Abstract:Simulated rainfall experiments were conducted under 1.5and 2mm/min rainfall intensities,with fourslope gradients(10°，15°，20°，25°)and two slope lengths(5,10m).Purified water was used for the simulationexperiments.To study the effects of slope gradient on rill erosion under different surface conditions,a threedimensional laser scanning system was used to monitor the subtle changes on slope surface before and aftereach rainfall experiment.The results indicated that the time of runoff initiation showed no significant trendwith slope gradient,drop-pits appeared earlier with greater slope gradient.Both the initiation time for runoffand drop-pit were mainly controlled by the rainfall intensity.And the increase of the slope length promotedearlier initiation of runoff.The runoff rate was first climbing up and then declining with increasing slope gradients.No significant variations were found in the total runoff under different rainfall intensities with thesame volume of rainfall.The sediment yield increased with slope gradient,which was further enhanced by increasing rainfall intensity but weakened by increasing slope length to some extent.Moreover,during therainfall process,soil erosion first increases with slope rapidly and the increasing rate reduced after a criticalgradient was reached,which could be further enhanced by both rainfall intensity and slope length.

Abstract:Coupling effects of water and nitrogen application on the growth of cucumber and the distribution andaccumulation of nitrate nitrogen in facility soil were studied under partial root-zone irrigation(PRI).The experimental factors included irrigation amount,irrigation method(whole root-zone irrigation;alternate partial root-zone irrigation,APRI;fixed partial root-zone irrigation,FPRI),and supply position of water and nitrogen in differentroot-zones.The results indicated that there was an interaction among the experimental factors studied regarding shoot biomass and cucumber yields.The shoot biomass and cucumber yield under deficient irrigationwere relative lower than that under full irrigation for the same irrigation method.The shoot biomass and cucumber yield were significantly higher in APRI than whole root-zone irrigation if same amount of water wassupplied.The highest shoot biomass and cucumber yield were observed in the APRI treatment with rotatedirrigation and application of nitrogen,reaching 1 143kg/hm²(dry weight)and 1.75×10⁵ kg/hm²(freshweight),respectively.Cucumber growth decreased in FPRI,especially when nitrogen fertilizer was suppliedto the non-irrigated furrow.In terms of both shoot biomass and cucumber growth,no significant differencewas observed between the treatment with fully irrigated root-zone and APRI under deficient irrigation condition.Nitrate distribution in soil profile was examined under APRI and FPRI with sufficient irrigation.Theresults revealed that nitrogen fertilizer application could cause nitrate accumulation in soil,and vertical movement of water down soil profile was the main factor affecting nitrate leaching.Nitrate leaching was reduced inPRI treatment with nitrogen fertilizer applied to non-irrigated furrow in comparison to applied to the irrigatedfurrow.Nitrate nitrogen was mainly accumulated in upper 110cm of the soil profile for the APRI treatmentwith nitrogen fertilized to the non-irrigated furrow,and its nitrate accumulation in deep soil profile was relatively significantly lower than the other treatments.In conclusion,APRI with nitrogen fertilizer applied tothe non-irrigated furrow is a better strategy balancing both cucumber growth and nitrate leaching.

Abstract:Land use change influences vegetation distribution on the earth surface.Vegetation coverage,tinyterrain,physical properties and chemical properties of soil,as well as erosion resistance,lead to an increasingly complex system for mutual responses to land use/cover changes.The research of soil erosion with regard to different land use types is therefore of great importance.In this study,we implemented the universalsoil loss equation to simulate the soil erosion of Southern Loess Plateau based on different land use type withthe technologies of 3S.The results showed that the cultivated land and construction land changed significantly,and 1 123.80km² cultivated land has turned to construction land in the past 25years at southern loessplateau;the construction land has increased 1 238.29km².On the whole,forest and meadow changed little,but they changed significantly in the part of the study area.At he same time,the average soil erosion modulus of southern loess plateau has increased from 11.54t/(hm²·a)to 13.81t/(hm²·a),the peak value ofSouthern Loess Plateau were Gully region of Loess Plateau which were 1 708.52t/(hm²·a),1 584.69t/(hm²·a)in 1980and 2005.the research also shows that the soil erosion is closely related to the spatialdistribution pattern of land cover.In the study area,forest and meadow's were steeper and higher than construction land,cultivated land and unused land,so the latter(construction land,cultivated land and unusedland)'s soil erosion modulus was lower than the former(forest and meadow).The meadow land and forestwere infected by the terrain,which infected the rainfall factors severely.Forest and meadow's average soil erosion modulus were increased 2.34t/(hm²·a)and 7.32t/(hm²·a)respectively.Among all the erosiongrade,above the grade of micro-erosion's area has increased.

Abstract:To study the suitable strategies of saline water irrigation for crops,a field experiment was conducted in Jinghai County of Tianjin City.Data were collected to analyze the effects of saline water irrigation onsalt dynamics and crop yield.The results showed that with saline water irrigation,the application of soilamendment increased soil permeability coefficient,reduced soil pH value and EC(electrical conductivity ofsoil solution),and decreased the salt content.No salt accumulation was found in 0-60cm soil during theexperiment.Meanwhile,the amendment increased wheat shoot number,grain number per shoot of maize andcrop yields significantly.Using saline water with degree of mineralization at 3.7g/L for irrigation with soilamendment is the recommended irrigation mode for crops in this region.

Abstract:To understand water storage capacity,varying range of available water in typical red soil more systematically,and undisturbed red soil samples in soil profiles were collected.The soil hydraulic characteristicsand impact factors also were studied.The results showed that the range of undisturbed soil saturated hydraulic conductivity was between 1.44×10^-3 and 3.45×10^-3 cm/s.Its value decreased from top to bottom.Thesaturated water content,field capacity,wilting water and available water were figured out from the soilmoisture characteristic curves.Available water content varied from 0.083to 0.124cm³/cm³,and surface soillayer was the largest one.There were some correlations between hydraulic characteristics and its impact factors,such as bulk density,soil texture,organic matter content and soil structure coefficient.The soil bulkdensity and porosity were the main impact factors.

Abstract:Loss of surface soil and soil solute transport induced by soil water erosion are parts of the complexprocess that is controlled by runoff,soil properties,land surface characteristics,land use and many otherfactors.In this study,a soil trench with a certain degree of slope and a certain rate of surface flow was setupin a laboratory to study the effects of different soil bulk densities on solute migration.The results showedthat during the soil erosion process,the rate of solute transport gradually reduced with time,which can bewell described by apower function.The migration of soil solute was affected by both runoff and subsurfaceflow at the same time.Less soil solute was migrated from the soil with greater soil density as described in apower function.

Abstract:Soil respiration rates as well as soil temperature and moisture for four types of vegetation(grassland,bushes,small arbors,arbors)were monitored with Li-8100automated soil CO₂flux systems at the reclamation district filled with coal gangue,which is located in Datong district of Huainan City,from July 2011to March 2012.The results indicated that diurnal variations of soil respiration for the four types of vegetationshowed a mode of single peak curve with the maximum value appearing in summer between 12:00and 16:00and the minimum value appearing in winter around 4:00AM.The soil respiration under different vegetationtypes differed significantly(p<0.05),and its rates followed a decreasing order in vegetation types as grassland,shrubs,small arbors and arbors.The annual emission of soil CO₂for four types of vegetation were999.74±62.26,908.49±72.41,869.22±56.23and 726.10±63.01g/(m²·a),respectively.Consideringthe carbon emission reduction effects,arbors,small arbors and shrubs instead of grassland should be plantedin the study area.In addition to vegetation types,soil respiration of the area were affected by soil temperature at the depth of 10cm.The relationship between soil respiration and soil temperature was described well by anexponential equation,which explains more than 88%of the variance of soil respiration.The Q10(index of sensitvity)values of grassland,bushes,small arbors and arbors were 2.57,2.71,2.96and 3.67respectively.

Abstract:Based on a 18-year-long experiment conducting at Baiyun experiment station in Wuwei City,theeffects of long-term fertilization on soil organic,inorganic and microbial biomass carbon in 0-20cm layer ofirrigated desert soil were analyzed.The results showed that long-term combined application of nitrogen andorganic fertilizer,as well as manure application led to increases of soil organic and microbial biomass carboncontents,while reduced soil inorganic carbon contents.Applying straw alone increased soil organic carbon,but had no significant impacts on inorganic and microbial biomass carbon levels.Long-term application of nitrogen fertilizer had no significant influence on soil organic,inorganic and microbial biomass carbon contents.All results revealed that soil organic carbon contents negatively correlated with inorganic carbon contents,and positively with soil microbial biomass carbon contents.

Abstract:The changes of grain size distribution and microstructure of loess after rainfall were investigated inthis study,as well as their effects on the initiation of mudflow.A simulated rainfall experiment was conducted in field for this purpose.We found that after rainfall,the volumetric percentages of fine and rough clayparticles increase approximately 22% and 18%,and those of silt and fine sand decreased 7.6%and 3.3%,respectively,in the samples collected from the sediment deposits.Consequently,the grain size of residual loess on the slope coarsened and the connection of loess skeleton became loose after rainfall.Such changes ofgrain size and microstructure of loess induced by rainfall implies that both of the shear and pressure resistanceof loess will decrease after rainfall.Thus,the probability of the mudflow initiation increases.Once the balance between the gravitational component of loess along the slope and the shear resistance is broken as therainfall penetrates,the loess begins to slip and possibly develops into mudflow.Preventing the loess on theslope effectively from being coarsened is the key to mitigate water loss and soil erosion.

Abstract:Based on the daily precipitation data from 13meteorological stations in Hexi Region during 1960-2011,the methods of linear regression,inverse distance weighted,Mann-Kendall analysis and rescaledrange analysis were employed to analyze the spatial and temporal variability of precipitation extremes and predict its extremely precipitation variations in future.Four indices of extreme precipitation were studied.Theresults showed that over the 1960-2009period,the regionally averaged occurrence of annual maximum precipitations within 1dand 2～3dincreased whereas annual maximum precipitation of 4ddecreased.With theexception of annual maximum 4dprecipitation,the predicted trends of the other indices in future were opposite compared to the past.The annual maximum 1and 2dprecipitations correlated with annual total precipitation very well,which implies that annual maximum 1and 2dprecipitations are good indicators for annualtotal precipitation.The four indices differed substantially in spatial distribution with varying past and futuretendencies.In addition,abrupt changes in extreme precipitation indices could be readily identified at the 0.05confidence level,although they were not the same year.

Abstract:The influences of different psammophilic shrubs on the physical and chemical properties of aeoliansandy soil were studied in the Hexi Corridor.The results showed that total porosity,aggregate structure,storage capacity,soil organic matter,total N,available P,rapidly available K and CEC,layer thickness,litter accumulation of dry matter,water storage,and maximum water holding capacity of different forest shrubcould be ranked in a descending order as Haloxylon ammodendronforest shrub>Mongolion calligonum herbwith fruit>Hedysarum scoparium Frisch>bare sand(the control).In addition,bulk density,pH value,Ca-CO3and total salt of the soils could be ranked as bare sand(the control)>Hedysarum scoparium Frisch>Mongolion calligonum herb with fruit>Haloxylon ammodendron forest shrub.In short,the Haloxylonammodendronforest shrub could contribute greatly to soil and water conservation because of its high shrubdensity and fast accumulation rate of litters.

Abstract:The climate comfort index(CCI)is the influencing degree of climate conditions on the human feeling.Based on the average values of temperature,wind speed,relative humidity of 13stations in Weihe Riverbasin during 1961-2010,CCI values were calculated for each station and days,duration and spatial distribution were also examined at all levels of CCI values.The results showed that the number of cold and very colddays was reducing and the comfortable days were increasing slowly,which is closely related to the air temperature changes.Except for Huashan Mountain station,CCI values were relatively high and the comfortabletime was longer than 5months per year for all the stations.On average,the number of days when CCI valuereached comfortable level accounted for 46.9%of the whole year,while cold and very cold days for 27.1%.There were no days with CCI values reaching hot or very hot.Spatially,CCI values were relatively higher atthe stations of Xi'an,Wugong,Tianshui and Baoji,followed by stations of Tongchuan,Luochuan and Huanxian County.

Abstract:Soil enzyme and soil nutrient were analyzed to investigate spatial distribution and the influencingfactors for soil enzyme activities in surface soil(0-20cm)of sloping farmland in Dongshan watershed,whichis belonging to the northeast black soil area.The results showed that converting enzyme,urease,alkalinephosphatase activity were higher in lower reaches than in upper and middle reaches.The three soil enzymeactivities on the slopes in the erosional area were less than those in the depositional area.Soil enzyme activities varied significantly with regard to slop positions;it was relatively high on the crest,low in middle slope,and the highest in the foot slope,corresponding to soil erosion intensity.The converting enzyme,urease,alkaline phosphatase activities were correlated positively with each other.The spatial distribution characteristics of soil enzyme activities matched that of soil erosion intensity very well on the slope and watershed.The results indicated that soil erosion reduced soil enzyme activities.

Abstract:The water-saving rice cultivation(WSRC)modes are good strategies dealing with the seasonaldrought problem in the hilly region of southern China.Few studies were conducted to address the effects ofthese practices on soil microbial communities.This study aims to assess the effect of WSRC practice on soilmicrobial quantity,soil microbial biomass C(SMB-C)and soil microbial biomass N(SMB-N)in a field experiment.The results showed that significantly differences were observed between water-saving cultivation andconventional double cropping in terms of both soil microbial quantity and soil microbial biomasses.Comparedwith conventional practice,the implementation of WSRC accelerated the proliferation of soil bacteria and actinomycetes,reduced the proliferation of fungi,and increased SMB-C and SMB-N.The greatest number ofsoil bacteria and actinomycetes and the highest contents of SMB-C and SMB-N were found in double croppingwith flood-drought rotation in comparison of other WSRC practices.We concluded that WSRC practices areof great significance for the sustainability of rice cultivation by stimulating soil microbial activities.

Abstract:A leaching experiment was conducted using soil column simulation to investigate the release andtransferring characteristics of phosphorus in three soils of Yangling Demonstration Zone,Shaanxi Provinceunder erosion effects of five acid rain gradients.The results showed that acid rain resulted in soil acidificationto some extent,which was controlled by the pH value of the acid rain,soil type,soil pH value,cation exchange capacity and organic matter content.The soils could be ranked in terms of acid rain buffering capacityin a descending order as humus layer>parent material layer>adhesive layer.With the increase of total leaching amount by acid rain,the total soil phosphorus release amount increased with a decreasing leaching rate.Soil phosphorus loss amount achieved the maximum value with acid rain that has a pH value of 5.The soilscould be then ranked in terms of either the cumulative soil phosphorus release amount or the leaching rate ina descending order as humus layer>adhesive layer>parent material layer.Acid rain showed the strongesterosion effect on phosphorus of the humus layer.The acidification in the parent material layer and the adhesive layer occurred mainly in surface,while the acidification in the humus layer mainly occurred in the lowerpart.The most severe acidification by acid rain was found in the humus layer.Long-term acid rain leachingcould lead to soil phosphorus loss and causes soil nutrient impoverishment.

Abstract:A total of 80sampling sites were selected in the Liaohe River basin.During the period of 2009-2010,physical-chemical variables were analyzed to facilitate comprehensive water quality assessment and inparticular to address its relationship with land use/cover.The results indicated that physical and chemicalproperties showed apparent spatial heterogeneity in the basin.As located in the southeast,little pollutionwas imposed on Taizihe River and Hunhe River,where water quality in downstream reaching level ofⅤorslightly lower thanⅤ.Xilamulunhe River and Laohahe River,located in the northwest of the basin,hadwater quality ranging betweenⅣandⅤ.There were no obvious features in the East Liaohe River basin,where water quality in downstream was classified as worse thanⅤlevel in 2009and was ranging betweenⅢandⅤin 2010.The majority of West Liaohe River was dry for many years.Big Liaohe River basin was located in middle and eastern,with water quality varied aroundⅤ.Correlation and regression analysis indicatedthat forest and agriculture were the major land use types in the watershed scale affecting water quality variables including CODMn,sediment,conductivity and TN.Grassland showed positive effect significantly on thecomprehensive water quality in 2009.

Abstract:Climate changes affect the growth of vegetation and photosynthesis,which can be represented byNDVI change.It is therefore very important to investigate the relationship between NDVI and climate.NDVI values can be used to characterize earth surface conditions regarding vegetation coverage,growth,typeand other variables.The change of vegetation at Chinese mainland and its relationship with temperature andprecipitation were studied on different geographic ecological zones in China using time lag cross-correlationanalysis and GIS based on GIMMS NDVI data set along with temperature and precipitation data from 188stations in Chinese mainland.It was found that in general,the temperature of mainland China increased,theprecipitation was reduced,and the vegetation coverage increased from 1982to 2000.The NDVI values of thecold temperature zone,temperate zone,north subtropical and central asian tropical zone decreased while theNDVI values of the other five ecological geographic zones increased.There is a significant correlation between NDVI and precipitation and temperature.The NDVI values of mainland China showed substantiallyspatial variability in lagging behind the variations of precipitation and temperature.

Abstract:Soil physical properties and water conservation of Natural Quercus mongolicaforest were studied atdifferent slope positions in the mountainous area of Northern Hebei Province.The results showed that soilbulk density,soil non-capillary porosity,and effective water storage at the upper 40cm soil layer varied atdifferent slope positions,in a descending order as middle slope>lower slope>upslope.Soil bulk density varied between 1.0g/cm³ and 1.1g/cm³.The means of soil non-capillary porosity and effective water storageamount were 8.9%and 347.6t/hm²,respectively.Soil capillary porosity,total porosity,soil capillary waterstorage and maximum water storage at different slopes had average values of 38.5%,47.5 %,1 521.5t/hm²,and 1 869.1t/hm²,respectively,with the highest values at lower slope and the lowest at upslope.The litter thickness,total litter and maximum water storage had averages of 48.7cm,23.6t/hm²,and 49.3t/hm²,respectively,and can be ranked in terms of slope positions as:lower slope>upslope>middle slope.Maximum water holding capacity varied from 219.34%to 231.8%,exhibited highest values at upslope,followed by middle slope,and then lower slope.Water storage of the forest at different positions can be arranged in a descending order as:lower slope(1 996.0t/hm²)>middle slope(1 930.0t/hm²)>upslope(1 829.3t/hm²).The average value of water storage was 1 918.4t/hm².The results indicated that waterstorage capacity of natural Quercus mongolicaforest was significantly affected by slope position.

Abstract:In this study,we selected leaf litters of four planted forests including Cercidiphyllum japonicum,Betula utilis,Pinus yunnansinsis,and Picea asperata as test objects.Their residual rate,total C and Ncontents,and the release dynamics of C and N at decomposing stage were determined in order to provide theoretical guidance for selecting the best tree species in the experimental area.The results indicated that thedecomposition rates of different withered leaves varied significantly.Mixture leaf litters of Picea asperatawith Betula utilis,Pinus yunnanensis and Betula utilis,Cercidiphyllum japonicum with Pinus yunnanensshowed obvious positive interaction in decomposition.No interaction was observed in those of P .asperataand C.japonicum.Furthermore,the decomposition rate of the mixed leaf litters from broad-leaved forestswas larger than that from needle-leaved forests.It is proved that broad-leaved forest stand was propitious tothe decomposition of leaf litter.The C contents of littered leaves showed decreasing trends while their C releasing rates increased during the decomposition process.Both the contents and releasing rates of C werehigher in needle-leaved forests.In contrast,the N content of leaf litter of the Cercidiphyllum japonicum,the Picea asperata and the Pinus yunnansinsis increased at the beginning then decreased,while that of theB.utilis showed a complex decreasing-increasing-decreasing trend.The mixture of the needle-leaved forestsand the broad-leaved forests promoted the releases of C and N from the needle leaf litters.

Abstract:Changwuyuan as a representative landform in the gully region of Loess Plateau was selected as thestudy area of this study.We analyzed canopy interception characteristics of apple trees and quantified canopyallocation of rainfall based on field observations during 45rainfall events.The results showed that throughfall,stemflow and canopy interception accounted for 75%～97%,0.2%～1.6%,and 2%～25%of the totalrainfall,respectively.The relationship between throughfall and total rainfall could be described roughly by aparabolic curve with upward opening and that between stemflow and total rainfall by a linear equation.Therelationship between canopy interception and total rainfall was cubic polynomial,which had the highest fitting degree with the observed values.

Abstract:In order to analyze the spatial distribution and temporal change of rainfall erosivity in MinjiangRiver Basin,rainfall erosivity was calculated using daily data from 124stations during 1981-2010.Its spatial distribution map was created by Kriging interpolation.Based on Thiessen polygons theory and K-Meanscluster method,we divided the rainfall erosivity into three classes and analyzed the deviation coefficient,tendency coefficient and trend rate of each class.The results showed that annual rainfall erosivity was high insoutheast and lowered rapidly towards west.The rainfall erosivity was divided into three classes with clustercenter of 1 054.73,4 594.50and 7 153.75MJ·mm/(hm²·h·a)respectively.The area of low values wasmainly located in the upstream of the basin and its branch Dadu River basin,the area of intermediate valueswas mainly located in middle and lower reaches,and the high value area was found mainly in the regions ofYa'an,Leshan,Meishan and Dujiang weirs.The inter-annual variability differed spatially;more variationswere found in northern area than in southern area,as divided by the transect of Dujiangyan-Wenchuan-Xiaojin-Danba.Increasing inter-annual variability was found in the western part,whereas decreasing variability in the eastern part.The significance levels of changing trends differed spatially.

Abstract:In order to meet the requirements of 2010environmental emergency response exercise and relatedenvironmental emergency management,we designed and developed an emergency management informationsystem based on service oriented architecture(SOA).The goal of the system is to support the structurizationof intelligent decision on water resource inventory and management based on expert knowledge.We proposeda new method integrating XML based data and model as the interface.The system was realized and performed during the 2010joint environmental emergency response exercise,which was organized by environmental protect ministry and Chongqing municipal government.

Abstract:Based on floods records at Ankang reservoir and Lintong observation station from 1960to 2000,the occurrence characteristics of floods were comparatively analyzed between the upper reaches of HanjiangRiver and Weihe River.The results showed that there were common feature between those two basins interms of flood.The years recorded as extremely large floods in two basins were closely related to the yearsthat had heavy autumn rainfalls in Southwest China.The extreme floods did not always occur in the veryyears that had extreme rainfalls in Southwest China,but right prior to or after those years.As affected byAsian monsoon and regional climate environment,the extreme floods mainly occur in early summer andwhole autumn in upper reaches of Hanjiang River,while in mid-summer and whole autumn in reaches ofWeihe River.Flood occurred generally earlier in upper reaches of Hanjiang River than in Weihe River basinduring ayear,while in autumn flood come earlier in Weihe River basin than in the upper reaches of HanjiangRiver.These findings could provide basic information for weather forecasting and flood controlling in thesetwo basins.

Abstract:The major objective of this study was to understand the effects of ecological bag mulching on soiland water conservation on the loose media slopes in quarries.Based on the observed runoff data in ten rainfallevents in 2011,the authors studied the changes of runoff and sediment yields under three rainfall intensitiesand four types of slopes with mulching of ecological bags in the experimental plots,located in ZhoukoudianCounty of Fangshan District.It was found that ecological bag mulching reduced significantly water losses andsoil erosion;with the different rainfall intensity and slope,the observed runoff depth and sediment yield ofthe plots with ecological bag mulching were 23.5%～25.2%and 53.1%～60.6%lower than that of the control plot,respectively.The effects of reducing runoff and soil loss were most notable with a rainfall intensityof 12.05mm/h and slope of 35°.The regression analysis indicated that runoff and sediment yield correlatedclosely with rainfall intensity and slope in general,while no corresponding relation were found between runoff depth and sediment yield in different rainfall intensity,vegetation and slope conditions.The mulchingtechnology with ecological bags was one of the important measures in controlling soil erosion.

Abstract:To better protect arable land and make more reasonable village land use planning,the pressure onarable land in the process of economic development should be carefully considered in developing land suitability evaluation system.In this study,we included both potential productivity and development pressure of cultivated lands to build cultivated land suitability evaluation system and used analytic hierarchy process to determine the index weights.Yannan village of Yiwu City was chosen as an example to explain how to use theevaluation system in village land use planning.By using GIS,the cultivation was divided into nine areas,inwhich the allocation of land resources was analyzed individually.The paper also discussed the method ofusing evaluation results in village land use planning.In conclusion,the evaluation system could offer decisionmaking support in village land use planning.

Abstract:With the accelerated development of urban rainwater utilization in China,theoretical design andcalculation of rain tanks have been studied and reported widely.However,improvements are still required torealize efficient rainwater collection and utilization.Based on current design of rain tanks and rainfall characteristics of semi-arid area,a daily rainfall-water usage balance model was established by analyzing of dailyrainfall in Tianjin City.A reasonable volume of rainwater tanks calculated by a computer program with respect to different water usage conditions.This balance model not only provides a design basis for rain watertank deployment,but also plays an important role for source pollution control and flood peak adjustment.

Abstract:In order to understand forest community structure,species diversity and their changing dynamicsand therefore to provide a reliable basis for effective biodiversity conservation,the natural secondary forest inBeigou forest farm,Weichang County,Hebei Province was selected to investigate forest communities structure and species diversity including Raunkiaer life-form,diversity index,etc.The results showed that thestudy area had vegetation resources of 117species belonging to 58families and 99genera.Phanerophytesdominated in the communities,followed by geophyte,while other kinds of plant showed no obvious advantages.The internal lamellar structure of the community was complex,as dominated by phanerophytes lamellarand in high bud lamellar.The richness index for each plant communities could 0 be ranked in a descending order as herb layer>shrub layer>tree layer.The diversity index differed among different layers.The evennessindex varied significantly between the layers of species,in the descending order as herb laye>shrub layer>tree layer.

Abstract:The wavy subsurface flow constructed wetland(W-SFCW)pilot system in a development zone inNorthern China was selected as the researching object to discuss the treatment effects on the scenic water ofthe river.Parameters including COD,TN and TP were monitored during a continuous operational period ofmore than 4months.The results showed that the removal efficiency of COD,TN and TP achieved 32.45%,43.35%and 39.24%respectively.The average effluent concentrations of TN and TP met the classⅣof surface water environmental quality regulation(GB3838-2002).By comparing the different effects in spring,summer and autumn using single factor analysis of variance,it was found that seasonal variations affected theremoval of COD and TN significantly,but the influence on TP removal was minimal.Based on these findings,some measures were proposed to insure the stable operation of W-SFCW,which provides the foundation for the application of W-SFCW to restoring scenic water and the maintenance in management and engineering.

Abstract:Salixis a dominant shrub species widely distributed in Kubuqi Desert,with strong resistance todrought,wind erosion and sand burial owing to its fast growing rate.It has significant benefits in windbreak,sand fixation,soil and and water conservation.With the new water blowing technique,we plantedSalixin the bottom of upwind slope using cuttings of same diameter and four different exposed heights(0,5,10and 15cm).The growing status of Salix was monitored in its germination period(May)and growingperiod(August).The study results showed that budding number and new branch lengths for the exposedheights of 10cm and 15cm were substantially better than the other two exposed heights.The exposed heightof 10cm was found superior in terms of survival rate,total budding numbers in growing period,new branchlength and diameter,tree height and canopy diameter.

Abstract:Accurate determination of water-stable aggregates is of great significance for soil fertility,soilquality and soil erosion.Followed the three popular pre-wetting methods(no vacuum fast pre-wetting,novacuum fast dripping pre-wetting and no vacuum slow vapor pre-wetting),the contents of water-stable aggregates of 5soil types(black soil,cinnamon soil,loess soil,purple soil and red soil)were measured.Basedon paired-sample t tests,the results showed that the measured contents were fairly stable with the samemethod but varied substantially with different methods.The method of no vacuum fast pre-wetting generatedthe lowest values,no vacuum fast dripping pre-wetting the moderate,and no vacuum slow vapor pre-wettingthe highest,which might be suitable respectively for the conditions of heavy rain storms,moderate rain andgentle rain.

Abstract:Low elevation green land is an effective measure to relief city flood discharge pressure and to reducerunoff losses caused by the establishment of a large amount of real estates.By calculation of runoff yield andflow concentration,the rainwater storage capacity of different green lands with various depths in Beijing Citywas analyzed.Approximately 80%of the rain with 2-year re-occurrence probability could be sequestrated ifthe green land ratio was higher than 20% with concave depth of 15cm as specified by the requirements realestate development in Beijing City.With a concave depth of 20cm,the sequestration rate could be still higher than 80%for the rains with 5-year re-occurrence probability.Based on the earthwork balance,the calculation method for digging depth of low elevation green land was proposed.According to the calculation andanalysis,the design depth should range between 15～20cm with digging depth of 6～15cm for low elevationgreen lands.

Abstract:The collection and utilization of urban stormwater is not only an important part to achieve sustainable development of water environment,but also an effective way to protect urban hydrological features.Based on the characteristics of rainfall and urban planning in Tianjin City,a case study was conducted in anurban subdivision in regard to optimizing the technologies of stormwater utilization.The construction tentative plan of stormwater utilization was discussed based on the concept of minimum impact.The feasible scaleof green stormwater infrastructure is proposed to meet the needs of the City.Furthermore,applied effectsand control parameters were analyzed to provide a reference basis for planning and construction of rainwaterutilization system in urban residential areas.

Abstract:Populus davidianaand Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.are two important tree species in western Shanxi Province.Biomass of each component and above and below-ground biomass of Populus davidianaand Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.were obtained by harvesting 40trees with various diameters at breast height(DBH),and furthermore,their allocation patterns were analyzed.Allometric models for each component(leaves,branch,stem,root,aboveground and the whole tree)of Populus davidiana and Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.were then developedbased on independent variables including DBH,tree height(H),trees factor(D2 H),average crown width(CW),and crown length(CL),and the best fitting models were identified.The results showed that relativeproportions of leaves,branch,stem and root to the total tree biomass were 3.42%,11.23%,64.30%and21.06%for Populus davidiana,and 13.44%,19.86%,47.52% and 19.18%for Pinus tabulaeformisCarr.,respectively.The ratio of aboveground biomass and belowground biomass were 3.32:1and 3.99:1for Populus davidiana and Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.,respectively.The two variables were correlated linearly forboth Populus davidiana and Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.(p<0.001).The best fitting models of two species wereCAR models.The allometric models explained more than 92%of the variance in the data,biomass allometricmodels based on DBH explained more than 90%,while leaves biomass allometric model explained more than83%.Tree height should not be used alone to predict the biomass of each component.Considering the variance explainability and the practical need,it can be concluded that DBH is a reliable predictor for estimatingthe biomass of each component for both Populus davidiana and Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.

Abstract:Spoil dump is an important problem in soil and water conservation schemes for hydropower cascadedevelopment.Improper setting of spoil dumps can easily narrow the river channel and influence river flooddischarge.Aiming at this question,a new calculating method based on numerical simulation of river flow wasproposed.Using the hydrodynamics module in MIKE 21model,changes of water level and flow field wereobtained by two-dimensional simulation before and after the existence of spoil dumps.This method solvedthe hydraulic calculation problem in soil and water conservation schemes,especially in areas lacking hydrological data and engineering experience.It also provided technological evidence for soil and water conservation engineering measure design on spoil dumps.

Abstract:A field experiment was conducted to determine the application effects of different water-saving irrigation technologies on corn for seed.Soil moisture was measured using TDR and for crop indexes were determined by conventional methods at the same time.Soil moisture variations,and growth and development dynamics,water consumption,yield and economic benefit of the plant were also determined.Total water saving,water use efficiency and yield effect were then calculated for each irrigation method.The results indicated that raised ridge,regulated deficit irrigation,free water storage irrigation techniques demonstrated desirable benefits in water saving and yield increasing.Comparing with the conventional irrigation with plasticmulch,the three new techniques saved 18.29%,5.59%and 14.74%of the total water use;improved yieldby 4.20%,9.02%and 2.01%;increased income by 13.58%,7.33%and 6.24%;and enhanced water useefficiency by 27.11%,15.06%and 19.28%,respectively.These techniques can effectively reduce soil surface evaporation and then water needs,improve water use efficiency,improve economic efficiency but keepsame level of yield at the same time.It is urgent to promote water-saving technology for industry development and regional sustainable development of economy and society in Hexi inland area.

Abstract:The roots of two kinds of 4years old shrubs(Caragana microphylla Lam.and Hippophae rhamnoides Linn.),which was artificially planted for soil and water conservation,were studied in the waste dumpof Strip Mine in Heidaigou.The roots quantity characteristics were examined.In addition,the biomechanicalproperties and corrosion studies were conducted on their representative roots to provide basic data and relatedparameters.The representative roots were selected according to the following procedures:(1)The root systems were divided into groups by an interval of 0.5mm;(2)The total root number,root length,surface area and dry weight were recorded and calculated for each group;(3)The representative roots were then selected as the group that had relatively high values in terms of the four parameters.The result showed thatthe representative roots levels were 0～0.5mm,0.5～1mm,1～1.5mm for Caragana microphylla Lam;and 0.5～1mm and 1～1.5mm for Hippophae rhamnoides Linn,respectively.It is suggested that the representative roots should be considered only if these two kinds of shrubs were studied in waste dump of StripMine in Heidaigou and other similar areas.

Abstract:Remotely sensed multispectral Landsat ETM⁺images were used to analyze the spatial pattern ofsurface soil organic matter across the coal mining area.Through the correlation analysis between organicmatter contents and ETM⁺ reflectance variations,wave bands sensitive to organic matter were selected,which were used to establish a prediction model of surface soil organic matter.It was shown that the surfacesoil organic matter contents in study area strongly negatively correlated with the reflectance values of ETM⁺5and ETM⁺7(R=-0.585and-0.543,p<0.001).The regression model were developed with the reciprocal of the log-transformed reflectance of ETM+3and the reciprocal of the reflectance of ETM+5(R²=0.616 2,p<0.001),which predicted the spatial pattern of surface soil organic matter with acceptable accuracy(R²=0.616 2,RMSE=0.89).The area of 10～15g/kg organic matter contents accounted for 50.44%of the totalarea of study site.Surface soil organic matter decreased with the increasing subsidence slope of mining,andthe disturbing effect imposed by the mining activities is a carbon losing effect.

Abstract:The community structure and diversity distribution pattern of salt meadow reed plant along soilmoisture gradient were studied in Dunhuang West Lake.The results showed that the test area was dominatedby xeric and highly xeric shrubs,subshrubs and herbaceous plants.The dominant species were Lycium ruthenicum,Alhagi Sparsifolia,Phragmites communis,and the companion plants were Leymus secalinus,Carex orbicularis,Salsola collina.The community structure could be divided vertically into three layers.The analysis of biodiversity on three transects showed that with the increase of soil moisture,richness indexand evenness index of dMe,Eincreased first and then decreased,showing an unimodal trend.In contrast,dominance index Coverall presented a single valley trend as it decreased first and then increased.Simpson diversity index showed a double-peak form and Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Simpson diversity indexremained consistent.

Abstract:Field trials were conducted to study different methods of cultivation and fertilization on wheat yieldand water use efficiency in the semi-arid.The results showed that among the four methods applied,pit cultivation with both soil cover and full film mulching benefited substantially the synthesis of carbohydrates ofwheat plants and then increased dry matter accumulation.The application of balanced N,P and K significantly improved the accumulation of dry biomass.Compared furrow cultivation with soil cover and film mulching,pit cultivation with film mulching and open pit cultivation,wheat yield of pit cultivation with both soilcover and full film mulching increased by 4.9%～8.0%,20.4%～22.6%,59.7%～72.8%,respectively,andthe improving effects was particularly prominent in dry years.In this cultivation mode,wheat yields andwater use efficiency were the highest with application of 180,120and 90kg/hm² of the N,P2O5and K2O respectively(Z0F1treatment),which was respective 72.8%and 111.1%higher than those of open pit cultivation.The results showed that balanced fertilization could significantly increase grain yield and water use efficiency in the mode of pit cultivation with both soil cover and full film mulching,and the effects were extremely significant in dry years.

Abstract:Four typical sections of red sandstone slope along Shaoguan-Ganzhou expressway were selected tostudy the ecological protective effects of the grass-shrub vegetation technology on protection of red sandstoneslope.Plots were deployed to investigate the species compositions with different grass-shrub ratio.In addition,the number,height and frequency of shrub were also surveyed and recorded.The indexes regarding relative abundance,relative height,relative frequency,important value of plots,the shrubs were determined todescribe the compositional features and quantitative and ecological characteristics of the plant communities inthe test area.The results indicated that grass-shrub vegetation technology was more readily adaptable for redsandstone with poor surface soil,which is prone to weathering and erosion.Legume species grow well in thecircumstance with pool soil by nitrogen fixation and therefore played an important role in ecological restoration of vegetation on the study area.A certain ratio of local native shrubs,legume and grass could build astable plant community on red sandstone slope,showing good protective effects.

Abstract:By taking apple trees in full fruit period in an orchard of the Weibei Tableland as the research object,the temporal variation and spatial distribution of soil water content in a 600cm soil profile were studiedusing the technique of micro rainfall collection by surface ridging.Results showed that using the technique,average annual soil water storage increased to 1 537.9mm,9.99%higher than that of the control(clean tillage).Soil water storage presented the curve trend with double peaks that reached 1 616.2mm in Septemberand 1 665.2mm in February.The technique enabled soil water content in the profile to increase.With increased soil depth,the spatial distribution of soil water in the profile presented a wavy decline-rise-declinetendency and water conservation changed from high to low and then increased which may effectively relievethe desiccation of deeper soil layer in orchard and is of benefit to the sustainable development of orchard ecosystem.The technique could enhance water use efficiency,raise apple yield,and improve apple quality.Inconclusion,taking advantage of rainfall collected by ridging and film and water conservation functions of surface ridging and furrow covering,the technique can significantly increase rainfall use efficiency,improve thewater conditions of apple orchard and maintain the stability of the orchard ecosystem.

Abstract:Seed germination experiments were conducted on the soils collected in the hydro-fluctuation beltalong the old channel of Jiyun River.The soil seed bank composition,species diversity,and their similarityand spatial distribution were discussed.Overall,16species including 4species of chenopodiaceae and 5species of asteraceae,belonging to 8families and 15genera,were identified in the soils.Species relative abundance and density distribution of the soil seed bank differed in topographic positions,in a descending order asheavily flooded area>incidentally flooded area>frequently flooded area.The Shannon-Wiener index andthe Margalef Richness Index decreased with water levels,while ecological dominance and Pielou evenness index showed an opposite trend.The seed bank also varied spatially.The 0-5cm layer was the richest in allthree areas in terms of seed number,with a quantity of 623per m².Meanwhile,the seed numbers differedsignificantly in the three areas;the seed number of heavily flooded area was 253and 353per m² more thanthat of the incidentally flooded area and frequently flooded area.

Abstract:This paper,aiming at detecting the difference of soil losses under different vegetation types,analyzed the dynamic processes of soil and water loss under forest with different tree species using 9years'dataof 6runoff plots observated in 1995-1997from Lanxi comprehensive test station of soil and water conservation in Zhejiang Province.The results were as following:(1)In the first 2years after tree planting,soil andwater loss were very serious.Soil and water loss were above 90percent of all 9years'except tea garden andpine tree,but the soil loss decreased with tree growth due to improvement of soil and water conservation capabilities of these forest.Soil erosion and sediment yield were almost not detected in some forests;(2)Soilerosion intensity in the first 2years follows an order:china fir forest>dense citrus forest>sparse citrus forest>bamboo forest>mixed forest.The coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest is the most effective in reducing the soil and water loss;(3)Soil and water loss did not vary with the time,and the significant interannual fluctuations was detected in tea orchard due to the interference of artificial fertilization and pickingtea.Some conclusions could be drawn that in the cultivation processes of soil and water conservation forest,the first 2years was an important period to the control of soil and water conservation.Strengthen the production management of tea garden fertilization and picking tea were specially the key measures to reducingsoil and water losses.

Abstract:Huanxian County of Gansu Province,located in the south part of farming-pastural ecotone,was selected as a study site,aiming to quantitative analyze the natural and anthropogenic factors of desertification inthis region.Principal component analysis was conducted on 16sets of data from 1949to 2009.The resultshowed that during the process of desertification,the contribution rate of combined natural and anthropogenic factors could be account for up to 49.64%,natural factors only contributed 21.79%,and anthropogenicfactors accounted for 10.89%,respectively.This demonstrated that natural and anthropogenic factors weredominating factors of desertification in Huanxian County.In addition,human activities played a decisive rolein desertification although climate condition also imposed substantial impacts.The effects of natural factors,including rising temperature,less rainfall,lower humidity,and higher evaporation potential restricted theplant growth and decreased vegetation coverage as well as the soil erosion resistance ability.In the otherhand,stronger winds and torrential rains could accelerate soil erosion.Anthropogenic factors including rapidly increased total population,oversized agricultural population,and subsequent excessive developing andgrazing are the direct factors of desertification in the study site.

Abstract:To solve the conflict between economic development and water environment and to better protectthe ecological environment of coal mining areas,we analyzed the field monitoring data regarding surfacewater environment and the hydrological data collected in coal mining areas of Northern Shaanxi Province.Evaluation of surface water environment safety was conducted according to the groundwater quality standard(GB3838-2002)and Nemerow Index.The results showed that most of the rivers met theⅤ grade of thestandard,such as Kuye River,Kuye River lake,Tuwei River,Yuxi River,Zhongyingpan Reservoir,andHongjiannao Lake.The capacity of surface water was reduced at an accelerated rate in the main mining areasafter the development of coal industry.Thus,we proposed“ water-mine bundle” model as a developmentmodel to solve the problem in water environment in coal mining areas.We also specified the procedures ofimplementation and evaluation regarding advantages and disadvantages.

Abstract:Different soil and water conservation practices often varied considerably in sediment interceptionand runoff reduction.The cost effectiveness of sediment control can be quantified by the ratio of detainedrunoff and sediment(Rrs).Perennially monitoring data were collected from three typical loess regions(Xifengand Tianshui City in Gansu Province,Suide City in Shaanxi Province)and Rrs were calculated for differenttillage and biological practices.The results showed that the Rrsvaried greatly from 8.5to 36.4m³/t.Fortillage management,contour tillage showed the highest Rrs,followed by level ditch tillage and shallow plowing,while deep plowing had the lowest.For biological managements,the Rrsof intercropping of low-stemand high-stem crops was higher than those of monoculture of low crops and rotation of middle high-stemcrops.The Rrsof pasture(sweet clover,alfalfa)rotation was significantly higher than crop rotation,andsweet clover/crop rotation system was better than alfalfa-crop rotation system in terms of erosion control.With increasing rainfall and slope gradient,Rrsvalues decreased in general.The practice with higher Rrscouldreduce more runoff discharge and increase soil moisture content with similar performance in sediment control.

Abstract:Yan'an City was chosen as one of the pilot zones to carry out the Return Grain to Green Program in1999.After more than 10years of implementation of the program,monitoring and assessing the vegetationvariations become one of the important tasks.We analyzed the dynamic changes of vegetation in Yan'an Cityfrom 1998to 2008by applying trend line model and the vegetation coverage model using SPOT/VGT NDVIdata with Erdas and ArcGIS platforms.The results showed noticeable increases of NDVI in most parts ofYan'an City,in which 21.27%of the total area of the study site had significant increase and 61.46%had medium increase.Spatially,northern part of the city showed higher vegetation cover than the southern part.The average coverage of the entire city is 0.52.Between 0°～35°slope gradient,more than 75%showed significant or intermediate improvement in each slope class,especially the class of 15°～25°slope,which accounts for 35.8%of the total area of the study area.

Abstract:In light of the problems in soil erosion intensity classification,principal component analysis andclustering analysis method were applied in soil erosion classification of Bijie karst area as an example for exploring new classification method which reflects the reality better.A number of impact factors of soil erosionwere chosen as the evaluation indices to build an evaluation index system,which forms the basis for the soilerosion intensity classification in the eight counties of Bijie karst area.The results showed that one countyexperienced mild soil erosion,five were moderate erosion grade and two were severe.The findings reflectedwell the current situation of soil erosion in Bijie karst area,and can provid the basis for soil and water conservation and management in the region.

Abstract:The development of new rural areas fulfilling ecological concepts is the natural choice for realizingthe sustainable development of agriculture and economy of rural areas,which is also one of the most important issues for scientists and resource managers,especially in arid sandy areas.In addition,how to efficientlybuild high quality,new ecological immigration village is a hot issue for ecological immigration projects.Yuanyi village in Yongning County lied in the eastern piedmont of Helan Mountain is one of ecological immigration villages.The farmers of Yongning County have made great efforts in combating land degradation andsignificant achievements in ecological construction using the concepts of integrated eco-system management(IEM).Through the development of special industries,construction of biogas digester,development of animal husbandry,technical training,they formed an efficient mode for resource sharing,mutual promotion anddeveloping eco-argriculture by applying circular economy.In this study,we provided a new idea for ecological immigration project to similar areas of Western China.

Abstract:The original ecological footprint theory established based on global ecosystem is often adopted improperly in evaluation of regional ecological carrying capacity and ecological safety.The authors applied theimproved ecological footprint model-productive ecological footprint,to calculate and analyze the ecologicalfootprint,ecological carrying capacity and ecological footprint indicator of West China using the data published on 2009statistical yearbook.The results showed that the ecological footprints of biological resourceand energy accounts were greater than ecological carrying capacity in this area in 2009,implying the ecosystem of West China was in a state of insecurity.Ecological footprints of biological resources accounts in eastern and southern parts of the area were greater than western and northern parts,and ecological carrying capacity in the southern was significantly higher than the northern.The distribution of population affected thespatial pattern of ecological footprint per capita and ecological carrying capacity.The area with ecological deficit of biological resource account accounted for 68.6%of the total area of West China.The areas with largeecological footprints and high ecological pressure index of energy accounts were mainly distributed in theNorthwestern China;the ecological footprint of energy accounts in northwest region accounted for 75% oftotal ecological footprint of energy accounts of Western China.In addition,the authors analyzed the causes oflarger productive ecological index and discussed the means to reduce the deficits.

Abstract:Combining with the current situation of Karamay City,building index system of economic growthand ecological environment,using normalization process for original datas,the weights were defined and thecomposite indexes were calculated.The results show that:correlation coefficient R was 0.732 1and the relationship between economic growth and ecological environment index was relatively close.The coupling coordination model analysis showed coordination degrees Ccentered its average value 0.974 2fluctuant and coupling coordination degree Ddisplayed rising trend.ΔDvalue had the fluctuations.The greatestΔDappearedin the 2004years(0.544 0),ring growth rate r was 13.01%;the smallestΔD appeared in the 2009years(0.002 9),ring growth rate r was 0.56%.But the growth rate of economic growth and ecological environment directly affected coordination and coupling coordination degree.To coordinate the relationship betweeneconomic growth and ecological environment,achieve both balanced development,is an important factor forthe sustainable development of economic growth and ecological environment in Karamay City.

Abstract:Based on satellite remote sensing information,field investigation and collected documents in 2010,we conducted an ecological risk assessment on the Changli Gold Coast National Nature Reserve by applyingthe relative risk model(RRM).By applying this model,we obtained a relationship of relative risks,which isapplicable to comparing ecological risk degree among the assessment subdivisions in the study area.In orderto compare their relative risk values,the reserve is divided into five ecological risk districts according to theirdifferent functions,i.e.,core region,buffer region,Qilihai area,Luanhekou area and Chiyangkou area.Furthermore,we grouped the pressure sources caused by human development six risk resources,includingfishery,artificial coastline,buildings,tourists,highway and canal,and agricultural land.By modeling therisk resources,habitats,risk-exposure and ecological receptor response and analyzing the data,the relativerisk values for the five ecological risk areas and six risk resources were calculated.For the five ecological riskdistricts,the relative risk of Luanhekou is 3.45,Chiyangkou 2.46,Qilihai 2.19,core region 1.19,and buffer region 0.45.For the six risk sources,the value of fishery is 2.52,artificial coastline 2.31,buildings1.30,tourists 1.23,highway and canal 1.20,and agricultural land 1.19.The risk values in the three areashigher than the two regions indicated that the areas were not favorable for the sustainable development of theecological environment of the nature reserve.Among the six risk sources,fishery imposed highest pressure on the reserve as the major threatening factor.

Abstract:Based on spatial data interpreted from Landsat TM/ETM+images of 1990,1999-2000and 2009-2011,we analyzed the land use characteristics during the process of urbanization in Shihezi City,using GISand Fragstats 3.3software platform with combined landscape index and urban expansion index.The resultsshowed that the urban area was expanded in accordance with city planning gradually.The lands in east andwest direction were almost exhausted of urban land,and the expanding direction has been shifted towardssouth and north surrounding the developed areas.In the course of urbanization,human activity played a hugerole in forming landscape patterns.The growth rate and intensity ranked top in Xinjiang Area.

Abstract:Varying amounts of vermicomposts(5%～20%)were mixed with normal container nursery medium.Theeffects of vermicompost were studied on microbial populations in rhizosphere,root construction and activity,as wellas the growth and nutrient uptake of Liriodendron chinensis,using non-wave container nursery technique.The results showed that the addition of vermicompost in nursery medium increased the bacteria population and thetotal microorganism amount in rhizosphere of Liriodendron chinensis,while decreased the fungus populationsignificantly.However,vermicompost had no significant effect on actinomycetes amount.Vermicompostshowed beneficial effects on growth and construction of the roots of Liriodendron chinensis,especially theweight and ratio of fine roots.Additionally,more root activities were observed with vermicompost addition.The addition of vermicompost in container nursery medium greatly increased the dry matter accumulation ofroot,stem,and leaf of Liriodendron chinensis.However,no significant influence was found on the nitrogenand phosphorous contents,except for potassium content.Compared with normal container nursery medium,addition of 15% vermicompost increased the nitrogen,phosphorous and potassium uptake by 22.23%,15.58%and 26.66%,respectively.In summary,suitable ratio of vermicompost addition in nursery mediumbenefited the ecological environment,nursery effect,as well as the nutrients uptake and utilization of Liriodendron chinensis.Addition of 15%achieved the best benefits among all the treatments.

Abstract:A group of debris flows were triggered by heavy rainfall in Wangmo County,Guizhou Province inthe early morning,June 6,2011.The debris flows were distributed mainly in upstream catchments of DajianRiver,Dayi River,and Lewang River in the north of Wangmo County.The group of debris flows was thelargest occurrence since 1949,which caused numerous losses of lives and property damages.These debrisflows were featured by low frequency,less viscosity debris flow,strongly erosion in the channels and largeintensity of rainfall.The deposition on the fans and burial of houses were the major hazardous aftermath ofthese debris flows.It is very likely that these kinds of debris flows could be triggered again under the sameheavy rainfall in the future.Preventive suggestions including evacuation and engineering projects were proposed to mitigate this kind of hazards.

Abstract:According to the landuse change data of the city group of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan obtainedfrom 1996to 2008year,the value of ecosystem services(ESV)was calculated using the Costanza methodwith reference to the area of Chinese terrestrial ecosystem service value unit table.Combing sensitive analysis,we evaluated the ecosystem services of the area considering land use changes.We also predicted and analyzed land use changing trends with the gray model(1,1).The results showed that the ecosystem service values of the studied area have reduced from 1.69×10⁹ yuan in 1996to 1.48×10⁹ yuan in 2008.According tothe prediction by the Gray Model,the values of the ecosystem services will be reduced to 1.08×10⁹ yuan in2035.The main reason for regional service value loss is that the conversion of land use types has led to negative ESV flow as cultivated and forest lands and water bodies were converted to construction land.Rapidurbanization and development in pursuit of the high increasing rate of GDP have created enormous pressureon ecological safety.

Abstract:The spatial distribution and dynamic changes of vegetation in Shaanxi Province were analyzed using SPOTVEGETATION data for recent ten years.The NDVI values of different regions including the southern,Guanzhongand the northern areas were compared in regard to annual and monthly variations.It was showed that ShaanxiProvince had good vegetation coverage that improved slightly as a whole during the past years.Annual average NDVI of the three regions were increasing each year,with increasing rates of the southern area>Guanzhong area>the northern area.By comparison,we found the vegetation NDVI had significant monthlyand less significant annual correlations with temperature and precipitation in different areas.The responsesvegetation NDVI showed no significant time lag to temperature and precipitation and exhibited noticeable lagto sunshine variations in Southern Shaanxi area.In Guanzhong and Northern Shaanxi area,in the response ofNDVI was found one month of time lag to temperature and sunshine lagged while no lag to precipitation.

Abstract:In order to understand the effects of different plantation types on soil organic carbon accumulation,we conducted a comparative analysis on the variations in the total amount and distribution characteristics ofsoil organic content in the 0-60cm soil layers of typical plantations of Robinia pseudoacacia,Hippophaerhamnoides,Caragana intermediain the loess hilly region.The results showed that the plantations playedpositive roles in soil organic carbon accumulation.After reaching their stable growth stages,the plantationsshowed replenishment effects on the soil organic carbon pool.The replenishment ability of the plantationscould be ranked in a decending order as Hippophae rhamnoides>Robinia pseudoacada>Caragana intermedia,with average annual replenishment rates of 0.854,0.004and 0.003g,respectively.Owing to thedifferences in root growth distribution,the replenishment rates varied vertically for different plantations.Under the plantation of Hippophae rhamnoides,the increase of soil carbon mainly occurred at the 20-40cmlayer with an annual replenishment rate of 0.357g,while for Robinia pseudoacada and Caragana intermedia,the increases were found at the layers of 40-60cm with rates of 0.010and 0.005g/kg,respectively.Moreover,the results also indicated significant correlation between soil physical properties and soil organiccontent(p<0.01);the soil organic content decreased with increasing soil bulk density and increased with aggregate stability.This suggested that the soil organic carbon storage capacity was affected by the soil physical properties,which in turn could be changed by vegetation root activities.

Abstract:Regional land-water resource and agricultural economic system is a dissipative system with complexstructure and multiple coupling functions,in which energy,material and information exchange closely between the various subsystems.Meanwhile,the elements influence and revolute with each other.Based on theconcepts of coupling and coordination,a coupling-coordination model is built and applied using entropy rightmethod and ArcGIS 10platform for the evaluation of the land-water resources and agricultural economic system in Heilonggang area.The results showed that the coupling coordination condition of the system waspoor,mainly in the primary to intermediate coordination development classes.The development of some areas was strongly imbalanced in coordination.The evaluation results reflected precisely the status of regionalland-water resources and agricultural economic development,and could support the decision making for regional resources and economic development.

Abstract:Spatial and temporal distributions of droughts/floods were investigated using the precipitation datacollected at 12 meteorological stations in the Weihe River basin during the period of 1960-2010.Thedrought index(Zindex)is used to describe the characteristics of droughts/floods.Six large-scale droughts orfloods were detected within the whole catchment during the last 51years.Droughts occurred more frequentlyat Huanxian and Pingliang station,while more floods events were found at Changwu and Xiji stations.Ingeneral,there were more floods in the mid and lower reaches of the Weihe River Basin.The majority offloods were observed in the period of 1965-1970and 1980-1985,and the droughts were detected mostly in1970-1975and 1985-2000.Relative wet period were 1960-1968and 1977-1985with higher than averageannual precipitation,which was less than average during 1970-1974and 1992-2001.The Zindices wereanalyzed by empirical orthogonal function(EOF)method at the climate stations.The results showed thatspatial distributions of droughts and floods were mainly influenced by the center of the basin.Due to the topographical effects,the frequency of droughts was higher in the northwest,and that of floods was higher inthe southeast.The heterogeneities of droughts/floods were influenced by not only climate changes and largescale weather system,but also other factors such as geographical location,topography and so on.

Abstract:The specific establishment of evaluation indices for ecological demonstration area at provincial orcounty levels can improve the index systems for assessing regional ecological security of land resources.Anindex system consisting of 18indices was established for Jiangsu Province based on the commonly used indices and existing examples of evaluation.The current status of the province was carefully considered in establishing the index system.Analytic hierarchy process method was applied to determine the weight of each index.Weighted sums as comprehensive scores of ecological security were 0.812,0.840and 0.845for theyears 2000,2005and 2008,respectively,indicating good land ecological security status of Jiangsu Provincein these years.The evaluation of land ecological security can provide theoretical basis and practical experiencefor the sustainable use of land resources in Jiangsu Province.

Abstract:Green corridor is an important part of urban ecological system,which maintains the stability oflandscape and promotes the exchanges and updates of material and energy.The green corridors of JiaozuoCity were selected as the study objects and their landscape characteristics were analyzed,classified and summarized based on data form field survey and satellite images using ENVI 4.5and ArcGIS 9.2software.Theresults showed that the numbers of green road,river and belt corridors in the city were 24,7and 2,respectively.The features of green corridors were composed of simple community structure and species with lowconstruction ratio.Parts of streams and roads were bare or built using concrete,with low density,construction ratio and connectivity.The density of urban green corridor was 2.86,the construction ratio of green corridor was 0.48,the node of network was 65and the connectivity degree was 0.17,respectively.The greencorridor of the city was in a unreasonable and unhealthy state.The future construction of green corridorshould increase the proportion of green belt,and the length and width of green corridor.Ecological contact ofgreen corridors system should be strengthened with green belts as connection,three horizontal and five longitudinal green river corridor as frame,and green road corridor as network.

Abstract:Water resources and their availability were studied in order to alleviate the increasing tension between available water resources and water demands from socio-economic development in Northern ShaanxiProvince.We analyzed the characteristics of water resources and usages in Northern Shaanxi Province,thencalculated the surface available water resources and total available water resources by deducting river ecological basic flow and flood discharge from surface water resources.We also summarized spatial distribution patterns of the available water resources and discussed the current usage and future trends of the other water resources.The total capacity of water resources was low in the study area,accounting for approximately 1.6×10⁹ m³.More importantly,the available rate was as low as 40%.The available water resources mainly presented in Yulin area.