Abstract:The desertification of the lower reaches of Tarim River and the conservation of green corridor are directly affected the socio-economic sustainable development and has great importance on the comprehensive socio-economic development of the whole Tarim River Basin.According to the recent field data combined with related research literatures,the paper studied the desertification history,current situation,its development and evolution and the relations with sustainable development in Tarim River Basin and concluded that: The desertification in Tarim River Basin"generally expanded with artially restored",which meant desertification and its control happened simultaneously but the speed of control was slower than the speed of desertification; The desertification development resulted in the existing of the desertification and oasesization at the same time with human being receding from the desertification land;The oasis was threatened severely by the desertification and the regional conservation function had been continuously weakened with the area decrease of the oasis-desert transition zone including natural forest,grassland and natural water body and led to serious problems in the socio-economic sustainable development of the region and the whole Tarim River Basin as well.Finally the main countermeasures for regional sustainable development were proposed to the solve desertification problems of this area.

Abstract:In order to understand soil and water loss and its dynamic changes in the black soil region,the dynamic characteristics and causes of soil and water loss during aperiod of 50years(1950,1980and 2000)were analyzed in Heilongjiang Province,by investigating the historical information,small watershed survey,and remote sensing data analysis.The results indicated that:(1)The area of soil and water loss increased by 2.08×10⁴ km² in the past 50years,and water erosion contributed the most for the erosion.(2)During the period from 1950to 1980,the area of soil and water loss was 411.9km²,while it was 386.4km² during the period from 1980to 2000.(3)The number of erosion gully increased 98 832during the past 50years,the area of erosion gully increased by 172.4%,and the density of gully increased by 2.83times.The deterioration of soil and water loess was attributed to the uncontrolled anthropic activities,policy direction by local government and deterioration of black soil physical properties in this region.

Abstract:Miyun Reservoir has become the most important source of drinking water for Beijing area.In the past 20 years,with the economic growth and development,nutrient load of Miyun Reservoir increased gradually,which will result in an increasing risk of the bloom of harmful algae.To address this issue,water samples collected from the river basins at different scales were analyzed.Total nitrogen(TN),nitrate(NO₃^--N),ammonium (NH₄⁺-N),total phosphorus(TP)and index of potassium permanganate(COD_Mn)were measured to estimate flux and occurrence of nutrients.Based on the analysis of hydrological processes for each basin,the sources of nutrients that entered into the Miyun Reservoir were estimated.The results showed that TN concentrations in almost all the samples exceeded the environmental quality standards for drinking surface water of China. Concentrations of TP in 15.9%samples were exceeded the standards.It was estimated that 40.3%of nutrients in Miyun reservoir were from point-source pollution,while the other 59.7% were from non-point source pollution.Meanwhile,50.1%of the TN,49.1%of the NO₃^--N,39.0%of the NH₄⁺-N,26.5%of the TP and 36.8%of the COD_Mn that entered into the Miyun reservoir were from point-source pollution,while 49.9%of the TN,50.9%of the NO₃^--N,61.0% of the NH₄⁺-N,73.5% of the TP and 63.2% of the COD_Mn that entered into the Miyun Reservoir were from non-point source pollution.

Abstract:Based on the analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy mathematics theory,the integrated evaluation of soil fertility quality was studied at ravine regions of loess plateau in Zichang County of Shaanxi Province. And seven indexes,including soil organic matter,total N,total P,total K,available N,available P and available K were investigated in 5different types of land use.The results showed that there was significant heterogeneity in seven soil fertility indexes.According to soil fertility quality level standard of Shaanxi Province, soil organic matter contents in all the 5different land types were relative low,especially in the new manmade farmland,which was the lowest(level 8).The other indices such as total N content,soil rapidly available N and soil available P were relative low as well.The grass land and flood land held higher soil available P(level 4-5),compared with the other land use types.The content of soil total and available K were the highest among all the indices,especially in new cultivated land and dam land.As the low content of organic matter, N and P in soil,more attention need to paid in sustainable soil fertility development in Loess Plateau.

Abstract:Taking Fuxin City of Northwest Laioning Provincd as a study object of typical coal-based city,the paper made an evaluation on the ecological environmental situation through establishing an indicator system of ecological environmental evaluation and calculated the capacity value of the ecological environment by adopting the methods of analytic hierarchy process(AHP)and ecological environmental capacity index.The result indicated that evaluation value of the present ecological environment capacity in Fuxin is 0.316 7, which fell into the fourth grade of the ecological environment capacity grading standard and showed that the current ecological environment capacity of Fuxin City is at relatively low level,its carrying capacity of natural ecosystem is close to its limit and is inseparable from the long time coal mining activities of Fuxin City,therefore attention should be paid to the coordination of economic development and natural ecological environment to improve the environment of the city and prompt the sustainable development.

Abstract:In order to provide the scientific basis for rational resources utilization and ecological environmental protection of West Taiwan Straits Economic Zone,the paper analyzed the ecosystem composition and the landscape pattern characteristics of the region in 2008using the spatial pattern index method of landscape ecology combined with remote sensing and GIS technologies.The results indicated:(1)West Taiwan Straits Economic Zone was mainly composed of forest,grassland,farmland,waters,wetland,urban land and some barren land with significant difference of elevations;(2)The predominant landscape is forest distributed concentratedly, while grassland and farmland are very important with a larger quantity of patches scattered in the whole area,and urban land and barren land have no good patterns,which are significantly influenced by human activities;(3)Water bodies are very stable with significant difference of shapes;(4)The natural factors such as the precipitation and air temperature are the main elements which impact the landscape patterns in the region while the human activities are less important.

Abstract:With the time series data during the period of 2000-2011,dynamic analysis was used with spatial models on expansion characteristics of construction land in Chizhou City,Anhui Province.Co-integration test,Granger causality test and vector error correction model approach in econometric analysis were adopted to quantitatively measure the driving factors of built-up land expansion.The results showed that:(1)Between 2000and 2011,annual average expansion speed of construction land was 3.49%in Chizhou City while it was 1.70% and 4.59%in 2000-2005and 2006-2010respectively;(2)Economic growth and fixed asset investment had an unidirectional causality to construction land expansion;(3)In a long term,the elastic coefficient of economic growth and fixed asset investment to construction land expansion was-3.663 8and 2.264 7respectively;in a short term,it was-0.312 3and 0.328 7respectively,which indicated that the important way to slow down the construction land expansion is to increase total economy,improve the quality of economic operation and control the scale of fixed asset investment.

Abstract:In order to evaluate the benefits of engineering measures for soil and water conservation in the black soil region,the novel large ridge,interval ridged-furrow(3°,5°),ridge and furrow subsoiling,change ridge,terrace field,field bund,grassland and forest were selected as experimental plots,and two conventional cultivation,longitudinal ridge(3°,5°),were selected as control treatment in project areas of"integrated control of erosion in black soil region of comprehensive agricultural development" in the Hailun City,Heilongjiang Province.Soil and water conservation were monitored during the rainy season from June to September in 2011.The results indicated that the engineering measures for soil and water conservation were superior to cultivation measures,and large ridge closing planting was the most benefit measures for soil and water conservation among all the measures of cultivation.The benefits for soil and water conversation under eight land use types were different,as grassland>forest>navel large ridge>change ridge>terrace field>field bund>3°interval ridged-furrow>5°interval ridge-furrow.Measures such as novel larger ridge,interval ridge-furrow and ridge and furrow subsoiling had the obvious timeliness.

Abstract:According to the measurement standard of coupling coordination degree and related research,it is clear that there were three phases in constructing the commodity-oriented eco-agriculture in Ansai County of North Shaanxi Province,which had the corresponding relation with coupling coordination degree of agricultural eco-economic system and industry-resource system.Since the implementation of grain for green project, great progress had been made in the construction of commodity-oriented eco-agriculture in Ansai County. The comprehensive development index of agriculture system rose from 0.275 2in 1999to 0.719 5in 2010 with coupling coordination degree of agricultural eco-economic system and industry-resources system decreased first(1999-2001)and then increased later(2002-2010).However,the development of coupling coordination relationship within the industry-resources system lagged far behind that within the agricultural eco-economic system.Correspondingly,the commodity oriented eco-agriculture in Ansai County had gone through two phases as well.The first phase included the ecosystem construction period and agro-industrial structure adjustment period,and the second phase was the agriculture system improvement period started in 2010.The improvement of eco-system and adjustment of agro-industrial structure advanced the growth of agricultural economy,however,the agro-ecological resources had not been reasonably and effectively utilized. Therefore,it is important to adjust agro-industrial structure and improve the chain network in order to change the contradictory situation between agro-industries and resources utilization and promote the development of the commodity oriented eco-agriculture.

Abstract:Dynamic of ecological footprint and its driving mechanism are of great significance for the regional sustainable development.In this study,the productive ecological footprint per capita of Shaanxi Province during 1990-2007was calculated according to modified ecological footprint theory by Xiong Delong.Driving factors of per capita ecological footprint was analyzed by using the principal component analysis,and driving model was constructed by using the multivariate linear model.The results showed that:the ecological footprint per capita in Shaanxi Provincial increased from 0.818hm² in 1990to 2.854hm² in 2007,while ecological carrying capacity per person decreased slightly,and regional development showed ecological deficit.Compared with the traditional consumptive ecological footprint,Shaanxi Province occupied ecological resources of other areas before 2003,but relied on resources outputting for development after 2003.Factors such as population, economy,environment,technology and land use were closely related to ecological footprint per capita. The development of economy and increasing of heavy industry were the main factors that drive the dynamic changes of ecological footprint.

Abstract:Since the high frequency of droughts and serious windy soil erosion in the aeolian sandy soil area of Western Heilongjiang Province,the conservation tillage measures of stubble-cutting,rotary tillage and notillage were employed.The effects of different tillage measures on maize growth and yields were studied comparing with the local traditional tillage.The results indicated that,tillage measures exerted more influence on maize growth in the late period of growth than the early period.The rotary tillage kept the soil with adequate water for the late period of maize growth and had the maximum production of maize,which is 31.2%higher than the traditional measures while the yield of taking stubble-cutting increased by 13% and that of no-tillage decreased by 20.4%.

Abstract:A regional evaluation index system of sustainable development for Yulin City,the state base of energy and heavy chemical industry,was established using PSR model(pressure-state-responses),the sustainable development of Yulin City during the period of 1996-2010was analyzed and evaluated with the method of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation,the PSR coordination character for Yulin City was valued with the system coordination index and the future sustainable development in 10years was forecasted using grey system budget model GM(1,1).The results indicated that:(1)Since 1996,the sustainable development of Yulin City had been improved remarkably with the comprehensive evaluation value of sustainable development increased from 0.109 8to 0.672 2though it was still low in 2010;(2)The sustainable development system was in a good condition with the coordination degree on the up trend;(3)During 2010-2020the comprehensive evaluation value of sustainable development would continue to increase and reach at 1.434 5in 2020 when entering into a stage of sustainable development.

Abstract:Close attention to the socio-economic and ecological cost of the rural energy use is of great significance to the rural sustainable development.With the questionnaire about the rural household energy consumption in the loess tableland area,an accounting model was established to estimate the economic cost,ecological cost and scrap quantity in various energy consumption structure.The result showed that presently the overall energy consumption level was low with average consumption of 2 018.16kg of standard coal equivalent per household and 731.41kg per person;the household energy consumption was mainly depended on the cash and energy availability with little consideration into the ecological cost;compared with the present situation, there are big differences in the economic cost,ecological cost and waste quantity among 9kinds of energy consumption types.It is indicated that the use of biogas and solar power is the direction of rural energy consumption structure adjustment in the future because of its overall low socio-economic and ecological cost. Biogas could be the most effective substitution for firewood and would be the main way of energy consumption for the area to form a virtuous cycle of energy utilization and ecological construction.

Abstract:As the pollution control project carrying out in the drainage network of branches Yuejinhe,Chenxiangbang, and Xidahebang of Wujingang River,the pollution control technology was explored and researched by applying ecological restoration technics,ODBP for rural house-hold wastewater,combination ecological treatment(ET)of biochemical and ecological systems respectively in the three rivers.Comparing the treatment effects of three pilot projects,the pollution control techniques suitable for the area with drainage network were established.The effects demonstrated that the three techniques can effectively remove the nitrogen, phosphorus and other pollutants in the water with good ecological landscape.After further study and technical optimization,it can become a key technology applied in the improvement of the environment and ecological restoration in the similar area of Taihu Lake basin.

Abstract:Based on the theory and method of the networks,this study explored the conversion models under different land-use types,identified the key land-use type,and analyzed the whole results of the conservation.Statistical indexes such as degree,betweenness and average path length were employed.The LUCC(land use/cover change)during the period from 1984to 2010in Xiaoqing River watershed were taken as a case study.The results indicated that farm land was the main land type that was converted from other land types,while the water land, wetland and construction land were the main land types that could be converted into the farm lands.The farm land was the key land type in the land type networks,by which the watershed LUCC was processed. The stabilization of land system was relative low,and this stabilization showed a decreasing trend.

Abstract:The paper analyzed the ecological cost and direct cost of grain production in the Guanzhong-Tianshui Economic Zone using the principal component analysis based on the theories of ecology,economics and water and soil conservation combined with remote sensing image.The results demonstrated that the ecological cost of grain production reached to 0.8yuan/kg,direct cost of production was about 1.45yuan/kg, which led the total cost of 2.25yuan/kg close to the sale price of 2.56yuan/kg in Guanzhong-Tianshui area.Soil erosion was an important factor affecting the ecological cost of food production and high seed price and machinery expense are the key factors that caused high food production cost.The situation of high cost and low income would significantly discourage farmers engaging in the food production therefore it is important to make full use of agricultural resources,increase investment in agricultural science and technology and expand the farming scale in order that the unit ecological cost of food production be reduced.

Abstract:According to the meteorological data of 35stations in North China Plain from 1962to 2011,this study analyzed the variation characteristics of the extreme drought frequency in inter-annual,inter-decadal and its impact factors by using linear tendency estimate,inverse distance weighted interpolation,M-K mutations test and so on.The results are indicated as follows:The extreme drought frequency in North China Plain decreased in the past 50years with a rate of 0.013 5times per year.The changes of extreme drought frequency in spring and summer were consistent with that of all year around,but contrary changes were showed in autumn and winter.The areas where the year-round extreme drought frequency presented increasing trend were distributed scatteredly in the researched area.The extreme drought frequency in North China Plain showed a positive departure in 1962-1969and 1980s,but it was negative departure in other decades. At spatial scale,the areas where extreme drought occurred frequently expanded decade by decade from 1962 to 1989,but they shrunk obviously since 1990s.The areas where extreme drought frequency was comparatively low expanded significantly since 1990sand which covered nearly all the North China Plain since 2000. In recent 50years,the year-round extreme drought frequency in North China Plain changed abruptly in 2003 and the abrupt change in spring,summer,autumn,winter occurred in 1993,1998,1987,2002,respectively. The extreme drought frequency showed a positive correlation with sunshine duration,average wind speed,potential evaporation,average temperature,while it showed a negative correlation with precipitation and relative humidity.

Abstract:Based on filed survey,soil samples were collected systematically in the Holocene loess profile in Changcheng tableland,the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.Chemical elements,magnetic susceptibility, particle-size distribution,loss on ignition and the content of calcium carbonate were measured in the laboratory. The results showed that:(1)There was a significant positive correlation between the curves of the heavy metals(Mn,Zn,Ni,Cu,V and Cr)and the curves of magnetic susceptibility,loss on ignition and clay. While a negative correlation was showed between the curves of the heavy metals(Mn,Zn,Ni,Cu,V and Cr)and the curves of the content of calcium carbonate and coarse silt.The contents of these heavy metals in the mid-Holocene Ustic Isohumisol were higher than that in the loess.It indicated that these heavy metals were affected by weathering and pedogenesis along with the Holocene climatic change.(2)The shape of the curve between the Pb was different from that of the heavy metals(Mn,Zn,Ni,Cu,V and Cr).The curve of Pb was uncorrelated with the curve of magnetic susceptibility.The content of Pb was very low in the transitional loess(L_t).The content of Pb was relatively high with very small variability in the Ustic Isohumisol (S₀)and in the recent loess and topsoil(L₀,TS).It seemed that these elements are not much affected by climatic change in the Holocene.

Abstract:Grey correlation coefficient analysis was employed to explore the relationship between landscape pattern idices of constraction land in Dianchi Lake basin and water TN,TP concentrations in Dianchi Lake. The results showed that the concentration of TN and TP in Caohai and Waihai of Dianchi Lake had been increasing obviously during 1988-2008;In Dianchi Lake basin,the agglomeration and integration level and size of construction land patches increased constantly while the distance between the land use patches decreased, the shape of the land use patch tends to be more complex and irregularly;the impacts of construction land use on water quality were closely related with the spatial land use pattern,especially the degree of polymerization and the mean area-weighted of fractal dimension.To guarantee the water safety for the rapid development of urbanization in Dianchi Lake basin,the basic land-use adjustments to retain sufficient ecological land in the lakeside area,to avoid the excessively integration of construction land and the formation of big size of construction land patches was proposed.

Abstract:The land is an important carrier of urbanization process,while urbanization has a direct impact on the change of land use pattern.This study analyzed the characteristics of the urbanization and land utilization change in Yantai City during 1999-2010.And the functional relationship between urbanization and land use was established by regression analysis.The result showed that:(1)There was a significant functional relationship between urbanization and industrial land,residential land and farmland,forestland.(2)With the advancing of urbanization process,the farmland area was decreasing,while the residential and industrial land area increased significantly.(3)Urban construction land area increased excessively.

Abstract:Taking reasonable soil erosion factors from remote sensing and GIS spatial analysis,we estimated the soil erosion situation by universal soil loss equation(USLE)in mountain area of Guangdong Province. The spatial changes of soil erosion with laud use,soil type,slope degree and elevations also be analyzed in this paper.The results indicate that the annual average soil erosion amounted to 1.23×10⁸ t with the mean soil erosion modulus of 1 080t/(km²·a)classified as slight degree erosion.Among different types of land use,the strongest soil erosion occurred in dry land with the erosion modulus of 2 055t/(km²·a)and the weakest erosion was in forest and grassland with the erosion modulus of 908and 932t/(km²·a)respectiely. And the soil erosion intensity increased with slope gradient,the greater of the slope gradient,the more intense of the soil erosion.In different elevation zones,the soil erosion intensity increases with the elevation until to 1 600meters,after which the erosion intensity decreased.

Abstract:Based on a long time series(1980-2009)daily rainfall data collected by 83meteorological stations,the rainfall erosivity in Zhejiang Province was calculated by using daily rainfall erosivity model.The temporal changes and its spatial distribution characteristics of rainfall erosivity were analyzed by using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and radial basis function interpolation.The results indicated that there are no significant changes in the long-term mean annual rainfall erosivity,significant increases of rainfall erosivity occurred in winter,especially in January and December.An increasing trend in mean annual rainfall erosivity was showed from the northwest to the southeast of Zhejiang Province.While the most monthly and seasonally rainfall erosivity changes mainly occurred in the northern and the central part of Zhejiang Province with the rainfall erosivity was obviously higher in summer than that in other three seasons.As the main region where the most significant rainfall erosivity changes occurs,and the region with relative high rainfall kinetic energy,southeast part of Zhejiang Province was regarded as the key area for soil and water conservation.

Abstract:The aim of this study is to assess the effect of vegetation restoration on soil erosion dynamic changes in recent years.Based on the uniform sampling(1%),the impact factors of soil erosion were surveyed in 39watersheds in Wuqi County,Northern Shaanxi Province in 2009and 2011respecitively.With the comparison of land use interpreting result from 2009SPOT multi-spectral image,the accuracy of the sampling method,soil erosion dynamic changes and the impact factors were analyzed in Wuqi County.The results showed that:(1)The 1%uniform sampling ratio could well represent current situation of soil erosion in Wuqi County.(2)From 2009to 2011,the area of slight erosion increased significantly,while the proportion of moderate,intensive,extreme intensive and severe erosion has reduced in varying degrees.All the areas of intense erosion,extreme intensive and severe erosion decreased by more than 5%,while the erosion intensity varied significantly within the single watershed.(3)The main reason that causes soil erosion changes was the rainfall erosivity,which was smaller in 2011than in 2009.Compare to 2009,although the area of shrub land decreased,the area of grassland and all the other types of vegetation cover increased in 2011.Due to this,the soil conservation biological factor decreased,and the changes of other factors were small.

Abstract:The study of soil saturated hydraulic conductivity(Ks),one of the parameters describing soil water infiltration capacity,is very important for the soil infiltration process.Based on the analysis of Ksof soil under the main planted forests in the loess hilly region of Western Shanxi Province,the correlations between Ks and the physical properties and organic matter contents of soil was established using analysis of variation (ANOVA) and principal component analysis,the dominant factor affecting the Kswas figured out.The results showed that Kswas significantly higher in all forest types than the barren land and decreased negatively exponential with the increase of soil depths;The dominant factors affecting Kswere soil bulk density,capillary porosity,aggregate content larger than 0.25 mm,soil organic matter content and soil texture;Soil physical properties such as soil bulk density,capillary porosity could be improved by increase of soil organic matter content;Suitable mixed forest types with species such as Betula platyphylla Suk.and Larix gmelinii Rupr.chosen for afforestation were recommened.

Abstract:Pinus koraiensis,Larix keampfari,Quercus mongolica,polar-birch,Populus davidiana,weed trees,Shrubbery of Juglans mandshurica and the grass land in Great Liaohe River basin were investigated and studied to explore the hydrological characteristic of litter layer of water conservation forest and the relations between water-holding capacity,water absorption rate and soaking time of litters were established through field investigate and soak experiment.The results indicated that:(1)Among all the types of litters, the total thickness and existing litter amount of Quercus mongolica were the largest,4.83cm and 30.70t/hm² respectively,and the shrubbery was the least with 0.65cm and 3.32t/hm² respectively.(2)The maximum water holding capacity ranged from 3.97t/hm² to 36.02t/hm²,the mixed water retaining capacity from 3.34t/hm² to 34.06t/hm²,and the most effective water reaining capacity from 0.85t/hm² to 20.39t/hm² with the highest value in the Quercus mongolicaforest and the lowest in grassland.(3)Soak experiments demonstrated that water holding capacity and soaking time had remarkable logarithmic correlation, while the absorption rate and soaking time was of a power function.The dynamic changes of the water-holding capacity and the water-absorption rate were generally similar for litters of different forest types.

Abstract:According to the soil fertility data of four main stand types(natural korean larch forest,korean larch plantation,natural mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest and natural mixed broad-leaved forest)recorded in Jincang forest farm,which is administrated by Wangqing Forest Bureau,Jilin Province,analysis and comparison of soil physico-chemical properties were carried out,and the fertility of soils in the above stands was further assessed with principal component analysis.The results are as follows:(1)Soil bulk density and soil pH vaule increased while soil water content,cation exchange capacity(CEC)and nutrients content decreased with the soil depth in various degree in different forest stands.(2)Forest stand types had significant effects on some soil as for the chemical properties such as soil CEC,organic matter content,total N and rapidly available K(p<0.05),of which the highest soil water content,soil pH vaule,CEC,soil organic matter,total N,total P and total K were found in natural mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest.(3)The soil fertility assessment with principal component analysis showed that soil fertility for four main forest types is in the decreasing order with natural mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest>natural korean larch forest>korean larch plantation>natural mixed broad-leaved forest.Therefore,close to nature silviculture,timely artificial regeneration and restoration,mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest construction are suggested to improve the general fertility quality of main forest stand types in the study area.

Abstract:Evaluation on cultivated land ecological security is of greatly importance in improving cultivated land ecosystem and sustainable cultivated land use.On the basis of defining the meaning for cultivated land ecological security,the evaluation index system was established based on the pressure-state-response (PSR)model.And then an empirical analysis was conducted in Sichuan Province by entropy-weighted extension matter-element model.The results showed that:(1)The level of cultivated land ecological security had been gradually improved in Sichuan Province during the period from 2000to 2008,but the coefficient of the correlation for the assessed rank of safer class was very weak in 2008;(2)The factors such as,the pesticide load per unit of cultivated land,fertilizer load per unit of cultivated land,per capita cultivated land,land reclamation rate and extent of soil erosion were indentified as the key constraints for further improvement. Therefore,to improve the ecological security in cultivated land,economic development mode needs to be further transformed,excessive consumption of land resources need to be reduced,green agriculture need to be developed,pesticides and fertilizers need to be applied in a rational way,and environment and soil erosion need to be conserved effectively.

Abstract:The spatial-temporal substitution method was applied to explore the effects of planting period on the soil fertility by soil nutrients and soil enzyme activities in cherry orchards around Tianshui region.It indicated that the quadratic function fitting could be used in analog the variations of soil nutrients and its enzyme (except polyphenoloxidase)activities with the increase of the planting period.Both soil nutrients and soil enzyme activities varied significantly with different periods of planting.A significant,even extremely significant correlation existed between planting years and soil organic matter,available phosphorus,sucrase activities, alkaline phosphatase activities,cellulase activities.So did with the correlations between soil enzyme activities and soil nutrients content.

Abstract:According to the complete random split spot design,the effects of different irrigation water amount and phosphorous supply on the water srtorage,water consumption rate,water utilization efficiency(WUE) of soil under alfalfa,and root weight of alfalfa were analysed taking irrigation water(330mm of normal irrigation, 164mm of 20%saved irrigation and 198mm of 40%saved irrigation)as the main factors and phosphorus supply(0,60,120and 180kg/hm²)as the cofactor.It was indicated that the soil water storage,the water consuming capacity and root weight of alfalfa increased with the irrigation water increasing while the water utilization efficiency decreased with it.Phosphorus supply did not significantly affect soil water storage and water consumption rate.The WUE and dry root weights of alfalfa at 0-40cm depth increased with P supplies'increasing at first,and decreased later while the WUE and the whole life dry root weight reached its maximum value at 26.50kg/(mm·hm²)and 1 320.78g/m² when the phosphorous application rate was 120kg/hm².

Abstract:Temperature and precipitation are the main climatic factors affecting regional vegetation coverage. With the time lag correlation method,the correlations between the ten days NDVI(TN)and ten days mean temperature(TT),ten days mean precipitation(TP)as well as the time lag characteristics were analysised based on ten days SPOT VGT-NDVI data,daily air temperature,and precipitation data from 20meteorological stations in Chongqing City and around for the period 1999-2010.The results are summarized as follows: Across the entire study region,both correlations with NDVI existed apparently while air temperature had closer than precipitation,which indicated that the temperature is the limiting factors of NDVI variations across the region;there are significant spatial and temporal variation differences with longger time lag and lower correlations from southeast to northwest;the degree of correlation between NDVI of different vegetation types and air temperature and precipitation is determined by the vegetation's growth characteristics and its water and heat requirement.

Abstract:The forest ecosystem plays a critical role in water conservation in mountain area.In order to study the water conservation functions,the present research investigated the hydrological effects of the forest ecosystem from forest canopy,litter,and soil layer in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest(EBLF)in Tiantong National Forest Park,Zhejiang Province.Chronosequence method was used in this study.We chose secondary shrubs,Schima superb-dominated forest,and Castanopsis fargesii-dominated forest to represent early succession(SS),sub-climax EBLF(SE),and climax EBLF(CE),respectively.The values of evaluation indices were calculated based on weights determined by the method of analytical hierarchy process(AHP).The results showed that water conservation functions increased through succession.The CE stan d had theｒbest water conservation function(0.436 0)among three successional stages of EBLFs,followed by SE(0.363 2),ｄand SS had the worst(0.200 9).This study highlighted that AHP was an effective quantitative method forｇevaluating forest water conservation f

Abstract:According to filed survey of five different plantations of bamboo-fir mixed forest,bamboo forest, grassland,fir forest and chestnut forest in Ziquejie terrace of Hu'nan Province,the water hold-up,absorption,release of different types of litters were measured through tests of water soaking and releasing experiment.The results of the study indicated that the above five types of plantations was in the order of the water-holding capacity as:420% for bamboo and fir mixed forest,310% for bamboo forest,283% for grassland, 252% for fir forest,226% for chestnut forest;The correlation between water holding capacity and the soaking time was logarithmical,so was that between water releasing capacity and the releasing time while the correlations between water absorption capacity and soaking time,water releasing capacity and releasing time were of power function and all above correlation coefficients R² were bigger than 0.9.

Abstract:The content of heavy metals in the dust in an industrial park of Baoji City was measured by X-Ray fluorescence spectrometry and Atomic fluorescence spectrometry.The results showed that the content of As, Co,Cr,Cu,Hg,Mn,Ni,Pb and Zn was 23.3,16.4,1591.8,178.2,0.243,346.5,40.2,1586.2and 1918.8mg/kg,respectively,of which Cr,Cu,Hg,Pb and Zn accumulated largely and the contents of As, Cu,Hg,Pb and Zn in the dust around lead-zinc smelting plant were higher than that around coal-fired power plant.Analysis on the forms of the heavy metals in the dust by modified BCR (from European Community Bureau of Reference)and AAS(atomic absorption spectrophotometry)indicated that Cu mainly existed oxidizable in residual,Pb reducible,Zn extractable in the acetate acid,Mn and Co rich in residual and extractable in the acetate acid,Ni and Cr mainly the residual.Pb,Zn,Co,Mn and Zn were easy to move and harmfully utilized by living things.Assessment of potential ecological risk demonstrated that the pollution of heavy metals in the dust and its potential ecological reached to the serious level with that around Pb-Zn smelting plant more severe than coal-fired power plant.

Abstract:To study the shear characteristics of the soil reinforced with herb roots,annual plant Achnatherum splendens roots were adopted as the web of the reinforced soil,and which were planted on the slopes of the test area.The reinforced soil of the roots was divided into nine groups of remolding proof samples according to different root amounts.The shear friction test on the samples showed that:under certain root amount and moisture content,apositive linear relationship was showed between the shear strength of the reinforced soil of roots and the normal pressure of the shear plane,as shear strength increased with the increasing vertical pressure.While under certain moisture content and vertical pressure,shear strength increased with the increasing root amount,cohesion c and internal friction angleφincreased as well,and an exponential relation was showed between cohesion c and root amount,but no significant changes occurred to internal friction angleφ. Exponential relationships were showed between the shear strength of the reinforced soil of the roots and root amount,when the vertical pressure was 20.5,61.5,102.5and 143.5kPa.This study showed that roots of Achnatherum splendens can improve the shear strength in the testing areas and enhance the slope stability.

Abstract:In order to study the impacts of soil properties on the quality of tea,path analysis method was used to analyze the direct and indirect effects of soil properties on water extracts,polyphenols,catechins and caffeines of tea in the main region of famous green tea-producing area in Guizhou Province.The results showed that there was no significant correlation between the soil properties and quality of tea.The impact of soil on quality of tea was caffeines>catechins>water extracts>polyphenols,the determinative coefficients were 0.854,0.830,0.787and 0.705,respectively,and the residual coefficients were 0.382,0.412,0.462and 0.543,respectively.The results also showed that soil properties could express more than 50%factors that influence tea quality.

Abstract:The ecological compensation has been a widely concerned hot issue in recent years,and reasonable allocation of the compensation is an important content as for the regional coordinated development.By using AHP(analytic hierarchy process)and GIS with the statistical information which related to the ecological compensation,the paper established a system of compensation index with each given weight,set up the allocation framework with GIS,calculated and expressed the regional compensation value.The study showed that when allocating the ecological compensation in Lu'an City,the ecological environment,resources and economic development accounted for more weight than social equality,technical level and environmental management.Based on the total sum of ecological compensation of RMB 7.338billion yuan from the actual situation of water and carbon emission in Lu'an City,the value of ecological compensation for every administration allocated by appling the allocation model was 0.496 9billion yuan in Lu'an City,0.770 5billion yuan in Shouxian Conuty,0.917 2billion yuan in Huqiu Conuty,0.953 9billion yuan in Shucheng Conuty,2.832 5 billion yuan in Jinzai Conuty and 1.394 2billion yuan in Huoshan Conuty.

Abstract:By field experiment,the effect of water retaining fertilizer on soil properties and the optimal fertilization were studied in Hexi Corridor.The result showed that the effect of factors which influenced corn yield was:CO(NH₂)₂>(NH₄)₂HPO₄>furfural residue>water retaining fertilizer>ZnSO₄·7H₂O.The optimal factor combination was:CO(NH₂)₂600kg/hm²,(NH₄)₂HPO₄350kg/hm²,ZnSO₄·7H₂O 30kg/hm², water retaining fertilizer 19.98kg/hm²,and furfural residue 15 000kg/hm².Dosage of fertilizer was negatively correlated with soil bulk density,and positively correlated with porosity,water storage capacity,botany and economic properties of corn.Corn grain number,grain weight,and corn yield increased with the amount of fertilizer application,but the marginal output decreased.The regression equation of quadratic equation on fertilizer dosage and yield was provided.The optimal fertilization was 9.99t/hm².

Abstract:Based on the six land use maps from 1982to 2008of the Shanghuang watershed,the landscape metrics on landscape scale was calculated by using GIS and Fragstats 3.3software.And the characteristics of grain changes of these metrics were studied.The results showed that most of these landscape metrics have grain effects,and could be divided into 5different types according to their change characteristics with the increase of grain.The appropriate grain range of landscape metrics was 5~15mat the 1:10 000scale,and their grain effects were mainly controlled by the mapping scale rather than the change of land use

Abstract:With the increasing scarcity of water resources,it is becoming difficult to use hydraulic engineering measures to regulate salt balance in irrigation districts.Bio-desalination method is of great importance to improve salt balance regulation in irrigation districts where drainage systems are lacking.In this study,we conducted field experiments by using halophytic vegetation in the heavily salinized soils in the agricultural development region of Karamay City.Based on the principle of salt-water balance,the salt content in irrigation water and the amount of bio-desalination of the halophytic vegetation were calculated,and an equation for salt balance regulation was established.Our results indicated that Atriplex aucheri and Suaeda salsa were two ideal options for bio-desalination.The aboveground biomass of Atriplex aucheri was 27 040.4and 25 620.0kg/hm² in 2009and 2010,respectively,while the ash-free dry weight of Atriplex aucheri after clipping was 7 618.6and 7 019.5kg/hm² in 2009and 2010,respectively.The corresponding amount of biodesalination was 7.8and 7.2times of the amount of salt introduced by irrigation water,respectively.As for Suaeda salsa,the aboveground biomass was 18 836.4and 19 119.3kg/hm²;while the ash-free dry weight was 5 258.0and 5 185.0kg/hm²,respectively.The corresponding amount of bio-desalination was 5.4and 5.3times of the amount of salt introduced by irrigation water,respectively.We concluded that,bio-desalination using halophytic vegetation will be an important approach to salt balance regulation in irrigation districts where drainage systems are lacking

Abstract:The characteristics of soil total phosphorus(P),available P,different chemical form of inorganic P were studied in rhizosphere and non-rhizoshpere soil that was collected from Shimen,Linli,Taoyuan and Changsha area in tea plantation.The results showed the content of total P and available P were higher in rhizosphere soil than non-rhizosphere soil,and the apperent enrichment of available P was observed,while the difference was greater in the content of inorganic P,the ratio of available P to total P in tea plantation soil.In the rhizosphere soils derived from plate shale,the content of Al-P was the highest,Fe-P second and O-P was the least;in rhizosphere soils derived from granite and quaternary red clay,the content of Fe-P was the highest,Al-P second and O-P was the least.In all three types of non-rhizosphere soil the content of Fe-P was the highest.The correlation between Al-P,Fe-P,Ca-P of inorganic P in rhizosphere soil and the available P was extremely positive significant,but between Al-P,Fe-P in non-rhizosphere soil and the available P was positive significant.The P and the available P got no significant correlation with pH value in both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils while the available P had significant correlation with the total P.

Abstract:According to the evolution of karst ecological environment system and the causes of rocky desertification disaster,this study established karst rocky desertification monitoring and pre-warning evaluation index system.According to the spatial information and attribute information,this system was designed based on the development trend of rocky desertification.GIS technique and mathematical models,combined with computer programming were employed to establish the karst rocky desertification monitoring and pre-warning evaluation index system.The established system can be used to monitor and predict environmental issues in time.It will provide supports to governmental decision making.

Abstract:GIS-based USLE(Universal soil loss equation)was used to predict the spatial pattern of soil erosion in the black earth region of China.The primary results indicated that soil loss was 0~60t/(hm² a)in the study area with the area of zero erosion,slight erosion,moderate erosion,intensity erosion,accounting for 28.7%,56.2%,18.6% and 0.1%respectively.The little soil loss occurred with 0~5t/(hm² a)at the top of slope,big soil loss of 3~15t/(hm² a)on the slope shoulder and back slope.GIS-based USLE can efficiently predicted soil loss distribution on top of the slope,slope shoulder and back slope other than the distribution of soil deposit and gullies at the foot of the slope.

Abstract:To investigate the effect of corn-alfalfa intercropping on maintaining soil fertility and improving crop yields,soil nutrients and crop yield in both corn-alfalfa intercropping and corn monocropping(CK) lands were studied on different slopes(5°,10°and 15°).The results indicate that,soil nutrients showed little difference between corn-alfalfa intercropping and corn monocropping land before sowing,but significant changes were showed after harvest,as nutrient losses of intercropping were less than monocropping.Difference in contents of organic matter,total N,total phosphorus,nitrate,ammonium nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium between intercropping and monocropping were 0.04g/kg,0.05g/kg,0.01g/kg,1.6mg/kg,1.2mg/kg,0.1mg/kg,3.2mg/kg.Soil nutrients at lower slopes were higher than that at upper slopes under both crop patterns,while this nutrients differences among slopes were less in intercropping than monocropping.And the differences on contents of organic matter,total N,total phosphorus,nitrate,ammonium nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium were 0.13g/kg,0.05g/kg,0.01g/kg,0.5mg/kg,0.3mg/kg,0.2mg/kg and 0.4mg/kg between lower slope and upper slope.Corn yields of intercropping were higher than corn yields of monocropping.From 5°to 15°,corn yields of intercropping were 7 426.3,7 280.3and 6 802.5kg/hm²,which was higher by 1.35%,0.92% and 0.89%,respectively,compared to corn yields of monocropping.Moreover,alfalfa yield of intercropping reached the local level,which indicated that the pattern of corn-alfalfa intercropping was feasible in Weibei dryland.

Abstract:The quality of ecological environment in Beijing City and its surrounding areas has been improved since the Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source control project was launched.And a scientific and reasonable method is needed urgently to evaluate the effects of the project.A remote sensing evaluation system for ecological environment quality was established based on previous research foundation and special circumstances in Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source area.The improved Delphi method was employe,and a weigh coefficient was introduced.By comparing the mean value and standard deviation of the number of points given by two groups of experts,the weights of evaluation factors could be determined according to different evaluation perspective.Based on this,the remote sensing evaluation model of ecological environment quality suitable for Beijing-Tianjin sandstorm source area was established.Evaluation scroce calculated from the established model for the study region was 4.13,which corresponded with the current level of this region.However,evaluation results from the traditional remote sensing quantitative model showed that mild desertification area account for 28% and moderate desertification area account for 35%,which exaggerated the deterioration degree of ecological environment in study region.

Abstract:The content and fractions of Cd in tea garden soils,and their relationships with soil properties and Cd content in tea leaves were studied.The tea garden soils samples from 12tea gardens were collected from Fenghuang Mountain in east of Guangdong Province.The result showed that the distribution of chemical fractions of Cd in the tea garden soils were:residual-Cd>carbonate-Cd>exchangeable-Cd>Fe/Mn oxides-Cd>organic-Cd.Soil pH value showed significant negative relationships with exchangeable-Cd and residual-Cd,while it showed a significantly positive correlation with organic-Cd.Soil organic matter was positively correlated with Fe/Mn oxides-Cd and organic-Cd,while it was negatively correlated with residual-Cd and exchangeable-Cd.The Cd content in tea leaves was 0.30~0.98mg/kg,and 0.65mg/kg in average.Moreover,a significantly positive correlation was found between the Cd content in tea leaves and exchangeable-Cd,while significantly negative correlation was found between Cd content and soil pH value.In conclusion,the content of Cd in soil and tea leaves in Fenghuang Mountain was not exceed the relevant standards,and the Cd chemical form of soil was mainly influenced by soil pH value and organic matter.This study highlight that Cd content in tea leaves can be adjusted by adjusting soil pH value and the organic matter,by doing this,the quality of tea can be improved.

Abstract:Monthly and annually wind speed data from nine meteorological stations over Heihe River Basin, observed by the China Meteorological Administration from 1960to 2009,were used to analyze the spatial and temporal variability of average wind speed.Mann-Kendall methods,inverse distance weighted(IDW),and correlation analysis were employed.The result showed a decreasing trend in annual average wind speed during the past 50years,and theβvalue was-0.01.Decreasing tendency in wind speed occurred in four seasons(spring,summer,autumn and winter)as well,and theβvalues were-0.012,-0.011,-0.007 and-0.008,respectively.Interdecadal change of wind speed in the 1960sand 1970sshowed positive anomalies,while a negative anomaly was showed since 1980s.The intra-annual variation of wind speed appeared as partial bimodal.Meanwhile,these two peaks existed in April and November,respectively,and the first peak was much larger than the second one.Spatially,slightly increasing trend was showed in the upper reaches with an average rate of 0.01m/s,while decreasing trend were showed in the middle and lower reaches with an average rate of 0.005and0.029m/s,respectively.At the same time,the trends in different regions varied significantly in four seasons.Abrupt change in annual wind speed occurred in 1985,while abrupt change in four different seasons occurred in 1986,1984,1983and 1985,respectively.Decreasing trend in annual and spring wind speed was correlated with average temperature,average maximum temperature,average minimum temperature and potential evapotranspiration,but this correlation declined in summer and autumn.Only potential evapotranspiration in winter affected wind speed significantly at the 0.01level.All this indicated that,decreased wind speeds was the main factor that leading to the decrease of potential evapotranspiration in Heihe River Basin in recent 50years.

Abstract:The soil suffered strong disturbance by the Wenchuan earthquake.It has changed the underlying surface characteristic and influenced the runoff process.The soil infiltration characteristic was the fundamental factor that changed the runoff producing.Longxi River basin in serious Wenchuan Earthquake zone was chose as the study area and double-ring devices was used to conduct the in-situ test.Infiltration characteristics in different types of soils were obtained.The results showed that the saturated stable infiltration rates of different types of soil including forest land,grassland,cultivated land,debris flow fan,landslide land and bare land were 0.32,0.30,0.28,0.19,0.17and 0.07mm/min,respectively.The saturated stable infiltration rate was closely related to the porosity with a correlation coefficient of 0.95.The fine grains and antecedent soil moisture content presented an obvious negative correlation with infiltration rates in debris flow fan,landslide land,bare land,however,they showed no significant influence to forest land,grassland,and cultivated land.Influence of fine grains on infiltration was much weaker than the root system and its rot hole.In addition,soil crust could significantly reduce the soil infiltration.

Abstract:In the frigid area,the slope disturbed by the engineering projects was exposed with rocks,and needed ecological restoration urgently.Vegetation growing concrete chosen to be the typical compounded growing base material for the study to explore the influence of the freezing temperature on frost heave characteristics. The results show that as a elastic plastic material,all the vegetation growing concrete came up with frost heave under condition of given negative temperature,the development duration of frost heave increased with the rising of the freezing temperature while frost heave decreased slightly with the dropping of it.Under the same freezing temperature and the time of stable freezing,the approximate steady temperature field in the vegetation growing concrete was formed and the temperature drop gradually decreased with the increase of the distance between vegetation growing concrete and the source of coldness.Freezing temperature field significantly altered the moisture distribution in the growing base of concrete where the lower the temperature,the less freely the moisture moved.

Abstract:Soil erosion survey is one of the main tasks in the first national water resources survey.To obtain the field investigation unit data,substantive ground sampling need to be made,and a large number of base map for field investigation unit are required to assist field investigations.Then spatial analysis will be adopted to get various erosion factors by using the acquired data.Since China has a very vast area and erosion area,the number of field investigation unit base map is huge.The procedures of base map cartography,which involves amounts of data,are usually cumbersome and repetitive.Therefore,this paper studied the implementation of automated mapping on soil erosion sampling survey unit base maps by using C^# programming,Visual Studio 2008and ArcEngine component-based development.By programming,this study achieved automated mapping,as map clipping,calculation,classification,layout and printing could be done automatically.This study also elaborately described the functions and concept in automatic cartography in three sections:map clipping,map projection and map layout.

Abstract:Soil moisture sensors are used to measure soil moisture content so as to guide irrigation,which has great significance for improving water use efficiency and crop yield.This study presents the best water condition for enhancing both the yield and the water use efficiency in tomato-planting field,and determines the optimal soil depth for burying soil moisture sensors.The results show that it is the optimal water condition for tomato growth when the lower limit of soil moisture content is 60% of field capacity at flowering and fruit bearing stage and 75%of field capacity at fruit stage;and meanwhile,the soil moisture content at 10-20cm layer may better represent the mean soil moisture content of the designed irrigation layer(R²>0.95and 0.85 for flowering and fruit bearing stage and fruit stage,respectively),so it is more reasonable to bury soil moisture sensors in the depth.

Abstract:As a result of the hydrologic and erosion processes,rock fragment is a sign of soil and ecosystems degradation,which in turn affects erosion processes.The purpose of this study is to investigate the precision differences between sampling and photographic methods in rock fragment covers measurements.To do this,rock fragment covers with different particle sizes(2~6mm,6~20mm and 20~60mm)were measured by these two methods.The results showed that both sampling and photographic methods can be used to measure the rock fragment cover effectively.The relative errors measured by two methods varied by-7.84%~80.86%and-48.35%~9.89%,respectively.The mean relative error of these two methods was 15.69% and-11.69%,respectively.The relative error measured by sampling method decreased with the increasing of rock fragment cover.The maximum absolute relative error measured by sampling method reduced with the number of sampling,but this trend became gentle when the number of sampling was up to about 30.

Abstract:Correlation analysis were taken on vegetation coverage changes of the main vegetation types and the main climatic factors in Hanjiang River Basin and indicated that:(1)Vegetation coverage changes in Hanjiang River Basin were of relative consistency with deep influence of the human activities;(2)The NDVI correlation with air temperature was bigger than that with precipitation and the human activities weakened the vegetation's dependency on the air temperature and the precipitation in farming areas;(3)There is significant difference for lagtime between NDVI and dimatic factors.

Abstract:Fifty soil samples were collected in Chaihe basin in October 2011,and the sampling locations were recorded by GPS.Traditional statistics and geostatistics based on ArcGIS were used to analyze the spatial distribution of soil salt and water-soluble Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺.Results from traditional statistical analysis showed that surface soil salt,water-soluble Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ were exhibited as logarithmic normal distribution within the study area.The content of water-soluble Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺,total soil organic matter,total nitrogen and total phosphorus has significant positive correlation with soil salt.The soil salinity and soil calcium ions showed strong mobility as there were more in the low-lying place.

Abstract:A series of triaxial test were conducted to test three different reinforced methods and the strength characteristics of the reinforced loess with five different moisture contents respectively.The result indicated that the reinforcement could significantly reduce the influence of the moisture content on the strength of loess;the strength increased with the number of reinforcement layers and the strength of the ambient pressure when the moisture content kept the same,decreased with increase of the moisture content when the ambient pressure and number of the reinforcement kept the same,which demonstrated that the reinforcement loess was of water sensitive and the sensitivity became stronger with the number of the reinforcement layers. Within a certain moisture content limit,the strength index of Mohr-Coulomb decreased linearly with the increase of the moisture content and the internal friction angle reduced much more than the cohesion.Finally an equation was established to link the shear strength of the reinforcement loess and the moisture content,which were well matched.

Abstract:In order to understand the characteristics of migration and distribution of heavy metals in the wetland ecosystem,four types of samples were collected from soil,water,reeds and fish in Longfeng wetland of Daqing City in summer 2011,the content of Cu,Cd,Zn,Pb,As and Hg were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry(AAS)and the correlation was analyzed statistically.The results demonstrated that the environment in Longfeng wetland was in a good quality with the heavy metal content below the average of the Songnen Plain and the quality of the water body better than the classⅡ standard surface water.The heavy metal enrichment was different between animals and plants,of which the metal content in fish is in the order of Zn>Cd>Cu>As>Hg>Pb,and in reeds Cd>Hg>Zn>Cu>As>Pb.The results indicated that there were significant positive correlation of heavy metal content between plants,fish while there was some positive correlation but not significant among water bodies,plants and fishes.

Abstract:This paper studied on the population structure and spatial pattern of Reaumuria soongorica in Longshou Mountain of Zhangye City by analyzing the population changes with age structure,survival curve and static life table of Reaumuria soongorica,assessed the spatial pattern by diffusion coefficiency C,Kvalue of negative bidirectional function,mean congestion degree m^*,clumping index I,Cassie index CA,conglomeration index m^*/m,and analyzed the population pattern scale using two-way track variance method.The results indicated that the Reaumuria soongorica population was in a natural succession with all-age plant evenly distributed.The age structure was close to that of growing phase with the crown diameter of middleage plant at 10cm

Abstract:The historical data about flood disaster was collected,reorganized and analyzed in upper reaches of Hanjiang River during the historical period(208BC-2010AD).By using least squares method,wavelet analysis,and the Kriging interpolation,the times when flood disaster occurred(stage,seasons,cycles,etc.),the spatial variation and the causes of flood disaster were studied.The results showed that,during the past 2 220years,the flood disaster mainly occurred in the summer and Autumn(May to September)by 336times with a frequency of once every 6.6years in the upper reaches of Hanjiang River.The flood disaster could be divided into 4classes,mild,middle,great and serious floods,and each class accounted for 24.7%,29.5%,40.5% and 5.3%in the total numbers of floods,respectively.Wavelet analysis showed that,the period of each class was 2~5a,38~40a,120a,and 160a,respectively.The floods showed an increasing trend,and could be broadly divided into three stages.There were three flood-prone periods,the early Qing Dynasty of Emperor Daoguang's Reign,Qing Dynasty of Emperor Guangxu's Reign,and the Late Republic to the end of the 20th century.Flood disasters varied significantly at spatial scale,which were declined from Ankang Basin to periphery,and there are two high-frequency centers and two low-frequency centers.Atmospheric circulation anomalies,special terrain conditions,the river's water system characteristics,the degree of bending of the river and the impact of human activities are the main causes of flood disasters in this region.

Abstract:By field investigation in the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River,palaeoflood slack-water deposits (SWD)were found in loess profile on Tuojiazhou terrace land in Yunxian County of Hubei Province.Based on field observation,laboratory analysis,including loss on ignition,magnetic susceptibility,calcium carbonate and the grain-size distribution,four SWDs were identified as the most typical Holocene palaeoflood deposits in the Hanjiang River basin and which recorded four palaeofloods events.By using stratigraphic correlations and OSL dating,these four palaeofloods events were dated to 12 600-12 400aB.P.,4 200-4 000aB.P.,3 200-2 800aB.P.and 1 900-1 800aB.P.in Eastern Han Dynasty,respectively.Then according to the palaeoflood peak stages and reasonable hydraulic parameters,the peak discharges of four palaeofloods were calculated by using the slope-area method.To validate the calculation,the flood peak discharges of extraordinary floods in 1983,2005and 2010were also reconstructed by using the same method and hydraulic parameters in the same cross-section.The error between the reconstructed and gauged discharges was 1.99%~4.21%.This indicated that the reconstructed palaeoflood peak discharges were reliable.And the reconstructed results of palaeoflood discharges were also consistent with the relationship between palaeoflood peak discharge and drainage area.This study prolonged the flood data sequence of Hanjiang River to a time-scale of over 10 000-years.More importantly,it provided significant data for flood control and hazard mitigation in the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River.

Abstract:Due to the reduction of water flow from Kaidu-Kongque River since 2006,the ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of Tarim River decreased sharply for three years until the waterflow reached into Taitema Lake in 2010.The paper studied on the spatial and temporal changes of vegetation coverage with continuous monitoring of the vegetation changing under hydrological fluctuations during 2006-2011by substracting the data of vegetation information through Landsat TM remote sensing image data in lower reaches of Tarim River Basin and explored the main reasons of the spatial and temporal variances of the vegetation changes.The results indicated that vegetation area decreased during 2006to 2009and then increased with the maximum area increase in shrub land;the overall vegetation coverage of the studied region was higher in 2011than 2006with a slow increasing in most of the area and a significant increased area only accounted 6.3%of the whole area in 2011;the change of water flow in the Tarim River is the dominant factor of vegetation growth and recovery in the area since it raised the groundwater that directly prompted vegetation recovery.

Abstract:The cooling and humidifying effect of the urban plant community plays an important role in alleviating the"urban heat island effect".To study the effect of vegetation in regulating urban microclimate at a small scale,arboreal forest,shrubs and lawns were chosen in Mailu campus of Jiangxi Finance and Economics University.The results showed that:(1)The most significant cooling effect of arboreal forest occurred at 20:00(-4.00 ℃),while the weakest effect occurred at 10:00(-1.68 ℃).The most significant cooling effect of shrubs occurred at 8:00(-2.95℃),while the least effect occurred at 12:00(-0.27 ℃).The most significant cooling effect of lawns occurred at 20:00(-2.31 ℃),while the least effect occurred at 10:00(0.38℃).(2)In morning,the cooling and humidifying effects of shrubs were great,and the humidifying effects of lawns were significant.In afternoon,the cooling effect of lawns and the humidifying effect of arboreal forest varied greatly.(3)The cooling and humidifying effects of arboreal forest,shrubs and lawns decreased as the distance increased.The changes in temperature difference were consistent with the variation in relative humidity difference at the horizontal and vertical direction.

Abstract:Using the actual residential consumer goods consumption,the paper calculates the virtual water consumption in Linfen City of Shanxi Province and analyzes the spatial-temporal changes of variation of water consumption during 1985-2010.And then regression model was used to predict the virtual water consumption in 2015-2020.The results showed that the virtual water consumption reached at 6.39×10⁹ m³ in total and 1 479.27m³ per capita in 2010.The virtual water consumption showed a increasing trend in the past 26 years with the exception happen in Puxian and Daning County where the average annual growth of virtual water consumption is negative.As for the spatial distribution,the virtual water consumption grew less in mountainous areas than that in flat areas.Using GM (1,1)model the population and then the virtual water consumption of Linfen City in 2015and 2020was predicted.Comparing with data in 2010,the virtual water consumption would increase in Linfen,Huozhou and Xixian County while keep basically flat in Guxian County and decrease in the other counties.