Abstract:Taking a regular bare slope with red soil as control,the reduction effects of grass planting belt onthe non-point source pollutants from red soil sloping cropland were studied by simulating the quantities ofrunoff,sediment,nitrogen,phosphorus and the erosion processes under the different rainfall intensity conditions integrated with different concentrations of nitrogen,phosphorus and other non-point source pollutantspreset by the data observed in the field.Results showed that the reduction effects on runoff and soil weremore obvious when rainfall intensity was low.The soil reduction effect was more remarkable than the runoffreduction effect under the same rainfall intensity condition.Compared with the bare red soil area,the reduction rate of the total nitrogen(TN)by the grass planting belt was decreased with increases in both rainfall intensity and the input of the TN.The reduction rate of the total phosphorus(TP)by the grass planting beltwas increased with the input increment of the TP under 20and 35mm/h rainfall intensities.When the inputconcentration of the TP was stable,the reduction rate of the TP by the grass planting belt was decreasedwith the increment of rainfall intensity.When rainfall intensity reached 50mm/h,the output of the TN inrunoff from the grass planting belt plot was more than that from the bare red soil plot.

Abstract:Spatiotemporal characteristics of rainfall erosivity are very important for the understandings of soilerosion processes.Daily rainfall data from 704weather stations of seven provinces in the upper reaches of theYangtze River in past 30years(1980-2010)were used to calculate the average annual rainfall erosivity,average annual half-month rainfall erosivity and the proportion of the annual rainfall erosivity,so as to determine the spatiotemporal distribution of erosive rainfall.Results showed that the highest Rvalue was found tobe 11 394MJ·mm/(hm²·h·a)and the lowest,273MJ·mm/(hm²·h·a).As influenced by terrain,rainfall erosivity presented three high value areas of the Emei Mountains in Sichuan Province,Bijie region inGuizhou Province and Yichang City in Hubei Province.There was a significant correlation between rainfallerosivity and average annual rainfall,with a correlation coefficient R2 of 0.80.In the study area,the seasonaldistribution of rainfall erosivity had a concentration percentage of 69% and was mainly concentrated fromMay to October.

Abstract:The Changes of annual runoff at Beibei,Tingzikou,Wudu and Wusheng hydrological stations inthe Jialing River basin from 1960to 2009are investigated using Mann-Kendall trends test,Mann-Kendallabrupt changing test and cumulative average filter method.Results indicate that runoff at all the stationshave a jumping point in 1991.Double cumulative curve analysis between precipitation and runoff suggeststhat precipitation and human activities exert almost the same influence to the runoff reduction during the1990s,except the Wudu Station where the influence by human activities takes a relative higher proportion.

Abstract:In order to allocate biological measures for soil and water conservation reasonably,and to controlthe soil and water loss according to local conditions,this study focuses on the analysis of runoff and sedimentreduction effects under different types of forest and grass vegetation by a runoff plot experiment in a karstarea of Guizhou Province.Results show that most types of forest and grass vegetation in the study area hadexperienced three stages during the investigation time period(2008-2010):no effect,partial effect and remarkable effect on runoff and sediment reductions.By the end of 2010,the runoff reduction effect of different types of forest and grass vegetation was economic forests(their runoff reduction rates between 52.5% and64.3%)>mixed forest of poplar and portuguese cypress>ryegrass>portuguese cypress>white clover>poplar forest.The sediment reduction effect of different types of forest and grass vegetation was economicforests(their mean sediment reduction rate was 99.3%)>ryegrass>mixed forests of poplar and portuguesecypress>portuguese cypress forest>poplar forest>white clover.Allocation of forest and grass vegetationalso shows a great difference in runoff and sediment productions,therefore,type and allocation of forest andgrass vegetation should be considered simultaneously to achieve the best soil and water conservation effect.

Abstract:Land use/cover change and its effects on hydrologic processes are becoming an important aspect of global change research.In order to understand the effects of deforestation on hydrologic processes in theDaxing'anling area,a five-stage land use/cover date base in the Nuomin River basin since 1954was established based on remote sensing imagery data and topographic map.With GIS spatial analysis tools,the paperanalyzed the land use/cover change characteristics and its effects on hydrologic process.Results indicatedthat land use changed prominently in the Nuomin River basin during the past five decades.Forest and grassland decreased by 1 940.10and 748.99km²,respectively,and in contrast,cropland increased by 2 741.7km².Since the nature forest protection project came into force in the Daxing'anling area in 1998,woodlandreduction and farmland reclamation have showed a declined trend.Land use/cover change had effects on annual runoff and runoff increased during the late land use period with decreased forest and more cropland,andthe impact of land use/cover change on runoff was strengthened in response to increased rainfall.Besides,the effects of land use/cover change on runoff production were characterized by seasonal fluctuation.

Abstract:The transition of hyper-concentrated flow and debris flow after earthquake is the key problem involved in debris flow engineering control.Based on the analysis of debris flow in Moutuo Gully,this paperstudies the importance of source supplement and micro-topography in the transition of hyper-concentratedflow and debris flow.The terrain and landform are analyzed firstly;secondly,the density is used to analyzethe transition character between hyper-concentrated flow and turbulent debris flow;and finally,landscapestep-pool effect method and investigation method are applied to study the transition process and mechanisms.The result shows that(1)the initiation model of debris flows in Motuo Gully includes surface erosion,gullyerosion,blocking,outburst and debris flow;(2)the formation of microtopography(step-pool)is resultedfrom waste slag and collapse or landslide;(3)the transition of hyper-concentrated flow and debris flow isclosely related with the solid volume in one surge.

Abstract:The farming-pasturing ecotone in North China is a typical ecological vulnerable zone.Based on thedata obtained from three composite Landsat 5TM/ETM+images of 1990,2000and 2010in Jingbian Countylocated in the north of Shaanxi Province,this paper explores land use change and driving foctors in the transitional zone by land use change degree and transition matrix.Results show that:(1)Woodland and buildingland increased from 1990to 2010,whereas cropland,grassland,water area and unused land decreased.(2)The land use change in Jingbian County mainly occurred after 2000year,especially the rapid change of building land from 1990to 2010.(3)The amount of transformed land among cropland,woodland and grasslandwas larger and the three land use types were mostly changed into building land,which mainly occurred in thenorthern suburb area of Jingbian County from 1990to 2010.(4)Rapid economic development,especially theexploitation of oil and gas resources,were the main driving factors for the change of building land,while theimplementation of the returning farmland to forestland/grassland project was the main driving factor for thechanges of cropland,woodland and grassland.

Abstract:To clarify the responses of stream habitat factors to riparian land use change,50reaches of 3typical streams in the suburb of Beijing City are selected for the discrepancy test and principal component analysisof habitat indicators under different riparian land uses.By factorial rotation,four integrated indicators areconfirmed to reflect the impacts of different riparian land uses on stream ecosystem,which are shown inplots.Results show that the land for tourism has greater effect on benthic macroinvertebrates species and theconcentration of phosphorus in stream than the land for transportation;the land for inhabitancy increases theconcentration of nitrogen in stream;and farmland affects phytoplankton species,pH value and the concentration of dissolved oxygen.Maintaining rational land use is a basic approach to stream ecological restoration inthe suburb of Beijing City.

Abstract:An incubational experiment was designed to assess how soil water content affects the respiratoryintensities of litter layers,different soil layers and DOC-removed soil samples.Soil and mixed litter sampleswere taken in 31year Robinia pseudoacaciaforest in Zhifanggou Watershed,Ansai County.The accumulative CO₂-release amounts of soil samples and DOC-removed soil samples(100% water content only)at threesoil depths(20,40and 60cm)and in three controlled litter-mixed soil samples(mixed by complex litters,including Robinia pseudoacacialitters and herbage litters)were determined in laboratory under the three soilwater contents of 100%,20% and 2%,respectively.Results showed that the CO₂-release levels at the different soil depths were in the order of:20cm >60cm >40cm under the controlled 100% and 20% watercontents.Under the 100% water content and after DOC was removed,the accumulative CO₂-release amountof the soil samples at the 20cm depth decreased,but obviously increased for samples at the 40cm soil depthand had no remarkable change at the 60cm soil depth.The accumulative CO₂-release amount of complex litter-mixed soil samples was the highest under the 100% water content.The amount of simply Robinia pseudoacacialitter-mixed samples was obviously higher than that of herbage litter-mixed samples under the 20% and 2% water contents,but slightly lower under the 100% water content.The asynchronous effect of water content levels is suggested on the respiratory intensity of the soil layers with different SOC compositions andlitter types.Removed DOC by heavy precipitation from soil subsurface layers can reduce respiratory intensityof surface soil layers.

Abstract:This paper studied the influences of dose,moisture content and maintenance period on splittingtensile strengths of MBER stabilized and cement stabilized soils.Results indicated that the splitting tensilestrength of MBER stabilized soil was between 0.08and 0.43MPa,and of cement stabilized soil,between0.09and 0.35MPa.When other factors remained unchanged,the splitting tensile strengths of the two stabilized soils increased with the increase in applied dose and reached the peak value at the optimum moisturecontent.The two splitting tensile strengths also increased with maintenance period.Under the same age,thesplitting tensile strength of MBER stabilized soil was slightly higher than that of cement stabilized soil.

Abstract:By taking evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forests in the Fengyang Mountains of Zhejiang Province for an instance,the physical characteristics of soil moisture and its effects for the main different forest stand types in the mid subtropical zone are studied through field survey and laboratory measurements for soil bulk density,soil porosity and soil moisture content.Between 0and 60cm soil layer,soil bulkdensity rises gradually and total soil pore space,capillary porosity,maximum holding capacity,capillarywater capacity and minimum water holding capacity decrease gradually,as soil depth increases.Between 300and 1 355maltitude rank,the averaged value of soil bulk density decreases gradually and the averaged valuesof total soil pore space,capillary porosity,maximum holding capacity,capillary water capacity,the averagewater holding capacity and soil water capacity increase,respectively,as the altitude increase.The averagedvalues of soil drainage ability for the four forest stand types rank in the order of 900maltitude>600maltitude>1 355maltitude>300maltitude.The averaged values of soil bulk density for the four forest standtypes at the same altitude rank in the order of Chinese fir plantation>coniferous broad-leaved mixed forest>Cryptomeria fortunei plantation>evergreen broad-leaved mixed forest.Cryptomeria fortunei plantation is superior to the other three forest stand types in the averaged values of the total soil pore space,the maximum soil water holding capacity,capillary water capacity,the minimum water holding capacity andwater capacity.The averaged values of soil drainage ability rank in the order of evergreen broad-leaved mixedforest> Chinese fir plantation>Cryptomeria fortunei plantation>coniferous broad-leaved mixed forest.In summary,the water conservation and soil water conservation abilities of evergreen broad-leaved mixedforest are higher than those of Cryptomeria fortunei plantation at the same altitude.

Abstract:Characteristics of soil organic carbon for different sizes of soil aggregates within 0-10,10-20and20-40cm layers were studied under different planting patterns of Tamrindusin the dry-hot valley of the Jinsha River.Results showed that the content of soil organic carbon was the highest for 1～0.5and 0.5～0.25mm aggregates,but the lowest for 10～5mm aggregates.There were significant variations in different planting patterns of Tamrindus artificial forest.The content of soil organic carbon was the highest in Tamrindus+local herbs and Tamrindus+Paspalum natatu artificial forest and however,the former was greater thanthe latter.The content of soil organic carbon was the lowest in Tamrindus+Phyllanthi emblice artificial forest.The content of soil organic carbon in the three layers had small change in bare land.

Abstract:Soils in forest land added with aged refuse were investigated.Hankson ecological risk method wasused to assess the potential ecological risk of the pollution by heavy metals(Cd,Hg,As,Cr and Pb),andthe vertical distribution and migration of the heavy metals were discussed.Results from the assessment forthe 0-90cm soil layers with different portions of aged refuse showed that heavy metal contamination wasgradually aggravated with the increased quantity of aged refuse.The heavy metal contamination reached amedium level when the added portions of aged refuse were 25% and 50% and a serious level when the addedportion was 100%.Pollution caused by aged refuse was mainly concentrated in the 0-50cm soil layer andhowever,it had a less impact on soil layer 50cm below soil surface.Hg was the main metal causing pollutionin the application of aged refuse.The contents of the five heavy metals(Cd,Hg,As,Cr and Pb)in verticalsoil profile showed a decreasing trend from cultivated horizon to lower layer.Hg and Cr were enriched in soilsurface layer.The application of aged refuse might lead to Hg and Cr pollutions,but might not lead to Cd,As and Pb enrichments in soil and vertical migration.

Abstract:Three typical water conservation forests in Jinyun Mountains were taken as research objects.Soilphysical and chemical properties and soil nutrient characteristics were measured and analyzed.Results showthat:(1)The soil densities of the three forests were all great and the soil bulk density for bamboo forest wasgreater than those for other two forests.The total soil porosity for the three forests was relatively low andthe porous of soil was in moderate level.For the soil texture,the sand content was higher than silt and claycontents.Soils in the forests were in strong acidity,which means that the soil acidification in the area issevere.(2)The soil organic matter content was relatively low and the accumulation of soil organic matterwas better in mixed needle-broadleaf forest and poorer in bamboo forest.For the soil nutrients,the contentof total nitrogen was moderate,the contents of total phosphorus and total potassium were lower,and the soilavailable nutrients were relatively low.(3)Soil conservation function of mixed needle-broadleaf forest wasthe best and the bamboo forest,the worst.Soil ecological function was the best for mixed needle-broadleafforest,followed by mixed broadleaf forests,and the worst for bamboo forest.

Abstract:Soil and water conservation benefits and vegetation growth in selected plots with different coverswere analyzed based on the observed data on the No 280spontaneous combustion gangue slope in the CoalMine III,Yangquan Coal Industry Group,Shanxi Province.Results indicate that the plots covered by mixedmaterial of gangue with loess have significant soil and water conservation benefits,accompanying favorablevegetation recovery.Meanwhile,soil moisture content in the coal gangue plots is accumulated with the increased gangue cover.Among the selected plots covered by the mixed gangue with loess,the one with thegangue cover intervals of 0.15～0.25mand gangue cover degrees of 35%～45%is the optimal cover measurefor soil and water conservation and vegetation restoration.

Abstract:Gangou valley in Luding County,Sichuan Province,is a typical valley of moraine-supplied debrisflow.Source supply is complex in debris flow processes.Based on a field survey,the characters of its sourcesupply process are analyzed by taking the debris flow occurred in 2005as an example.Finally,source supplyis classified as the two types of initiating source and maintaining source and each type of the source supply isinterpreted.The research is helpful for us to understand the mechanisms,source supply process and hazardmitigation of moraine-supplied debris flow.

Abstract:To investigate the effects of herbs'root systems on soil water properties,the root systems of vetiver〔Vetiveria zizanioides(Lin.)Nash〕，bahia grass(Paspalum natatum),bermuda grass〔Cynodon dactylon(L.)Pers.〕and alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.)were scanned by WinRHIZO,and the correlations between these root systems and soil physical properties and soil water holding capacity were analyzed bySPSS18.0.Results showed that the root length density of herbs decreased as soil depth increased,which canbe simulated by an exponential function.Roots of vetiver and alfalfa were mainly distributed in the 0-20cmsoil layer,but roots of bahia grass and bermuda grass were concentrated in the 0-10cm soil layer.Soil porosity,non-capillary porosity,water capacity and saturated water holding capacity decreased,but soil bulkdensity increased as soil depth increased.The improvement of soil moisture was mainly realized by roots ofdiameters in the ranges of 0.5mm

Abstract:An experiment with treatments differing in nitrogen supply(0,5and 15g/m²)and CO₂ level(360and 700μmol/mol)with OTC(open top chamber)equipment was carried out to investigate the effects of elevated CO₂concentration on the carbon and nitrogen accumulation of Calamagrostis angustifoliain freshwater marsh of the Sanjiang Plain.Results showed that elevated CO₂concentration increased carbon fixation ofplant by 19.3%,24.4% and 24.6% under the NN,MN and HN treatments,respectively.Elevated CO₂concentration also had a great impact on the carbon allocation in different parts of Calamagrostis angustifolia,as the carbon distribution in root increased to different degrees under all the nitrogen treatments.Elevated CO₂ concentration reduced the nitrogen content of Calamagrostisangustifoliaapparatus. The largest decrease in leaf and stem both appeared in heading period(14.4% and 19.5%),while the decrease in root appeared in dough period(17.4%).The decrease of nitrogen content in apparatus was due to diluting effect byplant speeding growth under elevated CO₂ concentration.

Abstract:Geological conditions of slope stability and its influence factors are studied in air shaft site ofWangjialing coal mine.Based on the qualitative evaluation of slope stability by hemispherical projectionmethod,the stability of typical slope sections in the entire site is analyzed under different operating conditions by limiting equilibrium method(Sarma law)and finite element method,with the safety coefficients given.Results show that the outcomes of the two analyses are basically equivalent and the rationality of themethods is proved.The study may also offer reference for the evaluation and management of similar geotechnical slope problems.

Abstract:The process of urbanization and changes of the landscape in Yanchi County,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,a typical desert region,between 1989and 2007were studied with the support of the"3S" technology,landscape analysis software and statistical analysis.Results showed the level of Yanchi County's urbanization rapidly grew in 1985-1990and the rate of change was between 54% and 73.4%.Since 1990,thelevel of urbanization has decreased slowly,from an average annual growth of 3.88%in previous time to anaverage annual decrease of 0.53%.In the process of urbanization,landscape pattern changes reflected the reductions of diversity,evenness,separation and fragmentation,as well as the increases of the aggregation.The urbanization level of such a typical desert region grew distinctly in the past 20years,and landscape pattern changes also showed distinct phases.The influence of urbanization on the ecological environment is positive,complemented each other.Under the economic development and the right policy guidance,the ecological environment has improved and the specific urbanization has developed steadily.

Abstract:By taking the porosity micro-structure of slide-zone soil as an research object and employing quantitative analysis method,relationships between the variable characteristics of micro-structure of loess slidezone soil and dynamic stress are studied under different experimental conditions.Results from the studyshow that the porosity micro-structure parameters of the loess soil present a certain regularity underincreased consolidation stress,and there are linear relationships between the porosity micro-structure parameters(i.e.,pore quantity,proportion,form ratio,average diameter and fractal dimension)and dynamicstress.

Abstract:The present situation of soil nutrients〔include available nitrogen(AN),available phosphorus(AP)and available kalium(AK)〕in Linwei District was investigated by analyzing soil samples collected from 4 108sampling sites and using domain method to identify the outliers and optimal Kriging interpolation.Meanwhile,the nutrient abundance index for wheat,corn and cotton was determined by the experimental datafrom 2007to 2008.Results indicated that the demand of crop growth for AN was nearly satisfied,exceptthat only 0.09%of cropland showed AN deficiency for the wheat and 0.86%of cropland,for corn and cotton.The content of AP was relatively low,especially in the middle of Xiaji Town,the east of GuandaoTown,the north of Xiaoyi Town,the northwest and southeast of Fengyuan Town and the west of YangguoTown.The demand of wheat and corn for AK was fulfilled but that of cotton was unsatisfied,especially inthe west and north of Yangguo Town.The mean ratio of AN to AP was 4:1,representing an imbalancestate.Therefore,it is necessary to increase the amounts of AN and AP through applying AP by specific yieldand applying AN by the applied AP.

Abstract:An experiment was conducted to study the seasonal dynamics of soil enzyme activities in three typical slopes(railway slope,natural slope and farmland slope)in the hilly region of central Sichuan Province.The main results are as follows:Soil enzyme activities were significantly different in the three types of slopesin every season.Soil urease and invertase activities showed specific seasonal fluctuations in the three types ofslopes.Soil urease activities peaked in April and bottomed out in January for railway slope and farmlandslope.However,for natural slope,the maximum of urease activities occurred in October and the minimumvalue,in July.Soil invertase activities were at the lowest level in January and at a relatively higher level inApril and October,for railway slope and natural slope.By contrast,soil invertase activities remained stability from January to July for farmland slope,while considerably increased in October.

Abstract:Soil erosion on the Loess Plateau mainly occurs from June to September during which high intensityrainfall occurs correspondingly,which always leads to severe damages to slope surface and even causes landslides.In this study,an indoor model of bare slope was established and the artificial rainfall device was set upover the slope.The changes of slope shape were observed and the effects of water infiltration on the loesslandslides were analyzed through comprehensive monitoring.Results show that:(1)the water infiltrationrate was low and the ratio of runoff to infiltration first increased and then dropped to a steady level with theincreased time.Water infiltration rate at slope top was always greater than that on the slope surface.(2)After tensile cracks were generated at slope top,small vertical cracks were created locally inside theslope.The displacement directions were vertical below the slope top and slightly greater than 45°on the lowslope section.(3)Eerosion on the slope experienced the process of"sheer erosion-gully erosion-deep andlateral erosion in the slope of ditch",and ultimately the gully bank collapsed.The whole slope moved downwardsdue to the erosion on the slope surface.(4)The landslide developed from the toe of the slope to the top.

Abstract:By field geo-hazard survey,statistical analysis on the characteristics of loess collapses in the Beishan Mountain of Tianshui City is performed using historical and current experimental data.The analysis anddiscussion on the formation mechanisms of loess collapses in the study area have revealed the material basis,mechanical properties,natural and artificial conditions of loess collapses.Results show that the geo-hazard isdominated by small or middle type of loess collapses,The results indicate that the geo-hazard of loess landslide is concentrated on small or middle type,the height of slope is from 15mto 40mand the gradient slopevaries from 58°to 90°.However,the height of slope assigned to potential loess landslide focuses on the rangefrom 10mto 38m,correspondingly,the gradient slope is from 48°to 90°.The loess collapses in the BeishanMountain were caused by precipitation,springs,earthquakes and human activities.Accordingly,some measures can be suggested for controlling the loess collapses.Results from the study may provide guidance forcontrolling loess collapses in this region in future.

Abstract:Based on the traditional environmental factors of livability,hazard factors are introduced into theevaluation system of eco-environmental livability.The natural eco-environment livability is comprehensivelyevaluated for the upper reaches of the Minjiang River that is composed of six counties or five sub-basins.Besides,the layout of the settlements is briefly analyzed and the problems and countermeasures are pointedout.Results show that in the study region,the areas of the livability classesⅣandⅤaccount for 12.66% and 8.07%,and the livability classesⅡandⅠ，33.78% and 21.23%,respectively.Among the six counties,Dujiangyan City is the most livable place,whereas the environmental livability of Maoxian County is theworst.The Shouxi sub-basin is the best livable place,whereas eco-environment livability in the ZagunaoRiver basin is the poorest.On the whole,the eco-environmental livability is poor in the upper reaches of theMinjiang River and its residential layout is irrational.So the governments should strengthen the preventionand reduction of disasters in the inhospitable areas.

Abstract:The historical document of drought disasters in the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River during theperiod from 193BC to 2000AD was collected and analyzed.The grade,frequency and causes of drought disasters in the area during the period were focused on.It was found that 431times of drought disasters occurredin the area during the period,approximately once every 5.09years on average.Drought disasters were mainly the moderate ones that accounted for 42.5% of the total,followed by slight ones that accounted for35.0%of the total.The occurring frequency of extremely serious and serious ones accounted for 12.3% and10.2%of the total,respectively.Frequency of drought disasters was characterized by obvious fluctuationand there was a rising trend in fluctuation with the historical development. The late Qing dynasty to modernhad the highest frequency.As a result of climate change,precipitation,terrain factors and human factors ledto drought disasters occurred in the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River.

Abstract:Using 1980and 2005TM image data and applying ArcGIS and Erdas to interpret the images,theland use landscape in Guanzhong-Tianshui economic zone is divided into six types.Land use/cover changein the zone is analyzed based on ArcGIS analysis module and the corresponding landscape indexes are calculated by the landscape levels and types using and the landscape software named Fragstats.Results are as follows:(1)In the past 25years,the areas of cultivated land and unused land were decreased,while the areasof forest,grassland,water and construction land were increased.A large amount of cultivated land wastransformed to forestland,grassland and construction land.At the same time,some of grassland was reclaimed for cultivated land,but the reclaimed proportion was less than the cultivated land transformed fromgrassland.Construction land was the transformed-in land type and the quantity of transformed-out construction land was nearly negligible.(2)The landscape contagion index and dominance index were decreased,while Shannon diversity index and Shannon evenness index were increased in the study area.(3)Cultivatedland occupied a major position in Guanzhong-Tianshui District,but the landscape patch of construction land expanded to a large scale.Land use/cover change and landscape pattern in the district are discussed and landscape pattern and change characteristics in the whole district are revealed quantitatively.The study may provide scientificreference for formulating sustainable land use policies and making reasonable planning in the district.

Abstract:Using remote sensing data collected in the years of 1977,1999and 2007,and integrating GIS with analytical methods of landscape ecology,research on changes of land use/cover and landscape pattern of Fukang area in Xinjiang Wei Autonomous Region from 1977to 2006was conducted.The results indicate that:(1)Significant changesin land use/cover have taken place in Fukang area from 1977to 2006.Farmland and construction land increased continually,while the area of forestland,grassland,water land,and salinized land decreased accordingly,and stillthe rate was accelerating.Increase in farmland was mainly from grass land and salinized land,while increasein construction land was mainly from farmland,grass land and unused land.(2)At the class level,spatialconnectedness and landscape dominance of farmland,construction land and unused land increased gradually.Patches of forest,water land and salinized land became more separated,broken and evenly distributed thanbefore and their spatial connectedness decreased.Patches of grassland tended to be more regular and fragmented,but its spatial connectedness hardly changed.Patches of sandlot hardly changed.At the landscapelevel,the heterogeneity of the whole landscape increased in general,and the landscape was evolving in the direction of diversity and evenness.(3)The analysis of driving forces show that:though temperature and precipitation has comparatively large impact upon water land and grassland respectively,anthropogenic factorswere the main driving forces,among which,increase in population was the direct driving force,and improveson policies and industrial structure accelerated the rate of changes of the land use.

Abstract:The trends and periodic changes of temperature and precipitation processes in the Qinghai Lake periphery are analyzed based on temperature and precipitation data since 1961and combined with wavelet analysis and the El Nino/La Nina events.The effects of the El Nino/La Nina events on temperature,precipitationand droughts and floods are investigated as well.Results showed that the annual precipitation was increasing,most notably in the west,and the annual precipitation was increasing at a speed of 8.73mm/10a.Moreover,the annual temperature was increasing.The mean temperature warming rates were close to or abovethe national average.Bounded by 1987,the average temperature during 1988-2010was significantly higherthan that during 1961-1981.The tests on wavelet periodic changes indicated that the periods of annual precipitation in the Qinghai Lake periphery were about 3,7and 17years and those of annual temperature wereabout 3,7and 29years.The correlations between ENSO events and precipitation and temperature were different in different regions.Floods occurred easily in the El Nino years,while droughts occurred easily in theLa Nina years.The lake level was decreasing,but it has rebounded since 2005.The precipitation had a significant impact on the water level.

Abstract:The vast desert in Northern China provides a broad resource base for the development of desert ecotourism,and the establishment of desert tourism areas can form a security of good desert eco-system.Theendowment of the desert eco-tourism resources in China is investigated in view of both natural and culturaleco-tourism resources.The situation and problems of eco-tourism are then analyzed with statistics of themain desert eco-tourism attractions.At last,a development strategy on desert eco-tourism in China is putforward and tourist routes are designed.A further study of desert tourism functions should be carried out infuture,and the development and management of desert eco-tourism products should be focused on,so thatdesert eco-tourism in China takes a sustainable development.

Abstract:Carbon absorption and emission in the farmland ecosystem of Dezhou City in Shandong Provincewere estimated and their changes were analyzed based on the statistical data of crop yield,cultivated land areaand agricultural input from 2001to 2010.The total carbon absorption in the farmland ecosystem showed anincreasing trend during 2001-2010and the increasing trend was obvious after 2004.The carbon absorptionof wheat and corn,as the main grain crops,was significantly higher than other crops,and the carbon absorption of cotton,as the main cash crop,was not high.The carbon emission presented the trend from increasingto decreasing due to eco-efficient and high-quality crop development.Different counties had different carbonemissions because of different agricultural development directions and characteristics.The carbon emission ofchemical fertilizer contributes a higher percentage in three ways of carbon emissions,which showed a decreasing trend.The carbon absorption was far higher than the carbon emission in Dezhou City from 2001to2010.Farmland ecosystem of Dezhou City had an evident carbon sink function.

Abstract:In order to understand the basic fertility condition of cultivated land and scientifically guide agricultural production in Aksu City of Xinjiang Wei Autonomous Region,China,fertility evaluation and improvedpartition of cultivated land are conducted by applying GIS technology and comprehensive index method.Results showed that the first,second and third levels of arable land account for 63.81%of the total cultivatedland area.Most of the arable land is in the middle and upper level with high land productivity potential.Themajor obstacle factor for the low level of arable land is soil salinization.Low contents of soil organic matter,total nitrogen,available nitrogen,available zinc and effective manganese are also less important obstacle factors.Improved utilization division of arable land in Aksu City is carried out by using this evaluation resultand improved utilization measurements are suggested,which helps making utilization division on arable landquantitatively.

Abstract:By using RS and GIS technologies,the changes of ecosystem services value in Ebinur Lake basinfrom 1970to 2009were analyzed,and the responses of ecosystem services value change to land use/coverchange(LUCC)in typical arid inland lake basin were discussed based on the theory of ecosystem servicesvalue coefficient.Results showed that the land use change was significant in the basin from 1970to 2009.The areas of cultivation land and construction land increased,but the areas of other land uses decreased.Theecosystem services value in the basin changed slightly in the period and the total ecosystem services valuedecreased after an initial increase,because the areas of woodland,water body and grassland decreased.Theincrease of cultivation land area partially offset the loss of the total value,but the loss was still greater thanthe gain.The contribution of each ecosystem service value to the total ecosystem services value had a lesschange,and the service value from water conservation,soil formation and protection together with wastetreatment contributed most.Sensitivity analysis indicated that the estimated total ecosystem services value inthe study area was inelastic to the services value coefficient,the sensitivity index of ecosystem services valuefor each land use type was less than 1and therefore,the results are credible.

Abstract:The post-disaster reconstruction of Wangmo County,located in the Southwest Autonomous Regionof Guizhou Province,is highly related to the vital interests of local residents and long-term development ofthe region.It is necessary to implement the scientific outlook on development comprehensively and carry outreconstruction division and function orientation concerning the practical situation of disaster areas by theprinciples of human-orientation,respecting nature,scientific planning and rational distribution.In finishinghierarchical clustering of its index system,national land development intensity,industrial development direction,population aggregation suitability and town construction are taken into consideration through a comprehensive evaluation of its environmental carrying capacity under the eco-environmental background of postdisaster area.By aquantitative approach with qualitative supplement and considering the integrity of administrative units for eco-environmental construction division,the post-disaster areas are divided into ecologicalreserve area (376.07km²),moderate reconstruction area (716.06km²)and suitable development area(407.47km²),which can guarantee us the control principle and town construction to be more reasonable andprovide us a theoretical support to post-disaster reconstruction planning layout through the analysis offunctional orientation.

Abstract:Based on the data observed at 95meteorological stations of Shaanxi Province from 1961to 2010,Mann-Kendall trend test and EOF analysis were used to study the tendency of the variation characteristicsof seasonal sunshine duration.Results showed that the seasonal sunshine duration decreased in summer andwinter in the last 50years,of which the decreased trend in summer passes significance test at p=0.01confidence level.The seasonal sunshine duration showed increased trends in spring and autumn,but the trendswere not significant in spring and autumn.The anomalous centers of the seasonal sunshine duration weremainly in the central Yan'an City and the west of Baoji City,and they were different in different seasons.

Abstract:This study is based on the field data obtained for the main forest types in Xing'an mountains region,including coniferous forest,mixed forest,birch forest,pine forest and Mongolian oak forest.By usingstatistical method,the vertical distribution characteristics of soil organic matter,total nitrogen,availablephosphorus and potassium are analyzed and the soil nutrient status is evaluated.Results indicate that thecontents of soil organic matter,total nitrogen,available phosphorus and potassium are different significantlyamong various forest soil(0-40cm)types.The contents of organic matter,total nitrogen and availablephosphorus in the soils of birch forest and mixed forest are the highest,followed by that in coniferous forestand then Mongolian oak forest.The available potassium content in soils of the Mongolian oak forest andbirch forest is the highest and in the mixed forest,the lowest.The improved Nemerow comprehensive indexis used to evaluate soil quality.The results show that the contents of organic matter and total nitrogen areespecially abundant in Xing'an Mountain forest soils,and the content of available phosphorus is in the medium to high level.The overall soil nutrient of the studied forests is in a relatively high level,but the content of available potassium is in a low level.Lack of available potassium has become a major limitation in this area.

Abstract:Meizhou City is a typical mountainous region,which is the multiple,frequent and prone area ofgeological disasters in Guangdong Province.The characteristics and influencing factors are analyzed based onthe investigation of geological disasters.Results show that the fragile geological environment is the base ofthe geological hazards,while heavy rainfall is the main induction factor of geological disasters and human engineering activities are the main factors which aggravate the geological hazards.In view of the disaster distribution and the economic development of Meizhou City,geological hazard control is comprehensively planned,and susceptibility zoning is completed.Meizhou City is divided into the key prevention region,secondary prevention region and general prevention region.Based on prediction,prospection and dynamic,the preventionplanning is divided into short-term,medium-term and long-term planning.Finally,the main measures andrecommendations are put forward for the prevention and control of geological disasters,such as gradually establishing ageological disaster monitoring and forecasting system,improving the ability of disaster prevention and reduction,implementing geological disaster prevention responsibility system,and establishing engineering and biological measures combining the management mode.

Abstract:A study on advanced water treatment of primarily treated municipal sewage by constructed wetlandreveals that constructed wetland is effective for treating secondary water and water quality can be considerably improved after the treatment.Six common aquatic plant species in West China were chosen to study theireffects of water treatment in different times using the three proxies of COD,BOD5and NH₄⁺ -N.The studyshows that treatment efficiency of different plants on different wastes is very different in different times.Thetreatment efficiency of each species reaches its maximum in August.Among the six species,Zizania latifolia works most efficiently on the three wastes.The treatment efficiencies of Acorus calamus Linn andPhragmitescommunis Trirn are medium.Sagittariasagittifoliais the least efficient.Natural lake and constructed wetland can be used for advanced treatment of municipal sewage.Aquatic plant selection is very important for the treatment process.

Abstract:According to the classification and grading of farmland in Jingbian County of Shaanxi Province,the foundation data in relation to land utilization were processed with GIS technology and the cultivated land area reservedin the county was found to be 100 209.9hm²,accounting for 92.33% of the total cultivated land area.Byensuring the cultivated land area reserved,farmland in Jingbian County could be divided into three regions ofconsolidation potentiality.The areas of farmland consolidation potentials for theⅠandⅡlevel regions wereroughly 3 245.76hm².In theⅢlevel region,the farmland consolidation was not only restricted by the natural conditions,but also restricted by the ecological service functions.It is more suitable for the classificationof farmland consolidation potentiality using the comprehensive multiple indexes in combination with GIStechnology.Results of the classification of farmland consolidation potentiality can be used to find the keydirection of land consolidation,which helps the local authorities to make the policies of land consolidation.

Abstract:Regional ecological risk assessment is characterized by multiple risk stressors,receptors and endpoints with uncertain factors and spatial heterogeneity.By taking the vegetation ecosystem of the ShiyangRiver basin in Gansu Province for an example,the ecological indices of fragility degree,ecological loss andrisk source level of different vegetation ecosystems are analyzed for different risk patches by overlaying analysis with the aid of ArcGIS 9.3.Results show that the spatial variability of vegetation ecological risk in theShiyang River basin is more obvious.The first level risk area,accounting for 3.87% of the total area,ismainly located in the upper reaches of the Shiyang River basin,with Sunan and Tianzhu Counties being mostconcentrated and vegetation type being mostly woodland.The second level risk area,accounting for 4.38%of the total area,is connected with the first level risk area and vegetation type is mostly shrubbery.The thirdlevel and low level risk areas are mainly located in the downstream and midstream and vegetation types aregrassland and farmland.Finally,the large-scale land development and utilization of Shiyang River basinshould be avoided in the first and second level risk areas,and land use in the third level and low level risk areas should be protected.

Abstract:Soil erosion by wind is the main component and an important process of desertification.The aim ofthe evaluation of soil erosion by wind is to control it effectively.Factors such as wind,vegetation,air temperature,precipitation,topography and soil were selected to establish a risk factor database of wind erosionusing ArcGIS 9.3.A model for evaluating the risk of soil erosion by wind in Yulin City of Shaanxi Provincewas established using AHP.Results show that:(1)Characteristics of the spatial patterns of wind erosionrisk in the region can be revealed macroscopically by the GIS-based evaluation of soil erosion risk by wind.(2)Factors of wind,vegetation,air temperature,precipitation,topography and soil control the spatial patterns of wind erosion risk.(3)The spatial patters of soil erosion risk by wind in Yulin City are distributed ina belt pattern and are decreased gradually from southeast to northeast.

Abstract:There are some differences between the debris flows formed in valley areas and those formed onhilly plateau planes.The formation and characteristics of debris flows in the Zhusang scenic spot in YajiangCounty of Sichuan Proince were studied by field investigation,on-the-spot survey and sieving test.Resultsindicate that:(1)The special climate with intensive sunlight and large difference in temperature plays animportant role in the formation of gully-type debris flows on the hilly plateau planes by making physicalweathering processes intensive,solid deposits loose,slope stability low and supplied materials abundant.(2)Landslide and gully-bed erosion consist of two main material-supplying ways.(3)The dynamic conditions of debris flow are relatively weak.(4)In terms of drainage characteristics,the longitudinal curve takeson a poly-line configuration and the conflux zone and formation zone can be divided obviously.(5)Comparedwith the debris flows in the valley areas,the debris flow deposits on hilly plateau planes are more uniform ingrain size.

Abstract:Taking Jiangdu City in Jiangsu Province as a study area,a comprehensive evaluation index systemwas built concerning three aspects:landscape distribution of rural residential area,capability of rural residential land consolidation and its demands.Then rural residential land consolidation was zoned based on thecomprehensive evaluation result and per capita rural residential land area.The empirical result suggested thatrural residential area in Jiangdu City should be divided into priority consolidation area,key consolidation Aarea,key consolidation B area,moderate consolidation area and optimal consolidation area.Priority consolidation area should focus on urban-rural integration and accelerate pace of urban-rural coordination development;key consolidation A area should focus on rural space reconstruction based on economic fundamentals;and key consolidation B area should strengthen idle land remediation combined with arrangement of smallscale village relocation.It was inappropriate to carry out large-scale remediation activities in moderate consolidation area and it was more proper to arrange idle land remediation step by step there.Optimal consolidationarea should mainly optimize rural residential land internal structure,while controlling the expansion of residential land.Rural residential land consolidation was zoned according to comprehensive evaluation score andper capita residential area,which may provide a scientific basis for the order and content of rural residentialland consolidation.

Abstract:Land cover change and net primary productivity change are the important indicators of regional ecoenvironment.Based on EOS/MODIS satellite remote sensing data and using spatial analysis module of software named ArcGIS9.3,this paper analyzes the spatiotemporal pattern of land cover change and net primaryproductivity and their relationship in Lu'an coal mine area from 2001to 2006.Net primary productivity from²001to 2003in most area is higher than 0.2kg/(m²·a)and from 2004to 2006,lower than 0.2kg/(m²·a),which means a significantly decreased trend of net primary productivity in the investigated period.In thesame period,there are three main types of land cover conversion,i.e.,shrub to savanna,savanna to crop,and water area to non-vegetated.The spatiotemporal changes of both land cover change and net primary productivity are mainly resulted from human activities and climate change.The former includes coal mining andfarming and the latter,decreasing precipitation and increasing temperature.In short,as a result from bothcoal mining and farming,human activities have caused land cover changes which have directly led to the decrease of net primary productivity in Lu'an coal mine area.

Abstract:Based on the investigated data of the herbaceous layer under Prunus armeniaca pure forests andPrunus armeniaca-Hippophae rhamnoides mixed forests on different sites in Wuqi County,Shaanxi Province,the succession direction of the herbaceous layer under Prunus armeniaca plantations on different sitesand the ecological restoration effects of these plantations were analyzed by applying the methods of spatiotemporal inter-substitution.Results show that the undergrowth of Prunus armeniaca pure forests on shadygentle,shady steep and sunny gentle slopes changed from the community of Artemisia sacrorum-Lespedezadavuricato the communities of either Carex lanceolata or Artemisia sacrorum-Carex lanceolata.Vegetation of these communities tended to change from xeromorphic to mesophytic.The coverage and biomass ofthe undergrowth in these forests increased with increasing age,while the species diversity decreased slightly.This suggests a forward succession of the undergrowth in single-species Prunus armeniaca forests at thethree site types.In comparison,the index of community characteristics of herbaceous layer under the Prunusarmeniaca-Hippophae rhamnoides mixed forests at the three site types were better than Prunus armeniacapure forests.In single-species Prunus armeniacaforests on sunny steep slope,however,the species composition of the herbaceous layer changed from Potentilla acaulis and Artemisia sacrorum to Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Carex lanceolata.Species diversity,coverage,and biomass decreased significantly over time andthe vegetation tended to change to xeromorphic,indicating? regressive succession.We suggest that treeswith the characteristics of low water consumption and low growing speed,such as Prunus armeniaca,shouldbe placed on shady gentle,shady steep and sunny gentle slopes.Furthermore,the mode of these kinds oftrees mixed with local shrubbery,such as Hippophae rhamnoides,is more positive.For sunny steep slope,however,vegetation of shrubbery with moderate growth rate or grassland that occurs naturally is more suitable.

Abstract:This paper established a comprehensive assessment index system that consists of three sub-systems and 24indicators based on the pressures-state-responses assessment model.At the same time,coordination model andBohr model are introduced for the comprehensive assessment model.A comprehensive assessment of cultivated land isthen made by taking cultivated land in Wuwei City of Gansu Province from 2000to 2009as an example.Results fromthe assessment show that due to a relatively low internal coordination degree,the intensive use of cultivated landin the city is still at a low level.Therefore,Wuwei City must coordinate the internal contradictions of cultivated land intensive use by appropriately increasing the investment in cultivated land and improving people'scognition on the intensive use of cultivated land,so as to raise the intensive use level of cultivated land.

Abstract:Total solar radiation and its distribution characteristics in Yulin region are analyzed and its potential use value is evaluated based on the meteorological observation.Results show that the best seasons for theuse of solar energy were the spring,summer and autumn.The highest value of annual total solar radiationoccurs along the Great Wall and the lowest value,in the Southwestern Dingbian County and Southern ZizhouCounty.All of the counties(district)in the region belong to the solar resource-rich area,of which the subareas of Fugu-Shenmu-Yulin-Hengshan-Jingbian-Jiaxian-Mizhi-Wubu-Suide-Northern Zizhou arein the very rich area and Dingbian-Southwest Jingbian-Southern Zizhou,in the rich area.The solar energyresources of the city are rich and stable and have a high potential? for the development and utilization.The results can provide the guidance to agricultural production,research on climate change and further use of solarenergy.

Abstract:Relying on power transmission and transformation project,a laboratory experiment was conductedto study the curing effectiveness of high strength and water stability earth consolidator(HEC)soil stabilizerapplied to three typical soils in the Gobi Desert region.The influence factors for the curing effectiveness suchas curing age and curing agent content were analyzed at the 1.5MPa unconfined compressive strength.Results from the laboratory tests show that the curing effectiveness of the three soils meets design requirementswhen curing period is more than 7days and hardener volume reaches 8% and above.The tests for mechanicalproperties,permeability performance and shrinkage performance indicate that all the performances of samplesmeet soil and water conservation requirements in transmission a line project.

Abstract:¹³⁷Cs tracing technology and pollen analysis were jointly used to study sediment profile in a karstpeak-cluster grassland depression in Maolan,Guizhou Province.Vertical variations of ¹³⁷Cs,soil particlestructure and pollen composition in the profile showed that soil erosion in the grassland depression occurredin a relatively varied process from slight erosion to intensive erosion and then to rapidly decreased erosion.Those modern pollen of deposited sediment samples in the profile showed that the plant constitution dominated by fern seed,herb seed and tree seed changed to that dominated by fern seed and herb seed which adaptedto the karst rocky habitation.This means that herbosa including sparse Pinus plants degraded to herbosa inthe depression.Sediment deposition process is closely associated with plant regression and erosion environment change in the karst peak-cluster grassland depression.

Abstract:In order to improve the seed germination rate and yield of potato in arid and semi-arid area,a fieldplot experiment was performed to find which is optimal for hole-use and seed soaking applications of the Murun drought resistance and nutrition slow-release agent(MDRNSA),and analyze the effects of sustained release agent(SRA)application on the growth and yield of potato.The effect of SRA solid water application onthe potato tuber size was also investigated.Results showed that both the hole-use and seed soaking applications improved potato seed germination rate very significantly(p <0.01),with an increment of 76.2%incontrast to control.The height of potato plant was promoted by 21.8%～44.5% more than that in controland the difference was significant between the two applications(p <0.01).The lower ratio of root to shootin the early stage of growth provided a favorable condition for the growth of potato tuber and the accumulation of substances in the late stage of growth.The potato yield was promoted by 12.4%～16.7% more thanthat in CK,but the increment was not significant(p >0.05).With the way of solidification,the number ofsmall potato decreased,the number of big potato increased,the average diameter of potato tuber increased,and the marketability of potato rose.It follows from the research that SRA improved the yield and seed germination rate of potato and the use of solid water increased water use efficiency and the marketability of potato.

Abstract:Simulated artificial rainfall experiment and field verification experiment were carried out and power functionmodel was used to study the relationship between trace element loss and rainfall in rocky slope revegetation system.Results from simulated artificial rainfall experiment indicated that the growing rates of Fe,Mn and Cu losses in runoffwere high at the very beginning and however,they tended to decrease and be stable with artificial rainfall continuing.The growing rate of Zn loss in runoff was stable throughout the experiment.Power function model could be used tofit the changing process of trace element loss in runoff and the correlation coefficients were more than 0.90.Resultsfrom field verification experiment indicated that the results of the model fitting agreed well with the experimentalresults,the relative errors were less than 15%,and the deterministic coefficients were more than 0.85.Therefore,these models could predict the relationship between the trace element loss in runoff and rainfall,providing a theoretical basis of nutrients design for the rocky slope revegetation and restoration project.

Abstract:The effects of five soil amendments were studied in view of the high salt content and poor hydraulicconductivity in coastal saline soils.Soil moisture,soil salt content,soil pH value,soil bulk density and soilsaturated hydraulic conductivity were analyzed by a field plot experiment in order to select the most suitableamendment to improve the water and salt characteristics in coastal saline soil area.Results are as follows:(1)The change of the soil salt content was greatly influenced by the soil moisture.There was a very remarkably negative linear relationship between the soil salt content and soil moisture.(2)Compared with CK,thesoil salt content was decreased by 29.2%,32.6% and 25.9%at the soil depths of 0-5,5-20and 20-40cm,respectively,after the treatment of humic acid(300kg/hm²),and the soil bulk density was decreased by10.2%,while the soil porosity and soil saturated hydraulic conductivity increased.(3)The five soil amendments increased crop yield differently,and the effect of humic acid was the best.Corn and rape yields afterthe treatment of humic acid was increased by 104.8% and 41.6%,respectively,as compared with CK.

Abstract:Based on slope analysis software and finite element software,simulation analysis method and probability statistics were applied by establishing ageneralization model of Guandigou watershed in Suide Countyof Northern Shaanxi Province that is a classical slope-gully system.Concerning on the mechanical stabilization and damage by stress in the slope-gully system,the stability,land sliding probability and land sliding amount of the slope-gully system with gradual dam land rise were enhanced,weakened and reduced,respectively.Variation of the dam land rise satisfies binomial,binomial or linear relation.The stress field and displacement field in the slope-gully system were also analyzed by FEM(finite element method)strength reduction theory.When the stability factor was the lowest,the land sliding probability was the greatest,and theslope-gully system was on the edge of sliding erosion,the maximum stress and displacement fields obtainedwere as follows:(1)The maximum displacement of Xdirection:the region about 15mperpendicular to vivoslope in the middle and lower segment of slope-gully system;(2)The maximum displacement of Ydirection:the sector region of about 10mextension from the top of mound slope to both sides;(3)The maximum region of tensile stress:strip region of about 9mvertical extension from the top of mound slope to the edgeline of gully slope,through mound slope.The result may offer valuable reference for allocating the engineering measures of soil and water conservation and implementing the biological measures,and provide a certainreliability basis for evaluating the stability of slope-gully system.

Abstract:This paper puts forward the land use classification map of Yulin City,Shaanxi Province in recent13years by using supervised classification method based on Landsat TM images in the years of 1997and2010.Furthermore,GIS spatial techniques combined with quantitative and qualitative methods were used toanalyze the spatiotemporal patterns of land use change and its driving mechanisms.It was found that therewas a significant change for the spatiotemporal land use patterns of Yulin City from 1997to 2010.Orchard,grassland and forestland increased dramatically and their increasing ranges were 1 578.8%,108% and84.6%,respectively.Cropland and unused land were significantly reduced by 57.1% and 59.3%.The regional differences of the land use and land cover change were very obvious.However,the overall phenomenon about the regional land use change and conversions were that unused land,sandy land and cropland hadbeen turned into grassland,forestland and orchards by the measures such as comprehensive treatment and thereturning farmland to forest/grass land.

Abstract:The method combining field trial with laboratory analysis was employed in the study,by takingpepper(Capsicum frutescens L.)and tomato(Fructus lycopersici)as the research objects and choosing lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.),garlic(Allium sativum L.)and wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)as the fore crops.The yields and qualities of pepper and tomato under actinomycetes and no actinomycetes treatments were determined in the three different fore crops.The purpose of the study was to provide a theoretical basis for areasonable rotation mode and increase the yields and qualities of pepper and tomato.Results showed that thepepper nutritional quality index in actinomycetes treatment was significantly higher than that in no actinomycetes(P<0.05).The wheat stubble of the Vc content was significantly? @? €? higher than the lettuce crop and garlic crop,increased by 39.4% and 45.3%;and the soluble sugar and capsaicin of pepper were increased by9.4% and 33.3%,respectively.The Vc content,protein,soluble sugar and organic acid content of tomatowere increased by 12.1%,14.0%,9.5% and 39.8%,respectively.Meanwhile,the yields of the pepper andtomato under garlic fore crop were dramatically increased by 9.4% and 13.7%in the actinomycetes treatment.The application of actinomycetes in the wheat stubble dramatically improved the qualities of pepperand tomato and in the garlic stubble,significantly increased the yields of pepper and tomato.

Abstract:The composite structure of row posture micro-piles,as a light-weight protection structure in sideslope protection,has the advantages of safe and quick construction and high adaptability to some special environments.A basic requirement of the elastic foundation-beam theory application is that the foundation shouldbe stable.Because the row posture micro-piles composite structure improves the stability of slope,the resistant forces in front of different positions of micro-piles are different.On the basis of the elastic foundationbeam theory and by using the idea of the general micro-piles horizontal bearing capacity calculation method,the row posture micro-piles advantages are revealed by the different calculated m(the coefficient of rock resistance)values and the limited conditions of pile top large deformation.The computational formula of rowposture micro-pile composite structure is established from three basic calculation models.The special response to seismic force is calculated and analyzed in a practical case,which may provide certain reference forthe micro-piles design.

Abstract:Land consolidation for rural residential areas has been one of important ways to realize the balancebetween occupation of cultivated land and its supplement and improve the environment of peasants'life andproduction and the construction of new countryside.By taking Mayang County as a study area,8driving factors of rural residential area consolidation are selected based on economical,social and natural factors in study area.By using SPSS software and principal component analysis method,the comprehensive score of everyvillage and town is calculated and the actual situation of villages and towns is incorporated to divide the consolidation areas and search its sequence.Results show that the comprehensive score for the villages andtowns in the plain and the areas with better economic development is higher than that in mountainous areaand the areas with weaker economy.The rest in hilly areas are in the middle level.Accordingly,MayangCounty is divided into three consolidation areas of gradesⅠ，ⅡandⅢand then some corresponding measures are put forward for each grade.The study provides reliable reference for the governments to take measures and select the rural land consolidation planning.

Abstract:Rural-urban conversion efficiency is an indicator used to measure economic development level andreflects the efficiency of utilizing cultivated land resources in the economic development.The rural-urbanconversion efficiency of China in 1999-2008is calculated using the method of data envelopment analysis(DEA).Results indicate that the rural-urban conversion efficiencies of 31provinces(districts)changed a little in 1999-2008,basically being between 0.7and 0.8.The rural-urban conversion efficiency and scale efficiency had the same change trend,which further shows that the change of the rural-urban conversion efficiency was mainly induced by scale efficiency.The number of provinces(districts)whose pure technical efficiency is efficient was higher than the number of provinces whose conversion efficacy and scale efficiency areefficient.However,the number of provinces with the optimal pure technical efficiency tended to decrease.The phenomena of over rural-urban conversion and low land use efficiency existed in all the provinces in allthe years.It can be concluded that the rural-urban conversion efficiency can be raised by adjusting investmentamount,investment structure and output quantity.

Abstract:Terrace is characterized by unique planar and vertical morphology.However,its planar morphologicalcharacteristics can not be depicted accurately by the existing terrace classification,which makes the existing classification difficult to meet the needs of constructing a terrace digital analog model in the future.By taking drought terraceas a key point,the general characteristics,planar and vertical morphological characteristics,and measurablegeometric characteristics of terraces are studied in detail.A new classification of terraces based on the planarmorphological characteristics is put forth.Based on the combination with existing classification,a comprehensive digital classification of terraces is presented.Compared with the traditional classification of terraces,the new comprehensive classification fully considers the general characteristics,planar and vertical morphological characteristics and measurable geometric characteristics of terraces and can better depict the specialmorphological and measurable geometric characteristics of terraces.The results lay a solid foundation for theconstruction of a terrace digital analog model in the future and have important theoretical significance for theeffective digital representation and analysis of terraces by using digital elevation model.

Abstract:Information diffusion theory is a good way of information mining and can be used to analyze the information carried by small samples to the greatest degree.Therefore,it is more suitable for the disaster analysis in the small area where usually lacks of enough disaster information.17cities in Anhui Province are selected for the study.A risk measurement model for flood disaster loss rate is established based on information diffusion principle.Probabilities and exceedance probabilities at different damage levels are calculated foreach flood-hit city.Risk zoning map is drawn to make results more intuitive.Results show that overall,Huaihe River basin has the highest risk,followed by the central area along the river.Southern Anhui Province and Dabie Mountains in Western Anhui Province are weak in risk.

Abstract:Based on geographic information systems(GIS)and remote sensing(RS),five primary factors affecting soil erosion in the Chaohu Lake basin are extracted,i.e.,vegetation coverage,soil and water conservation measures,terrain,soil erodibility and rainfall erosivity.Meanwhile,the amount of soil erosion is estimated and the distribution map of soil erosion grade was acquired using the revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE)model.The assessment and analysis of soil erosion status and its spatial distribution patternsin the basin are performed.Numerical results indicate that the dominated soil erosion types in the basin arethe very slight erosion and slight erosion that account for 93.87% and 6.04%,respectively.In addition,slope and vegetation coverage are the main factors affecting the soil erosion status in the basin.The findingsfrom the study are valuable for soil erosion control and decision-making for the Chaohu Lake basin.

Abstract:Ecological restoration in the semiarid areas of Gansu Province is very difficult because of the harshenvironmental conditions such as soil water shortage and serious shortage of water for ecological use.Thispaper presented the measures like"grazing and cutting prohibition,enclosure before planting,sparsenessfirst and then densification in plantation,and planting dominated by shrubs in combination with trees andgrasses".The rational certification was then made from the aspects of water balance,soil moisture,droughtresistant,tree growth,etc.The average soil water contents for one year enclosure and no enclosure were 8.40% and 5.03%,respectively.Compared with poplar with the densities of 2m×2m and 2m×3m,theheight of poplar with the density of 1.5m×3m was improved by 71.8% and 17.5% and the diameter atbreast height,by 91.6% and 12.0%,respectively.Compared with Chinese pine with the densities of 2m×2m and 2m×3m,the height of Chinese pine with the density of 2m×4m was improved by 49.1% and13.9% and the diameter at breast height,by 59.4% and 23.5%,respectively.The diameter at breast height and theheight of pepper with density 2.5m×6mwere improved by 8.1% and 13.0% compared with pepper with the density 3.5m×3.5m.The moisture and nutrition areas for single arbor and shrubs were 25and 14m²,respectively.