and 27%.In conclusion,the dynamic of sunlight hours for years will drive predominantly the variation of water quality of eastern half of Chaohu Lake.Especially,when coupling with high contents of T N and T P,the effects of climate factors will be more significant.

Abstract:Collapsing hills are widely distributed in Southern China.In recent years,the survey of collapsing hills has pr ovided anumber of data for scient ificstudies.Based on statistical data,this study recognized the problem of elevation and slope orient at ion choices of collapsing hills in South China,and considered it might be doubtful.The explanations for the chioce phenomena have been renewed.Typical collapsing hill erosion studies in Southern China show that,human activities have been the main inf luencing fact or on collapsing hill dist ribution,and the relief of collapsing hill erosion is more significant than the elevation.Therefore,the previous explanations of the choices might be not always correct.The argument that more sun radiation results in more collapsing hills on south slope than on north slope,may be right but only under the condition of no vegetation cover slopes.Statistical errors might be the reason why most collapsing hills prefer south slope to north slope.Finally,the study concludes that the influence of human activities on collapsing hills should be paid more at tention.

Abstract:Based on the field observation and indoor determination,an investigation in Loess Hilly Region was made on vertical distribution of fine root characteristics and soil properties with in the recovery of artificial Pinus tabulae formis.The results showed that:(1)The ability to improve soil structure under the low-density pine forest was better than that under mid-density and high-density forest,and the logging area was the worst.(2)In the 0.300cm layer,the soil moisture content declined with the increasing density,and was 12.95%,12.87%,12.78% and 17.10% respect ively for low-density pine,mid-density,high density pine and logging area,indicating that the soil moisture content of logging area was recovered to some extent.(3)Pinus tabulaeformis roots were mainly distributed in 0-60cm soil layer.(4)There were close relationship between root distribution and soil characteristics,especially in the 40-60 cm layer,where the relationship were very significant.

Abstract:Long-term fertilization experiment on indigenous soil of Hexi Oasis,Gansu Province indicated that 27 years.mixed use of organic manure and chemical fertilizersincr eased crop yield and its stability,especially for organic manure and NP or NPK fertilizers.Long-term use of organicmanure and chemical fertilizers in-creased N,P and K investment to soil and nutrient out put from soil as well as nutrient surplus.Soil organic matter,total N,total P,available N,available P and available K content increased by 10.0%~16.0%,58.1%~69.0%,13.4%~31.1%,45.7%~79.0%,172.2%~ 287.8%,21.4%~38.8%,respectively after 21~25 years.use of organicmanure and chemical fertilizers,and were significantly higher than those of single use of chemical fert ilizer s and the contrast.The treatment of organic manure and NPK fertilizers was the best one in improving soil fertility.

Abstract:Soil infiltration characteristics of water conservation forest in Yuanyang terrace were studied with double-ring method under six typical plantations(Alnuscremastogyne(Ⅰ),Alnuscremastogyne(Ⅱ),Cunninghamia lanceolata(Ⅲ),Di l leniaindica L inn.(Ⅳ),Cunninghamia lanceol ata+Quer cus cerr i s(Ⅴ),Castanopsis or thacantha F ranch.(Ⅵ)) in May to June,2010.Results showed that(1) Soil infiltration was closely related with soil physicochemical properties and litter water-holding abilities,etc.The infiltration rate was positively related with soil noncapillary porosity,aeration porosity,noncapillary capacity,total porosity,saturated water content,soil organic matter,soil total N,total K,hydrolysis N and litter water holding ability,and negatively related with soil bulk density,capillary porosity as well as capillary moisture conntent.(2) There existed great difference under different vegetations for initial,steady-state and mean infiltration rate.Initial in filtration rate followed the order of Ⅵ>Ⅲ>Ⅴ>Ⅵ>Ⅱ>Ⅰhillsides; both steady-state and mean infiltration rate followed the order of Ⅴ>Ⅲ>Ⅵ>Ⅳ>Ⅱ>Ⅰ> hillsides.These results suggested infiltration performance in Yuanyang terrace area forest soil was good with permeability index of each plantation soil larger than waste hillsides.Soil permeability under Cunning hamialanceolata and Cunning hamialanceolata+Quercuscerris vegetation was the best.

Abstract:The characteristics of soil fractal dimension and its correlation with soil mechanical properties such as soil cohesionc,soil internal friction angle U and soil compaction in Karst area of central Guizhou Province were studied by means of field investigation and indoor experiments.The results revealed that the fractal dimension of soil in the research area w as usually between 2.80 and 2.93,while the fractal dimension would be greater than 2.90 if t he content of soil particle with diameter less than 0.002 mm exceeded 50%.Correlation analysis results showed that soil fractal dimension was positively correlated to soil cohesion and soil compaction,and the latter two increased with the increase of soil fractal dimension.How ever the soil fractal dimension was negatively correlated to internal friction angle,which decreased with the increase of fractal dimension.

Abstract:Based on two Landsat MSS/TM remote sensing images from 1980 to 2007 and 150000 topographic map,a quantitative research on land cover spatial temporal changes pattern of different elevation and slope grades of Yuli County during 1980-2007 was conducted with remote sensing and geographic information system technologies.Results showed that (1)Cropland,wood-grassland,water body,built up land changed prominently during the past three decades,cropland was mainly converted from wood-grassland,water body was mainly transferred into wood-grassland;(2)Built-up land expanded in high elevation area;cropland and built-up land distributed consistently on each gradient,change direction of both land covers was identical,and expanded into the region of steeper slope;(3)Wood-grassland increased dramatically at locations below 3,but it showed a decline trend at position above 3;(4)Water body kept shrink across the whole region.It is feasible to predict the spatial distribution of land cover based on topographic data,remote sensing images and social economic data.

Abstract:Forest system in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River was chosen as the research object.The study area was divided in to 11 assessment units by the forest vegetation types.According to the index of canopy,litter and soil layer of different forest types and NOAA remote sensing in 2001 and field investigation,water resource conservation of forest ecosystem and its spatial distribution characteristics in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River were studied by the method of GIS.Results showed that mean comprehensive water conservation function of forest ecosystems was 79.33 mm and that of canopy,litter,and soil layer was 1.29,2.81 and 75.21 mm respectively.The total volume of comprehensive water resource conservation was1.667510¹⁰t and the water resource conservation of canopy,litter,and soil layer accounted for 1.63%,3.54% and 94.81% of the total volume.The soil layer was the main part of the total water resource conservation of forest ecosystems.The water conservation function of forest ecosystems firstly increased then decreased from the south to the north and decreased gradually from the west to the east,showing as curve and power function trend respectively.This change trend coincided with that of the soil layer and was contrary with that of the canopy layer.In the horizontal direction,the water conservation function of forest ecosystem presented the west high and east low spatial pattern.The border was the line of M in Mountain Chaping Mountain Jiajin Mountain Jinping Mountain Yulong Mountain.In the vertical direction,the forest water conservation increased gradually to altitude of 4200m,there after it declined.

Abstract:In order to find the wetland vegetable niche pattern in semiarid grassland region,vegetation growth in wet zone,interlaced zone and drought zone of Siertan wet land,Yanchi County in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region was studied with transect lines.The importance value,niche breadth and niche overlapping were measured by means of importance value,Levins niche breadth and Pianka niche overlapping indexes.The results showed that,saline tolerance of Kalidium foliatum was absolutely dominant in wet zone with the important value and niche breadth far greater than other species.Because the saline and alkaline of wet zone was too high,only a few species could survive.The importance value and niche breadth of A neurol epidium dasystachys was the largest in interlaced zone and drought zone.Compared with interlaced zone,niche breadth of most species was improved in drought zone,suggesting that drought zone was more suitable for plant existence.There was not a direct linear relationship betw een niche breadth and niche over lapping based on niche over lapping results of there zones.

Abstract:Effects of temperature on the germination of Pinussylvesiris var.mongolica and Picea mongolicawere studied by observing their germination characteristics such as germination rate,energy,index,mean gemination time,length of radicle and hypocotyl,radicle/hypocotyl ratio and vigor index.The results showed that different germination temperatures significantly influenced germination characteristics mentioned above.The germination rate of Pinussylvesiris var.mongolica and Picea mongolica were all fairly high in the temperature range from 10 to 25,temperature range of 20 to 25 was their optimum range.When the temperature is above 30,it was not suitable for seed germination of Pinussylvesiris var.mongolica and Picea mongolica,because some or all of germinating seeds were rotten.At the optimum temperature range,germination rate of Picea mongolica was higher than that of Pinussylvesiris var.mongolica,and germination was more tidy.How ever,Pinussylvesiris var.mongolica grew faster than Picea mongolica,and the former was more resistant to high temperature than the latter.

Abstract:To investigate the effect of land use on soil nitrogen and its transformation in the slightly saline soil,soils under four types of land use were employed,i.e.,orchard,vegetable,cropland and unused new sedimentation land in Kenli Count y of Yellow River Delta.The results showed that the greatest total nitrogen in top soil layer(0-20 cm)was in the cropland,followed by orchard and vegetable land,and t he least was in unused new sedimentation land soil.The mean value from the greatest to the least was 1.42,1.17,0.97 and 0.57 g / kg,respectively.In 20)40 cm soil layer,the average concentration of the total nitrogen was 0.86 g/ kg in vegetable soil,which is higher than that in the other three land use types.The average concentration of NO₃^-)N in 0-20 cm vegetable soil layer is 27.25 m g/ kg,far higher than that in orchard,cropland and unused new sedimentation land,while NH₄⁺)N in different land use types was similar,ranging from 2.65 to 4.09 mg/kg.Soil NO₃^-)N and NH₄⁺)N concent ration in 20-40 cm layer in different land use soils showed the similar changes as those into player(0-20 cm).Through the correlation analysis,the available nitrogen in vegetable soil was mainly from fertilization,and the available nitrogen in orchard and crop land soils was closely correlated with the total nitrogen and was little affected by environment change.The concentration and transformation of nitrogen in unused new sedimentation land soil reflected the initial status of the study area.

Abstract:In view of the present main environmental problems in the Tailan River basin, based on the types of eco-environmental water requirement for river basins,quantification model of eco-environmental water requirement for plain regions of Tailan River basin is established and the scale of eco-environmental water requirement is estimated.The results indicate that the maximum of eco-environmental water requirement is 4.146×10⁸m³,the minimum is 2.372×10⁸m³ and the optimum is 2.983×10⁸m³,which take 51.05%,29.21% and 36. 73% of the regional watergross,respectively.Average eco- environmental water requirement in Tailan River is 1.440×10⁸m³when excluding water requirement of sand transportation,and 2.604×10⁸m³if considering the water requirement of sand transportation.According to environmental status and the aim of ecological protection,eco-environmental water requirement in river basin can be ascertained.Consequently,water resources use will be allocated in different area and different usage department,and the rational scheme of water resources in ecology will be confirmed based on the different status of eco system and corresponding types of ecosystem in arid in land river basin.

Abstract:Effects of the growth of Mimosa pudica,Tradescantia sill amontana and Porulaca afraon soil enzyme activities of cadmium contaminated soils were studied by pot experiment.The results showed that soil urease,catalase and poly phenol oxidase activities decreased gradually with the increase of Cd concentration.There was a significant negative correlation between Cd concentration and soil enzyme activities.Wit h the seedlings growth of these three kinds of ornamental,the activities of urease,catalase and poly phenol oxidase increased,and followed the order of urease>poly phenol oxidase>cat alase>invert ase.Besides,Tradescantia sill amontana could also improve soil invertase activity.The effect of Tradescantia sill amontana on soil enzyme activities was higher than the other two ornamental.As a common ornamental plant,Tradescantia sill amontana may have great value in remediating cadmium contaminated soil.

Abstract:In order to analyze the roughness coefficient of the sea buckthorn plant flexible dam,a field water flow test on the sea buckthorn plant flexible dam was conducted in the sea buckthorn plant flexible dam test base in Xiao-hua-shan Reservoir,H uaxian County,Shaanxi Province.The estimation formula of the sea buckthorn plant flexible dams roughness coefficient was derived by the river sediment dynamics theory,and the roughness coefficients of the sea buckthorn plant flexible dam were evaluated by the formula under non-submerged flow during some grow th stage.The results indicated that the sea buckthorn flexible dams roughness coefficient was approximately within the range of 0.04~0.09.The roughness coefficient of the sea buckthorn plant flexible dam was inversely deduced and calculated from the field flow test data by the river dynamics method,and it was found that the result was in accord with that calculated by the theory evaluation for mula.It was suggested that the theoretic estimation formula could be used to evaluate the roughness coefficient of the sea buckthorn plant flexible dam,and it was of great value to further study the effects and mechanism of the sea buckthorn plant flexible dam on sediment retention.

Abstract:Soil available nitrogen of Picea crassifolia forest in the eastern Qilian Mountains was studied through field sampling and laboratory analysis.The results showed that:(1)soil total available nitrogen(NH₄⁺—N and NO₃^-—N)in 0—40 cm of Picea crassifolia forest was 17.26～20.76mg/kg,NH₄⁺—N was the major existing forms of soil available nitrogen with content exceeding 66.72 %;(2)Soil NH₄⁺—N decreased with the increasing soil depth,and nosignificant change of NO₃^-—N occurred,but NO₃^-—N was more sensitive to soil microenvironment factor compared with NH₄^-—N ;(3)The correlation between soil NH₄⁺—N and organic matter was significant(p<0.05),while the relation between soil NO₃^-—N and organic matter was not significant.NH₄⁺—N as the main forms of soil available nitrogen largely depended on the soil neutral pH,low temperature and high moisture content in the research area.

Abstract:By sampling soils at different elevation at lower reaches of Jinsha River in Ningnan County,variations of soil erodibility with elevation were studied by statistical analysis and indoor physical-chemical properties analysis.Results indicated that in the dry-hot valley,elevation had significant effect on soil physical chemical properties,particle composition and soil erodibility.In the lower elevation region where dry-hot wind had great effect,both soil physical and chemical properties was improved with the increase of elevation,and soil erodibility decreased too;elevation between 1235 m and 1400 m could be considered as the transition region.When the elevation was over 1500 m,influence of dry-hot wind almost disappeared,vegetation types changed a lot,and soil erodibility decreased significantly.These results verified that in the Jinsha River dry-hot valley,dry-hot wind was one of the main factors that influence the soil erodibility.Thus it was important to adopt proper measures to reduce the influence o f dry-hot wind,and increase the anti erodibility of land by soil and water conservation measures.

Abstract:Taking forest ecosystem health early warning in the North Ditch,Hebei Province as the main line,early warning indicators of forest health were firstly filtered by the method of quantitative analysis,then early warning indicator system was identified.Next,early health warning model off orest ecosystem based on the basic principles of BP neural network was established,and then it was used to make early warning on the health of forest ecosystems.The results showed that North Ditch forest ecosystem was in good health,in the whole,the North Ditch in the range of the green and blue alert.

Abstract:In order to evaluate the surface water environment quality accurately and objectively,the BP neural network with improved algorithms is introduced in water environmental quality evaluation.Water environment quality evaluation model of the Weihe River was constructed with recorded data of water quality during the period from Sep.7 to Oct.11 in 2010.Water quality of the Weihe River was evaluated through 3 water quality monitoring projects(NH₃N,potassium permanganate index,DO),and the evaluation results by the BP neural network and by the environmental protection department were compared,and both evaluation results are identical.The results showed that the BP neural network model could well solve complex nonlinear relation between the evaluation factors and water quality levels,and the method was simple and reliable,and the forecast precision was high.The BP neural net work for water environmental quality evaluation is objective,universal and practical.

Abstract:Interpreted ET M⁺in 2006,150000 and 1100000 topographical map,forest type map,data of Class II forest inventory in 2007 in Pingtonghe watershed were applicated.Firstly,the satellite images was interpreted and the vector format was converted to grid format,then grade assessment of each grid was carried out by using element model on the basis of selecting stand structure factor,production capacity factor and function factor.The results showed that:(1)The area of firewood forest in this area was in the ascendant (32785.4 hm²,or occupying 42.45% of the total area);it was followed by water conservation forest and soil and water conservation forest,the former occupied 23.88% (18 441.86 hm²) and the latter accounted f or 15.60% ( 12 047.44 hm²);while economic forest only occupied 5.46% (4217.3 hm²).(2)On the whole,the quality of protection forest was poor:the middle grade occupied 62.75%,the next was fine grade(21.21%),the poor grade made up 13.96%;however,the superior grade only accounted for 1.24%.

Abstract:The external morphology of Yardangs reflects the settings they exist.Therefore,through the study of Yardangs'morphological parameters,the interior and exterior forces that affect the Yardangs can be speculated.This paper mainly studied the morphological parameters of the Yardangs that distributes in the southeastern Qaidam Basin with data from the high resolution remote sensing images o f t he study area,and found that the correlation index between length and width was 0.8824,a strongly positive correlation;the ratio of length/width calculated by least square fitting was 3.04.What's more,the worldwide Yardangs' morphological parameters shared the same strong positive correlation,while the ratio of length/width showed a regional difference.This phenomenon was tried to be explained on the basis of the forming factors of t he Yardangs.It is believed that the similarity of the forming factors determined the similarity of the external morphology of the yardang body,whichwas reflected by the strong positive correlation between the length and width.At the same time,because of the regional differences of the Yardangs' forming factors,the ratio of length/width had different values in different places.

Abstract:The effect of the grain size of the konjac superabsorbent polymer (KSAP),the pH of the solution,the different kinds of fertilizer on the absorbent ability was studied,and water activity of different water absorbenctgel was measured and compared with that of root.A preliminary application in water conservation forestry was also at temptd.The results indicated that the water absorption ability of the resin was the best at the pH value 6~8 and the grain size about 1 mm.The effect of different fertilizers on the water absorbent ability of KSAP followed the order of(NH₂)₂SO₄>KH₂PO₄>Na₂SO₄>KNO₃>KCl>(NH₂)₂CO>(NH₄)₂SO₃>donized water.When KSAP water absorption was greater than 100 folds,the water activity is higher than that of plant roots,suggesting KSAP cannot only provide adequate moisture for plant growth.but also effectively slow down the natural loss of moisture and evaporation.

Abstract:The determination of agriculture land function and its dynamic variation in Zhifanggou watershed of loess hilly region were conducted with single change rate and dynamic land use comprehensive index method based on field investigated data(1938)2008).Results showed that the agriculture land functions evolved the following process: survival and ecological income and employment ecological and income during the evoluation of agriculture eco-economic system.The agriculture land use also experienced two stages:forest land converting to farmland farmland converting to garden land and forest land.The evolution trend was driven by the interact ion of populations,farmer requirements,agriculture benefit and government macro policies.

Abstract:Drought in the Southwest China in early 2010 highlights the situation of inefficient utilization o f water resource in the western regions.This paper selects GDP,total investment in fixed assets,total water used,water consumed population as input-output indicators,and takes data envelopment analysis method to evaluate the performance of water resource utilization in the 12 western capital cities in 2008 and 2009.Meanwhile,Malmquist T F P index method is used to analyze time series data from 2000 to 2009.The results areas follows:(1)The utilization of water resource in the western regions is inefficient and t here is a declining trend.The total fact or productivity (TFP)index of the utilization efficiency of water resource from 2000 to 2009 is 0.955.(2)During 2008 and 2009,Chong qing,Xining,Urumqi and Hohhot City are efficient based on DEA,and other cities should adjust according to the experience of the four cities above.The production scale in Cheng du,Kunming,Xian,Lanzhou,Yinchuan and Nanning City are too large,thus it limit the utilization efficiency of water resource.The production scale in Chongqing,Xining,Urumqi and Hohhot City should remain stable while Guiyang and Lhasa should increase the production scale.(3)Technology is the dominant factor in restricting water using efficiency.So,investment in science and technology should been-hanced.In addition,expanding the scale of production and optimizing the industrial structure are also the indispensable way for improving the utilization efficiency of water resource.Finally,the western regions should also increase the propaganda on the rational utilization of water resource.

Abstract:Rock fill slope is a common slope type on mountain roads with surface layer consisting of different sizes of broken rocks but little soil,this poor site condition brings great difficulty to the vegetation restorat ion.To solve this problem,the tree(shrub)herb community was constructed using the nursery block and soil spray-sowing technique.Taking the 45b rock fill slope at the 11km of Baihuashan tourism road in Mentougou,Beijing City as an example,the coverage of her baceous plants was around 50%,and the average height was 40 cm four years later after the technique was use.Meanw hile,the woody plants grew well with sturdy taproots and strong lateral roots penetrating into rock cracks,and the survival rate of Prunus davidiana was 78% with the height of 82 cm and the ground diameter of 7.9 mm.The results showed that the tree(shrub)herb community could be successfully constructed on relatively steep rock fill slopes by using t his technique.

Abstract:To recognize the effect mechanism of declined reservoir water level on residual soil slope,based on saturated unsaturated seepage theory and unsaturated soil mechanics,the distribution features of seepage field,stress field and displacement field with declined reservoir water level were discussed by using finite element method.The results indicated t hat different declined rates caused different saturated line in the sub grade in the process of reservoir water declining,however,the saturated lines tended to be consistent as time went on.The pore water pressure and the displacement increased with the duration time of water level and declined rate,and the effective stress in the slope increased while the total stress kept constant.The slope safety factor appeared to decrease firstly and increase subsequently.Hence,controlling flood rate and strengthening sub grade drainage in the management of reservoir floor discharge are recommended to benefit reservoir slope stability.

Abstract:Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is one of important farming areas in China.In order to control agricultural non-point pollution,the spatial distribution of nonpoint pollution from agriculture in Xinjiang area was studied based on the analysis o f main area source pollutants from agriculture and the help of GIS.Results showed t hat there were 20 areas with fertilizer use density larger than 400 kg/hm²,mainly concentrated in Tarim River,Manas River,Yili River basin and t he production and construct ion corps o f Xinjiang area.The spatial distribution of pesticide contaminated areas was basically the same with that of fertilizer contaminated areas.There were 18 areas with pesticide density exceeding 3 kg/hm²,13 areas with density of water drainage collection of animal husbandry larger than 30 kg/hm².The degree of livestock farming pollution in North Xinjiang Autonomous Region was higher than in South Xinjiang Autonomous Region.As for the pollution of soil and water erosion,wind erosion pollution occupied 89.32%,and water erosion only occupied 10.68%.Cluster analysis of area source pollution of Xinjiang area indicated that region I was the heavily polluted areas,region was agriculture pollution areas,region was heavy pollution areas of animal husbandry,and region was light pollution areas.

Abstract:The arbor root of Betula platy phylla was investigated in North China and the mechanical characteristics of arbor root system were quantitatively researched based on analysis of variance by using the result of root tensile test as basic data.According to the experiment al design criteria,three indexes,including rate,root length and diameter,were selected as influence factors ref lecting birch root mechanical characteristics.Four indexes,including root tensile resistance,root tensile strengt h,elastic modulus and limit extensile rate,were selected as responding factors.The results showed t hat root diameter had significant effects on root tensile resistance,root tensile strength and limit extensile rate,both root length and t ensile rate had significant effect s on elastic modulus and limit ext ensile rate.As the four responsive indexes were concerned,there w as no interact ion between rate of extensile and root length.As for tensile strength and tensile resistance,the interaction between rate of extensile and root diameter,as well as root length and root diameter both existed and had significant expressions at different levels.As elastic modulus and limit ext ensile rat e were concerned,the interaction between root length and root diameter was not significant,while the interact ion between rate of ext ensile and root diameter was significant.

Abstract:Soil is one of essential environmental factors for human survival and development.Proper classification of soil environmental functions enables the utilization and protection of the soil resources to be effective.Based on exploring the protocol of soil environmental function zoning,this paper aims to divide Nanjing City into different levels of soil environmental function zones according to the present land use situation and the potential effect of land use planning on soil environment by the advanced space simulation techniques,such as RS and GIS.Four soil environmental function zones are divided,the problems and protection direction in each zone are illustrated in details.This work will provide strong evidence for regional soil environmental management .

Abstract:The study of Qinghai Tibet Plat eau has been a focus in geology and geography for researchers home and abroad for a long time.The range of Qinghai Tibet Plateau is different from administrative division.There are many differences among the ranges based on different criterions and purposes.Based on the characters of to pography,we used the data of A ster G DEM and the method of digital terrain analysis to extract the boundary of Qing hai Tibet Plateau semiautomatically with supporting of the ArcGIS,and its to pography was identified and divided automatically.16 kinds of geomorphic distribution maps were acquired.The results showed that the dominating topographies were high-elevation hills,low-relief high-hill, middle-relief subalpine and middle-relief high-hill,the areas accounted for 60.58% in Qinghai Tibet Plateau.The terrain was quite gently in inner plateau,had a little large relief in marginal area,indicating significant difference between plateau and the adjacent regions into pography.

Abstract:Agricultural non-point source loss is one of the major factors resulting in surface water eutrophication.The production of Phyllostachys praecox shoot is a pillar industry of Lin an City.However,the high rate of mulching and fertilizer application is undoubted to bring nitrogen and phosphorus into water body.Therefore,the control of nitrogen and phosphorus runoff export is an important task in Phyllostachys praecox n.4 different buffer strips were set up in situtomonitor N and P runoff losses and investigate their control effects on N and P runoff from Phyllostachys praecox stands.The results showed that particulate N and P were the predominant forms in runoff,accounting for more than 50% of the total losses.Fertilization and rainfall intensity were the main factors influencing the runoff export.The highest runoff export of N and P in Phyllostachys praecox was 1006.2 and 387.6 g / hm²among the 4 treatments.In comparison with other treatments,the ryegrass strip reduced the runoff export greatly,that is 777.1 and 228.9 g/ hm²of N and P.The runoff export of N and P was 632.80 and 230.74 kg/hm ²in the treatment of Phyllostachys praecox forest+ Bamboo Charcoal ; while in the treatment of ryegrass+Bamboo Charcoal,the runoff export of N and P loss was 1098.6 and 366.5 g/hm².Compared with phosphorus,the nitrogen runoff loss was much more serious.The present results indicated t hat grass buffer strip could effectively control t he N and P losses with runoff from Phyllostachys praecox stands.

Abstract:Benefit evaluation of soil and water conservation project is of great significance to the macro policies-making.Based on the past studies on index system and method of comprehensive effects assessment of water- soil loss control and present local natural,social and economic condition as well as controlling status,the ecological benefits,economic benefits and social benefits of Ganzhou area during the past thirty years are evaluated.The value of ecosystem service of soil and water conservation is 0.630 billion in 1980,2.598 billion in 1997 and 4.165 billion in 2007,respectively.The cumulative benefit of eight national soil and water conservation projects in 1997,2002 and 2007 is 1.711,3.527 and 4.516 billion,respectively.The social effect at each stage is beyond moderate and good.It can be seen that thirty years over all soil and water conservation achieves considerable benefits in southern Jiangxi Province.

Abstract:Through field GPS surveying and dealing with the data that got from field,the relationships between gully length and road length as well as the characteristics of gullies in different buffers with different radius of road in Hebei small watershed of Northestern China were analyzed.The following conclusions were acquired:(1)the quantitative relation suggested a relationship between road length and gully length existed,especially in valley and the lower slope,unpaved road and gully length had a strong relationship.(2)Gully distribution was closely related with road distribution.The buffer of road with the range of 25 meters was the mostrisky area where gully easily happened,so road was an important factor for affecting gully happening

Abstract:The influences of different fencing types on vegetation and soil properties were studied in Yanchi County,Ning xia Hui Autonomous Region.The results showed that:(1)The plants composition was obviously changed;(2)Proper fencing periods(<8a)made community coverage,density,aboveground biomass and species diversity obviously increase;excessive fencing periods(> 19a)could decrease vegetation quantitative feature and species diversity;(3)Fencing reduced the soil bulk density,increased the soil porosity and moisture.Therefore,proper fencing periods were good for plant restoration and soil melioration,excessive fencing periods resulted in the degradation of vegetation structure and function,and the decline of grassland productivity.

Abstract:A preliminary study on the distribution and tensile strength of roots of Cynodon dactylon L.in soil was conducted.The results showed that the density and the weight of root decreased with the increasing soil depth(0.40cm),and the trend could be expressed by exponential function.The tension resistance of the root increased with the enlargement of diameter,and could be modelled by quadratic function.The average tensile strength of the root was 39.349 MPa,and was 17% of that of grade I steel,more over,it decreased with the increase of the diameter,and submitted to the law of exponent ial function.Hence,Cynodon dactylon L.has a significant function in slop protection based on the root distribution characteristics and tensile strength features.

Abstract:To find out the amelioration effect of Arkadolith,a new soil modifier on sandy soil physical and chemical properties and the growth of A stragalus mongolicum,adominant species in sandland community in Kubuqi Desert,effects of different application rate(CK:0%;A₁:4%; A₂:8%;A₃:12%;A₄:16%)of Arkado-lith were compared by means of simulated experiment in laboratory.The results show that the application of Arkadolith can significantly improve the growth status of A stragalus mongolicum,the growth of new shoots increase by 4.35%~ 43.5% and biomass increase by 36.8%~ 168.5% with the decrease of the root shootration at the same time,leaf numbers follows the order of A₄> A₂>A₃ >A₁>CK.Meanwhile,use of Arkado-lith increase plant water absorption,raise leaf water potential,revealing the improvement of plant water status.The total porosity of soil and field capacity increases,bulk density and soil infiltration rate decrease after application of Arkadolith,indicating that it has significantly improved soil physical properties.It also canal-leviate soil nutrition imbalances by increasing soil nutrient reserves.

Abstract:Moraine supplied-rainstorm debris flow is a unique geographical process that often can be seen in high elevation glacial margin area,the potential harm from the debr is flow has not be recognized enough because of its invisibility,and only a few researchers pay at tention to it.Based on the debris flow mechanism progress and the field survey,this article took Moxi Basin as an example,where distributed many moraine supplied-rain storm debris flow,and analyzed the forming factors and process,and presented the 4 steps of this debris flow process:branch water converging stepy individual particle material starting up stepy unde-rerosion and lateral erosion stepy debris flow initiationstep.F inally,this article summarized related problems about the mechanism of moraine supplied)rainstorm debris flow which need to be further studied.

Abstract:Taking Gaoxigou village in Mizhi County as an example,this paper firstly makes an classification of farmers and probes the interrelation among landscape factors,farmer stype and land use change quantitatively;then analyzes the relationship between different farmers and elements of land property under different styles of land use with binary logistic regression analysis.The results show that:(1)From the view of elements of land property,distance only affects certain farmers,the impact of slope degree is coincident for gras-splanting farmers while uncertain for afforestation farmers,aspect can be considered as an objective determinant of land use change.(2)From the view of the farmers,the distance from land to the road is an important factor for commissariat farmers,while formigrant farmers,they would like to choose the land with steeper slope to plant grass,and for traditional farmers,they tend to choose steeper slope for afforestation.

Abstract:To quantify the effects of 30 years soil and water conservation on the regional ecological security in Ganzhou City,the 17 indices of ecological security assessment were constructed using frequency statistics and expert consultation method based on soil erosion status of study area.The ecological security of Ganzhou City was evaluated by the pressure state response model.The results showed that:(1)The ecological security of Ganzhou City obviously improved in the past 30 years.However,the level of ecological security declined in some area.The integrated level of ecological security was only grade in Ganzhou City and needed further improvement.(2)Negative correlation between ecological security and soil and water losses was found in Ganzhou City.With 30 years comprehensive conservation of soil and water,the correlation was weakening,and the influences of soil erosion and water losson the ecological security were decreased.Therefore,soil and water conservation become one of the most important methods to improve ecological environment in Ganzhou City.

Abstract:In Longquan County of Zhejiang Province,the geological environment is complex,the mountain disasters are serious.It is the high risk area of debris flow in Zhejiang Province.With the development of tourism and economy,it becomes urgent to study the characteristics and counter measures of debris flows in Longquan City.With the help of census,remotesensing and expertinquiry,146 gullys were surveyed, among which 96 was made by major investigation and 49 by typical investigation,46 potential debris flow dangers were identified.Through the survey and analysis,six characteristics of small watershed debris flow geohazard in Longquan City were summarized:wide distribution of debris flows in this area,breaking out mostly in typhoon and flood season,distributing mostly along fractures,suitable geographic conditions for the form ation of debris flow,high incidence of debris flow in lava,possible occurrence of debris flow in areas with both water loss and soil erosion and high-covered vegetation.Some corresponding count ermeasures were proposed to provide a rational basis for the prevention and treatment of debris flows in Longquan City.

Abstract:The effects of sewage sludge compost on the growth of Jasminum nudiflorum and A morpha fruti-cosa,two widely-used plants in soil and water conservation,were studied with the pot experiments.The results showed that the plant height,crown width and biomass increased gradually with sludge compost application ratio within the range of 0~5% for Jasminum nudiflorum or 0~10% for A morpha fruticosa.The application of appropriate percent age of sewage sludge compost was helpful for the growth of plants.According to toxic response factor of different forms of heavy metals,rational application rate of sewage sludge compost in Tongzhou District was determined as 3.62t/(hm ²a).

Abstract:Based on the analysis of Bijie Citys cultivated land,the rate of urbanization and the changes of regional economic growth trends,the article selected multiple-regression model to study the relationship between area of cultivated land and investment of fixed assets,industrial out put and urbanization.The results showed that cultivated area had been reduced from 4.02×10⁵hm ^{2in 1988 to 3.65×105 hm2 in 2008 with annual average decline rate 0.48%,meanwhile,percapita arable land also reduced from 0.069hm2in 1988 to 0.047 hm2in 2008 with the annual average decline rate 1.90%.Fixed asset investment,industrial development and urbanizat ion had significant impacts on the reduction of arable land,and their elasticity coefficients were-0.030,-0.002,-0.046,respectively,among which population urbanization exerted the greatest influence.During the past 20 years,the development of urbanization had led to non-agricult uralization of farm land at the expense of the arable land resource.Theref ore,the level of the intensive and economical use of urban land needs to be improved.}

Abstract:The loose use system of rural residential land const rains the modernization of the rural economy and agricultural development,it is necessary to actively and continuously promote the intensive use of rural residential land and adjust extensive land use and sust ainable use of land resources factors.Each countys percapita land fo r Baoji City rural residential was analyzed by cluster analysis and by comparing the percapita rural residential land in Baoji City with upper value of percapita construction land at each grade in Town Planning Standard.The results show ed that Baoji City rural residential land percapita in 2007 was reduced by 7.37m²than in 1999,rural residentiall and percapita was 39.67m²higher than the upper limit of set national construction land.Based on the assessment of intensive use of rural resident ial land in Baoji City,the potential of intensive use of rural residential land could be as high as 11 168.07 hm²

Abstract:Due to it sat tribute such as high salt and strong acid,the mountainous gangue which had under gone spontaneous combustion seriously constrains plant growth.Therefore it is imperative for ameliorating the conditions of gangue mountain tores to revegetation.The abundant and cheap loess was selected as ameliorant,then the ameliorative effect of the diverse ameliorated methods on Festuca elata,Robiniap seudoacacia ,A morpha fruiticosa,Platycladus oriental is and Gleditsia horrid a respectively in the mixed gangue and loess was studied aimed to select the plant which has strong resistance and is suitable for the coal gangue mountain and determine the proportion of loess applicat ion.The results showed that the loess as ameliorant was effective for improving the strong acidity,while adding 25 percent of loess into str ong acid gangue with pH 2.8 could raise pH to 6.8.How ever it is unconspicuous for the high salt,adding 75 percent of loess into high salt gangue with salt content of 3.8% could reduce salt content to 1.01%.In addition,Festuca elata,A morpha fruiticosa and Gleditsia horrida were more suitable than Robiniap seudoacacia and Platycladus orientalis.

Abstract:Based on the statistics data from 1998 to 2007 in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,four factors:economic loss of flood,inst ability,contribution of economic loss to GDP,evaluation index of economic loss were used to assess the economic loss of flood disaster in this region.The results indicate that economic loss of flood is mainly affected by the hazard level.The proportion of the economic loss of agriculture maintains at 5%~15% of the total loss.The annual change of environmental instability in the region f luctuates obviously,but mainly with a declining trend year by year.The flooding economic loss is 0.5%~9.0% of GDP.The indexes of flooding loss can not only tell the annual change of the aroused factors of flood,the instability of the environment bearing disasters,but also accurately evaluate the flooding economic loss.At the same time,the indexes can be used as a method for instante valuation and preventions of the flooding loss and when flood takes place.According to the assessment results,the government is suggested to strengthen the defense capability of larger flood,increase investment in agricultural infrastructure and improve flood control standards of all prevention projects.

Abstract:This paper assessed the quality of different vegetation rehabilitation models in the north mountain region of Lanzhou City by related evaluation index.The results show that the method of S value is an effective method for selecting vegetation rehabilitation in arid area.The model of contour plat form+fish-scale-like pits+ecological pad cover+ artificial bush communities(K or shinsk peashrub,Platy cladusorientails,Tamarix austromongolica Nakai,Ammopiptant husmongolicus)is the most effective vegetation rehabilitation method in the irrigation area.For no irrigation afforestation area,the model of V type contour plat form+fish-scale-like pits+plastic covering+natural plant communities+Reaumuria is the most effective path in south slope(semisunny slope,ridge area),and the model of fish-scale-like pits+plastic covering+natural plant communities+Reaumuria+K or shinsk is the best model in shady slope(semishady slope).The model of fish-scale-like pits+natural plant communities+Tamarix austromongolica Nakai is a good way in gully area.Hill closure+ natural plant communities is an effective revegetation method for all cases.

Abstract:The change of soil physico chemical property and vegetation quantity attributes in Huajiang canyon demonstration area of eco logical management of rocky desertification in Guizhou Province during the period from 2005 to 2009 was analyzed.The results indicated t hat:(1)The coefficient of variation of soil physico-chemical proper ties reduced,suggest ing its spatial variation degree decreased.(2)The soil total porosity slightly declined;the soil non-capillary porosity significantly increased;the soil capillary porosity and the soil capillary capacity decrease markedly;the soil field capacity rose obviously,indicating that soil porosity configuration became more rational.(3)Change of organic matter content was not distinct.Total nitrogen and total phosphorus significantly increased but total potassium decreased.Meawhile,soil pH value slightly decreased.(4)The height,base diameter,crown diameter and evenness of plants increased prominently.The ecological efficiency of soil quality and plant community was preferably coherent.All above result sillustrate that the soil and plant ecological efficiency have been improved,which ameliorate the environments in rocky desertification of ecological management areas in karst mountainous region.