Abstract:The spatial distribution of ¹³⁷Cs and the spatial differentiation of soil erosion on typical loess hill slope in the loess hilly and gully region was analyzed by using ¹³⁷Cs tracer technique to determine the content of ¹³⁷Cs in different slope aspect positions. The results showed that there were obvious differences of erosion between different slope aspects. The order of the average erosion rate was as follows: north slope > southwest slope > northeast slope > west slope > northwest slope > south slope > southeast slope > east slope and all the slopes were characterized by strong erosion. Moreover, the erosion rates in different slope positions of the same slope aspect showed significant differences, the erosion amount in lower part of the slope was the maximum and less in the upper slope. Overall, the erosion rate showed a trend of fluctuations along the slope, and the erosion intensity was mainly characterized by medium, strong and extremely strong and most of them was strong.

Abstract:The soil particle size distribution and soil nutrients contents in the soil depth of 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm were analyzed, the soil sampling got from ten semi-natural forest plots in forest farms of Wangqing Forestry Bureau, Jilin Province. In addition, the soil erodibility K-value in this region was investigated with the formula calculation method of EPIC(erosion productivity impact calculator) and its affecting factors, the correlation between K-value and soil nutrients were discussed. The results indicated that the mean K-value was 0.060 7 t·hm²·h/(MJ·mm·hm²). The K-value at the soil depth of 0-20 cm was higher than that at 20-60 cm. Higher K-values were found in coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest than broad-leaved mixed forest. The K-value decreased with increasing stand density and canopy density when stand density was less than 1 200 hm² and canopy density less than 0.75. The correlations between K-value and soil nutrients were in a descending order of total nitrogen, readily available potassium, available phosphorus and total phosphorus in the study area. All soil nutrients were negatively correlated with K-value except total nitrogen. The optimal stand density was about 750~1 200 trees/hm² with higher soil nutrient concentrations and soil anti-erodibility.

Abstract:Soil erodibility is an important index to measure soil susceptibility to water erosion, and an essential parameter needed for soil erosion evaluation and soil erosion prediction. Based on 1 255 typical soil profile data, the values of soil erodibility(K values) of all the soil types on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were calculated by erosion-produtivity impact calculator(EPIC) mathematical model and GIS. On which the weighted averages of the areas with the different values of soil erodibility are derived, and the distribution of the values of soil erodibility is analyzed based on map(1:1 000 000) of soil types in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results showed that the mean value of soil erodibility was 0.230 8, and the area of lower, less lower, moderate, less higher, higher erodibility soils occupied 5.60%, 18.23%, 24.35%, 44.02% and 7.80% of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, respectively.The total area of moderate and less higher erodibility soils is 1.77×10⁶ km² which is 68.37% of the total research area. The less higher and higher erodibility soils distribute in the Qiangtang Plateau, the Qaidam Basin and the valley of the Hengduan Mountains. Soil erodibility vertical variations are obvious in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and especially in the Hengduan Mountains. Soil erodibility shows a decreasing trend from lower altitude to higher altitude. The physical and chemical properties of soils are affected by the water and the heat condition along an elevational gradient, and then the vertical variations of the physical and chemical properties of soils determine the vertical variations of the soil erodibility.

Abstract:Based on the runoff plot data of Anjiagou watershed in 2007-2010, we research the rainfall-runoff per area and the cumulative sediment load under different vegetation measure conditions were obtained, and the characteristics of runoff and sediment under different conditions were analyzed. The results show that the chinese pine slope farmland had the highest runoff and the wheat slope farmland had the highest sediment load. The relationship of runoff yield in the five slope farmlands are in order of chinese pine slope farmland > wheat slope farmland > sainfoin slope farmland > banned > seabuckthorn slope farmland. The relationship of sediment yield are in order of wheat slope farmland > sainfoin slope farmland > chinese pine slope farmland > banned > seabuckthorn slope farmland. The rainfall-runoff and sediment load are positively correlated with slope. Sediment yield has some correlation with runoff.

Abstract:Sand driving wind characteristics, drift potential(DP) changes and spatial difference of sand strength in Ebinur Lake Basin was analyzed based on the data of six national weather stations during the period from 2005 to 2011. The results are as follows:(1) The wind direction in the study area are NW and NNW, and the occurring frequency were 54.98% and 18.31%, respectively.(2) The threshold wind occurs mainly in April, May and June, the occurring frequency were 12.48%, 14.70% and 13.08%, respectively. There are big differences of sand drift potential in defferent seasons, and the drift potential was concentrated in the spring and summer.(3) The variability index is 0.94, It belongs to a single air damper characteristic, resultant drift potential(RDP) and resultant drift direction(RDD) are 988.86 VU and 126.5°(ESE-SE).(4) The wind strength of study area appears a high value point as Alashankou, while the low value point is a wide area.

Abstract:Compared with bare land, soil hydrological characteristics of three kinds of saline bringing, xerophytic bringing and saline herbaceous were researched in shell ridge island of the Yellow River Delta. Results indicated that compared with bare land, the soil bulk density of three vegetation types decreased by 8.5%~20.8%, soil total porosity increased by 17.1%~46.1%, the effect of xerophytic bringing vegetation in beach ridge zone was the best, the effect of saline herbaceous vegetation close to landside was the worst. The sequence of the soil permeability characteristics of different vegetation types was in the following increasing order: saline herbaceous vegetation close to landside < xerophytic bringing vegetation in beach ridge zone < saline bringing vegetation close to the seaside < bare land. The sequence of the soil saturated water and capillary water of the soil layer in 0-40 cm was in the following decreasing order: xerophytic bringing vegetation in beach ridge zone > saline bringing vegetation close to the seaside > saline herbaceous vegetation close to landside. The soil water storage performance and improved effect of the soil layer in 0-20 cm were better than that in 20-40 cm. The ability of soil water savings, salt reducing and soil improving of xerophytic bringing vegetation in beach ridge zone was the best, that of saline herbaceous vegetation close to landside was the worst.

Abstract:The variation characteristics of soil moisture of jujube and apple trees, soil water availability, dried soil layer and the influence of dried layer to the soil reservoir, and water cycle and balance in the depths of 0-4.0 m at Sunjiayuan in Yanchuan County, Shaanxi Province were analyzed. The results showed that the average soil moisture of jujube tree was 10.6% in the depths of 0-4.0 m and there is about 4.5% available water. The average soil moisture of apple land was 7.4% in the depths of 0-4.0 m which indicates available water was exhausted nearly. Soil moisture of apple tree land presented layered change of "high-low-high" from up to down, and jujube forest vertical change in soil moisture profile was not obvious. Soil water of the jujube and apple trees land was almost difficult available water, but soil water of the jujube trees land is near middle available water. Absorbing soil water was inhibited to some extent for apple trees, but almost no effect on jujube trees. Jujube tree land had only developed mild dried soil layer in the 2.0-4.0 m soil layer, and apple trees land had developed mild, moderate and severe dried soil layer. The bond between deep soil water and the surface of apple and jujube tree land was cut off by dried soil layer. Water cycle was mainly surface water cycle, and underground water circulation did not exist nearly. Soil-plant-atmosphere water cycle model was formed and it belonged to abnormal water cycle type. Dried soil layer developing toward the steady speed would lead to underground water level continuous depression and underground water resource decreased. Soil water in the region was more suitable for developing jujube trees.

Abstract:The seasonal and annual variation characteristics of air temperature and precipitation as well as runoff-yield in the upstream area of Shule River were analyzed based on meteorological and hydrological data during 1961-2010 by using Mann-Kendall test and R/S analysis. Linear multi-regression of monthly runoff model was used to evaluate effects of temperature and precipitation in runoff-yield. The results showed that the annual mean temperature had risen very significantly with very strong persistency since 1960s. It is low from 1960s to 1970s and increased fast after 1986. The climatic warming had accelerated after temperature mutation in 1990. The annual precipitation presented a very significantly increasing tendency with strong persistency in the studied period and the fluctuation of annual precipitation was quite obvious. It experienced a changing trend that was lower(the 1960s and 1970s)-higher(the 1980s)-lower(the 1990s)-higher(after 2000). The strong signals of climatic shift to warm humid pattern appeared since mid-1980s and runoff-yield increased very significantly due to climatic mutation. The annual and seasonal variation characteristics of runoff-yield were consistent with precipitation. The runoff-yield was mainly affected by underground water in winter and autumn, and was controlled by precipitation and ice-snow melt water in spring and summer.

Abstract:80 surface soil(0-20 cm) samples of different farmlands from 3 counties and 5 districts of Lanzhou City were investigated, and pH value, electrical conductivity(EC), available phosphorus and available potassium contents were analyzed according to crop species, intensity of land use and tillage method. The results showed that:(1) Average pH value was 8.59, and pH value in farmland where vegetables were grown tended to be lower than in other soils, but the differences were insignificant. Soil pH value in intensively used farmland was significantly lower than in moderately and slightly used farmland. Greenhouse soil pH value average tended to be lower than in traditional farmland and sand-covered fields, but it is not significantly.(2) There was a high variance in EC in the study area, and the coefficient of variance(C_v) was up to 107.31%. Differences of EC between different crop species, intensities of land use and tillage methods were all insignificant.(3) Soil available K showed in low variance, and the mean content and C_v was 362.65 mg/kg and 48.81%, respectively. The differences in available K were insignificant between different crop species, intensities of land use and tillage methods.(4) Mean content of soil available P was 14.07 mg/kg. Available P in farmland where vegetables were grown was higher than those in others. Sorted by land use intensity, available P was significantly higher in intensively used land soil than in moderately and slightly used soils. There was more available P in greenhouse soil than in sand-covered soil and traditionally used fields. The conclusion of this study was that crop species, land use intensity and tillage methods could affect pH value and available P content of farmland soil, and acidification and increase of available P content of soils may be mainly due to intensive management of farmland.

Abstract:Taking Pinus massoniana forest with intense disturbance as control, species composition and important value(I_V) of the ecological restoration community in serious eroded red soil, 27 years after in different types of human induced vegetation were analyzed, such as Pinus massoniana forests without disturbance, Pinus massoniana forests with Bamboo-burl-groove, Pinus massoniana forests with planting grass and Bamboo-burl-groove, check dam and non-check dam Pinus massoniana forest, Pinus elliotti forest with bamboo-burl-groove. The results showed that:(1) Species composition of tree layer was simple in all five kinds of slope forests dominated by Pinus massoniana and Pinus elliotti. Community varieties richly but I_V distribution is not consistent in the shrub layer, especially ecological restoration effect is most obvious in Pinus elliotti forest with bamboo-burl-groove. The dominance of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis with semi-shade tolerance and evergreen leaf is maximum, followed by photophilous and deciduous chamaecereus sylvestri, and Pinus elliotti seedlings dominance is minimum, with I_V of 0.12, 0.11, 0.02, respectively. The herb layer species composition is simple, Pinus massoniana forest without disturbance is the most obvious in restoration, the total herb coverage reaches 40%.(2) In the channel, community species at tree and shrub layers in check dam are more significant than that non-check dam, especially for evergreen and shade species, and each I_V is different. The total coverage in herb layer has great disparity which is affected by the tree layer and shrub layer, with 90% in non-check dam and only 10% in check dam. It indicates that different ecological restoration strategies would facilitate plant species composition and accelerate plant community succession in serious eroded red soil through protecting and improving the soil water and nutrient conditions.

Abstract:Using soil moisture monitor(ThetaProbeML2x) and soil ring sampler methods, we analyzed the soil moisture and water capacity of the main landscape(forest, grassland)soil with a 300 cm depth in the water conservation forest region in the Hani terraces landscape in Yuanyang County, Yunnan Province. The results indicated that:(1) The distribution features of the three soil profile sample plot Ⅰ(forest), sample plot Ⅱ(forest), sample plot Ⅲ(grass) were "double-peak fluctuation" type with turning points at nearby the 60, 140 and 230 cm.(2) The coefficient of variation of sandy soil moisture was higher than clay soil(sample plot Ⅰ, Ⅲ), and the coefficient of variation of forest was higher than grass while both soil samples were clay.(3) The water storage capacity of both sample plot Ⅰ(forest) and on of sample plot Ⅲ(grass) were higher than sample plot Ⅱ(forest), and values were similar, the water storage ability of clay loam was better than that of silty sand soil.(4) Both the max water holding capacity and capillary moisture capacity at the 0-160 cm depth were ordered as: sample plot Ⅰ(forest) higher than sample plot Ⅲ(grass) and higher than sample plot Ⅱ(forest), this indicated the water retention function of sample plot Ⅰ(forest) and sample plot Ⅲ(grass) were higher, however, soil water regulation function of sample plotⅡ(forest) was higher.

Abstract:By taking typical forest communities in the Liaoheyuan Nature Reserve as an object, litter storage and water-holding were studed. The results show that:(1) The variation range of litter layer reserves was about 7.92~15.56 t/hm², the litter layer total storage capacity in the 60 a Pinus tabulaeformis was the largest, and Larix kaempferi was the least;(2) The largest water-holding rate was about 164.12%~333.06% and the order was Populus davidiana×Betula platyphylla > Larix kaempferi > Pinus tabulaeformis(50 a) > Pinus tabulaeformis(60 a) > Pinus tabulaeformis(40 a);(3) The maximum water-holding rate ranged from 21.31 t/hm² to 38.13 t/hm² and the order was Populus davidiana×Betula platyphyll > Pinus tabulaeformis(60 a) > Pinus tabulaeformis(50 a) > Larix kaempferi > Pinu stabulaeformis(40 a);(4) By statistic analyse, the equation between water-holding capacity of undecomposed litter and semi-decomposed one and immersion time obeyed logarithmic regression relationship(R>0.87), while the water-holding speed rate and immersion time obeyed power function relationship(R>0.87).

Abstract:Based on the data resources investigated from the field, the interspecific relationships among 780 species pairs, which belong to 40 dominant plant species of Qilihai wetland vegetation were analyzed by using methods of χ²-test and Spearman's rank correlation analysis. The results showed that:(1) Analyzed by χ²-test, there were positive correlation for 357 pair-species and negative correlation for 423 pair-species.(2) By applying Spearman's rank correlation analysis, there were positive correlations for 356 pair-species and negative correlations for 424 pair-species Analyzed by. It clearly demonstrated that the 2 test methods derived similar results. Compared with χ²-test, Spearman's correlation coefficient was more sensitive. The proportion of significant correlated species pair was 35.77%, which indicated that most of the species were independently distributed and had a loose relationship with each other. This further indicated that the vegetation might be in a state of degradation. The 40 dominant species were divided into 3 ecological species groups. Species in the same ecological species group had the same way of resources utilization and biology requirement. However, we observed that species belonging to different groups had the trend of succession and transform into each other.

Abstract:Water-body in Fuzhou downstream section of Minjiang River and soil water of wetland growing Cyperus malaccensis in intertidal region of estuary were selected as object of study. The contents of nitrate nitrogen(NO₃-N), nitrite nitrogen(NO₂-N) and ammonium nitrogen(NH₄⁺-N) in the samples were measured by SAN⁺⁺ Continuous Flow Analytical System for showing the difference of their contents between spring and autumn, and the influence of N contents in river water on the contents of soil water. The result showed that:(1) The contents of NH₄⁺-N and NO₃-N in river water in autumn are higher than in spring, and the content of NO₂-N was opposite; In the soil water, the contents of NH₄⁺-N and NO₂-N in autumn were higher than in spring, and the content of NO₃-N was invers; the content of NH₄⁺-N in soil water was higher than that in river water, on the contrary, the contents of NO₃-N and NO₂-N in soil water were less than that in river water;(2) River water was the main source for N in wetland soil water due to submersion of river water influencing on N content of the soil water significantly;(3) The total contents of NO₃-N, NO₂-N and NH₄⁺-N in river water in autumn were more than in spring, there was a obvious seasonal difference;(4) Compared with the contents in river water from Minjiang River in 2007-2008, the N contents in river water increased sharply in recent years, as a result, the river water eutrophication was aggravated.

Abstract:A pot experiment was conducted to study the influence of different fertilization treatments on soil organic carbon(SOC), active organic carbon(AOC) and carbon pool management index(CPMI). The experiment included five treatments: CK(neither urea nor chicken manure was applied), N₁₀₀(100% of nitrogen was provided by urea), M₁₀N₉₀(10% and 90% of nitrogen was provided by chicken manure and urea, respectively), M₃₀N₇₀(30% and 70% of nitrogen was provided by chicken manure and urea, respectively), and M₅₀N₅₀(50% and 50% of nitrogen was provided by chicken manure and urea, respectively). The results showed that the SOC contents under M₃₀N₇₀ and M₅₀N₅₀ treatments increased by 8.11% and 14.64% in comparison with the N₁₀₀ treatment, respectively. The AOC content and CPMI achieved the highest value under M₃₀N₇₀ treatment and had significant differences with other treatments, showing 47.36%, 14.93% and 7.14% increases in AOC content and 65.49, 26.74 and 20.22 increases in CPMI, respectively, compared to the treatments of N₁₀₀, M₁₀N₉₀ and M₅₀N₅₀. At the same time, M₃₀N₇₀ treatment had the maximum increase in the growth of poplar seedlings. The content of soil AOC was significantly positively correlated with the content of SOC, ground diameter and height of poplar seedlings, while was extremely significantly positively correlated with CPMI. Furthermore, the CPMI had significantly positive correlation with ground diameter and height of poplar seedlings, which would be a good index to assess influence of fertilization practice on soil quality. In conclusion, the different proportions of chicken manure co-applied with inorganic fertilizer had a significant influence on organic carbon, active organic carbon, CPMI and the growth of poplar seedlings, especially M₃₀N₇₀ treatment, which achieved the best effects among all the treatments and was the best proportion of chicken manure and inorganic fertilizer.

Abstract:Based on the long-term field manipulation experiment, the response of understory plants to 7 years of nitrogen deposition in a Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata) forest was investigated. The quantities of experimental N added and treatment codes were N₀[(Control); 0 kg/(hm²·a)]; N₁[60 kg/(hm²·a)]; N₂[120 kg/(hm²·a)]; N₃[240 kg/(hm²·a)]. The result showed that the totally 51 species belong to 34 families, 45 generas. Along with the increase of nitrogen deposition, plant species, families and genera were all decreased. In addition, both Shannon-Weiner index and Simpson diversity index reduced, but Whittaker index increased with nitrogen deposition increase. Furthermore, Sorenson similarity index was decreased obviously. Detrended correspondence analysis(DCA) indicated that nitrogen deposition changed plant community composition. Plant species Smilax china and Ardisia punctata were found in the plots of four treatments, which would be the popular species. Plant species Ilex asprella, Ficus hirta, Camellia fraternal, Camellia trichoclada and Rhizoma cyperi were found in N₀-N₂ plots, which would be the resistant species. While Rubus parvifolius, Codonopsis lanceolata, Morinda umbellate, Ficus lyrata, Oreocnide frutescens, Callicarpa formosana, Herba cayratica and Lygodium japonicum were found in N₀ and N₁ plots, which would be less resistant species. Other 16 species such as Adinandra millettii and Cinnamomum parthenoxylon were only found in N₀ plots, which would be the sensitive species. In conclusion, because plant diversity in the subtropical forest was negatively affected by nitrogen deposition, more attention should be paid to the plant conservation.

Abstract:Compared with spring wheat, maize and sunflower sole cropping, soil moisture in 0-120 cm soil depth of spring wheat/maize and spring wheat/sunflower intercropping during annual crop growth periods and crops yields were determined in Hetao irrigation district, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The results showed that the seasonal changes of soil moisture evapotranspiration intensity of spring wheat/maize, spring wheat/sunflower intercropping were bimodal curve, while spring wheat, maize and sunflower sole cropping were unimodal curve, and the soil moisture evapotranspiration amounts of intercropping patterns were higher than sole cropping patterns. The crop yields and land equivalent ratio of intercropping patterns were higher than sole cropping patterns, but intercropping patterns reduced soil water use efficiency and water equivalence ratio, reduced irrigation use efficiency and irrigation water equivalence ratio in crop growth periods and annual crop growth periods. In order to improve soil water use efficiency, the intercropping area should be reduced, or intercropping crops should be segregated with a bank, and crops should be irrigated respectively according to the different water requirement.

Abstract:A field experiment including five treatments, they were CK(neither urea nor chicken manure was applied), N₁₀₀(100% of nitrogen was provided by urea), M₁₀N₉₀(10% and 90% of nitrogen was provided by monosodium glutamate wastewater and urea, respectively), M₃₀N₇₀(30% and 70% of nitrogen was provided by monosodium glutamate wastewater and urea, respectively), and M₅₀N₅₀(50% and 50% of nitrogen was provided by monosodium glutamate wastewater and urea, respectively) was performed. The experiment was to evaluate the effect of monosodium glutamate wastewater co-applied with inorganic fertilizer on soil microbial biomass carbon(MBC) and microbial biomass nitrogen(MBN) contents in the rhizosphere soil of watermelon. The results showed that using monosodium glutamate wastewater can accelerate soil biological processes, and was of great advantage to the transformation of organic matter and provision of nutrition to meet the needs of watermelon's regular growth. The dynamic changes of MBC and MBN contents were different at different growth duration. Compared to the M₃₀N₇₀ treatment, the M₁₀N₉₀ and M₅₀N₅₀ treatments had less effect on MBC and MBN contents in the watermelon rhizosphere soil. In conclusion, monosodium glutamate wastewater co-applied with inorganic fertilizer, especially the M₃₀N₇₀ treatment, could improve the ecological environment of watermelon rhizosphere soil and could balance nitrogen alimentation.

Abstract:Based on the American Landsat TM/ETM⁺ remote sensing image data in 1994, 2000, 2006 and 2011, using dimidiate pixel model and CA-Markov model, spatial and temporal change and its trend and influence factors on vegetation coverage in Huoshan County of Anhui Province were analyzed. The results show that vegetation coverage are smaller in northeast area, and larger in the south and northwest area. Vegetation coverage condition has a significant upward trend from 1994 to 2011. High vegetation coverage area increased 339.91 km². Middle-low vegetation coverage, the low vegetation coverage and bare land decreased 116.15, 63.34 and 20.29 km², respectively. Spatial distribution pattern of vegetation coverage in 2020 can be better predicted by using CA-Markov model. Human activity and climate change made the increase of the vegetation coverage in Huoshan County, and the effect of human activity is very obvious. Optimization of industrial structure and controlling of soil and water loss are the focus of ecological environment construction in the study area.

Abstract:Based on historical records from two hydrological stations of Wangdaohengta and Wenjiachuan, the runoff variation characteristics and influence factors, which include runoff inter-annual variation characteristics, changing trend, precipitation change, and the impact of human activities, were analyzed by using different analyzing methods, such as Mann-Kendall trend analysis, R/S analysis, and double mass curve for annual rainfall stream flow. The results showed that the multi-year change of runoff had a distinctive decreased tendency, especially since the end of the 20th Century. The Hurst index were 0.853 and 0.803 for the Wangdaohengta and Wenjiachuan stations, respectively, which indicates that the decreasing trends of runoff in Kuye River would continue in the future.The rainfall and human activities had a different influence on runoff in different periods. During 1997-2010, the runoff descending proportions caused by the human activities are as high as 80.48% and 93.62% in Wangdaohengta and Wenjiachuan stations, therefor aggravating human activities were the main reason for runoff descending in Kuye River.

Abstract:Using SPOT-VGT NDVI data from 1999 to 2010, with the method of correlative analysis based on pixels, the response of vegetation to climate change in karst region of Guizhou Province was analyzed. The results showed that: from 1999 to 2010, the climate of the study area changed with a trend of being dry and cold and NDVI recovered. From the aspect of region, there was no significant correlation between NDVI and the climate; while from the aspect of pixels, NDVI was negatively correlated with the annual mean temperature and the annual precipitation, and the influence of annual mean temperature was less than that of the annual precipitation. As NDVI was negatively correlated with climate, the climate changing with a trend of dry and cold had an advantage of the whole vegetation NDVI recovery in the region. The correlation between vegetation NDVI and climate had a strong feature of regionalism in space, which further proved that the response of vegetation NDVI to climate change was strongly influenced by terrain.

Abstract:We selected Huanghuadianzi watershed in Aohan Banner of Chifeng City in Inner Mongolia as the research area and analyzed the changes in soil organic carbon content, density and storage in different soil layers through geostatistical and ArcGIS methods. The results showed that soil organic carbon content and density decreased from the surface layers to the middle layer then to bottom layers; Carbon density of soil surface decreased with the increase of altitude, but the underlying soil organic carbon content had no obvious change with the change of altitude, moreover, carbon content increased first and then decreased while the effects of altitude on soil organic carbon also decreased with the increase of soil depth. The organic carbon reserve of the study area was 2.04×10⁵ t, and the soil organic carbon reserves of different soil layers were as follows: the middle layer(8.56×10⁴ t) > bottom(6.41×10⁴ t) > surface(5.47×10⁴ t). Soil organic carbon storage has significant correlation with its corresponding area of the given altitude.

Abstract:Based on the interpretation of satellite images of the "two lakes and one reservoir" in 1973, 1993, 2001 and 2010, using RS and GIS, the spatial database of regional land use/cover changes(LUCC) was established, and the LUCC characteristics of temporal and spatial variation over past 40 years was quantitatively analyzed; Meanwhile, the LUCC's impact on ecological environment was discussed. The results show that:(1) Dry land, paddy field and woodland are main land use/cover types in "two lakes and one reservoir"(Hongfeng Lake, Baihua Lake and Aha Reseruior) region;(2) Compared with 1973, grassland decreased rapidly, only accounting for 1.02% of the area; construction area increased 207.93%; the forest land area increased by 13.51%; area of cultivated land(dry land, paddy field ) decreased by 18.41%; the water area increased by 42.06%;(3) Cultivated land mainly transferred to the woodland and construction land, grassland transfered mainly to forest and water area, forest land mainly transfered to the construction land.

Abstract:Base on the SPOT Vegetation and meteorological data from 1999 to 2010, the spatial and temporal variations of vegetation cover in Shanxi Province were analyzed by the methods of Sen+Mann-Kendall, residual analysis and correlation analysis to discuss the effects of hydrothermal condition and human activities on dynamics of vegetation coverage. The results showed that, from the perspective of the interannual variation, the vegetation coverage in Shanxi Province presented a significant increasing trend and the growth rate reached 0.199 4/a during 1999-2010. From the perspective of the spatial pattern, the NDVI had an increasing trend in most of the study area. The significant increasing areas located mainly in the loess hilly-gully region and mountains in Shanxi Province, which accounted for 72.94%; the areas where the NDVI reduces ws distributed sporadically, which only accounts for 0.21%. The change of vegetation coverage had great correlation with precipitation, and on the whole, it showed an obvious feature that gradually reducing from north to south, among them, the areas where the correlation coefficient was positive accounts for 98.54%; besides, the change of vegetation coverage had little correlation with temperature, and the average correlation coefficient was only -0.415. In addition, the impact of human activities on the vegetation cover change in Shanxi Province was double-edged sword, but positive influence was far greater than negative effect, which indicates that returning the grain plots to forestry and soil erosion controlling brought an important ecological benefit role in recent years.

Abstract:Based on the meteorological data of the 105 stations in Northwestern China from 1961 to 2011, the climate change and corresponding response characteristics of wind speed were analyzed by using the methods of linear regression, the Mann-Kendall mutation test. The results showed that the temperature has been rising obviously in Northwestern China in the 51 years and the temperature variation exhibited three periods: the decline period, rising period, and slow rise period; Moreover, the spatial differences of the warming trends were significant. The precipitation showed a decrease trend which experienced remarkable change, stable, and accelerated fluctuations. Meanwhile, the change of the precipitation had an obvious difference between east area and west area. On the whole, the east of the Northwestern China showed a warming and drying trend, the west and the central region presented a trend of relatively warming and wetting. The average wind speed declined at 0.11 m/s per 10 a which increased until 1974, then decreased significantly, and became stable from 1993 to 2011. In addition, the wind speed exhibited spatial differences among the southeastern, western and central of Northwestern China. Furthermore, there was a significant negative correlation between temperature and wind speed.

Abstract:According to the complexity, diversity and uncertainty of the influence factors on groundwater depth change, and the complicated nonlinear relation between these factors, the adaptive neuro-fuzzy interference system(ANFIS) was put forward for predicting the groundwater depth. By training the ANFIS according to the irrigation materials of Jinghuiqu irrigation district in Shaanxi Province during 1993-2010, the prediction model for groundwater depth was built based on ANFIS. The results showed that this model had high accuracy to forecast groundwater depth and was suitable for groundwater depth short-term prediction.

Abstract:Based on geostatistics, spatial variability of soil organic carbon(SOC) and total nitrogen(TN) in Sidigou watershed on the Loess Plateau were analyzed. 46 sampling sites were collected in the watershed according to different land uses and different positions along the slope transect. The variogram was estimated by residual maximum likelihood(REML) and the method of moments(MOM). The Kriging method with the better variogram was selected by cross-validation method to conduct the geostatistics interpolation. The results showed that:(1) The variogram by REML is almostly more accurate for Kriging method than that by MOM.(2) Soil depth affected the spatial variation of SOC content more greatly than that of TN content. SOC content and its variation in surface soil were significantly higher than that in the lower soil layer.(3) The SOC and TN distribution was significantly affected by land use. SOC and TN content of shrubland and natural grassland was significantly higher than that of other land use types, and SOC and TN content for derelict land took the second place, then, it for derelict land, orchard and artificial grassland took the lowest level. This result indicated that grain for green project in small watershed of the Loess Plateau had an important contribution on the SOC and TN sequestration.

Abstract:Based on the located monitoring at greenhouse terrace in the typical loess plateau hilly-gully in Longquansi of Majiagou watershed in Ansai County, the erosion rules on terraces was studied. Results showed that the soil erosion of greenhouse terrace related to greenhouses area, rainfall, runoff and protective measures on terraces, and runoff played a dominant role. The critical monthly cumulative rainfall for erosion was 198 mm. The average amount of soil loss per unit area was less than 469.7 t/km² if the proportion of greenhouses area to terrace area was less than 0.5. Erosion control measures were proposed according to the erosion rules.

Abstract:The natural background characteristics of the rural residential areas and their site conditions of adjacent land have stronger similarity nature attribute. Based on calculating the difference between the natural quality score of the residential land reclamation and the standard nature quality score, the land suitability was evaluated after the rural residential land was consolidated. The results showed that after the rural residential land was consolidated, it can increase 474.63 hm² arable land, 367.28 hm² garden land and 0.24 hm² woodland. The residential land which can be consolidated as arable land was identified, and then the land level will be determined after rural residential land was consolidated using the function "join data from another layer based on spatial location" in ArcGIS 10.0, and the rural residential land consolidation potential production capacity of all the county was calculated to be 6 783.45 t. At last, using the cluster analysis method, the rural residential land in Linxi County after the consolidation had be divided into different areas, it showed that the increasing production capacity of the class Ⅰ area can reach 3 282.52 t, the class Ⅱ area can reach 1 964.80 t, and the class Ⅲ area can reach 1 536.13 t.

Abstract:The two types of simulated sand-fixing shrub such as no-leaf-shrubs and leaf-shrubs were made up according to sand xeric shrubs configuration, and their effects on change of wind velocity was observed in ourdoor. The results showed that the reducing ratio of wind velocity increased with the increase wind velocity at the height of 40 cm with wind velocity of 2.2~5.5 m/s. The ratio of reducing wind velocity of the simulated shrubs was less than that of Artemisia arenaria, but not statistical significance. The ratio of reducing wind velocity of simulated leaf-shrubs was bigger than simulated no-leaf-shrubs. Simulated sand-fixing shrub has the remarkable function to control wind velocity because it is combined with the advantage of various vegetation, it is a optimized vegetation measure for controlling sand.

Abstract:The biomass energy of crop straw was calculated from 1978 to 2011 in all counties of Weinan City based on the residue to product ratio, collectable ratio and standard coal equivalence ratio of crops. Meanwhile, the distribution range and spatial change of its gravity center was studied by using gravity center model. The results showed that the annual theoretical resources reserve of crop straw was 3.79×10⁶ t and the annual collected amount was 3.17×10⁶ t, among which 8.81×10⁵ t(the standard coal equivalence) can be used for energy production during 2008 to 2011. Grain straw was the main crop straw resources which occupying 90% of the total amount in which wheat and corn straw accounts for 98%. The biomass energy of crop straw resources in Weinan City was on the rise with fluctuations and its gravity center was moving towards the southwest gradually, but the movement speed became slow from 1978 to 2011. Based on the distribution of the straw resources, Weinan City was divided into the key development and utilization district(Linwei District, Dali and Fuping County), moderate development and utilization district(Pucheng, Heyang, Chengcheng County, Huaxian and Huayin City), the inappropriate district(Hancheng City, Tongguan and Baishui County). The biomass energy factory of the biomass energy of crop straw resources can be set between Dali and Pucheng County and should be next to Linwei District.

Abstract:The growth process of Lonicera edulis and its soil and water conservation and economic benefit were studied by field experiment both in terrace and earth bank in the black soil area of the Northeast China. The results showed Lonicera edulis was suitable vegetation planted in terrace and earth bank. It had the characteristics which including good tolerance, easily cultivated, fast growth, high densities of leaves and roots and good adaptability. Based on high coverage of leaves and high density of roots, Lonicera edulis had the powelful capability of solid ridge and scour prevention, therefore its capability of water and soil conservation was significant. At the third year after Lonicera edulis were planted, its benefit of soil and water conservation reached more than 82% and 95%, respectirely, thus, the economic income reached 24 000 yuan/hm². Therefore, Lonicera edulis can be recommend to plant in terrace and earth bank in the black soil area of the Northeast China.

Abstract:The Shadow Tolling payment method was proposed to improve the existing PPP(public-private-partnership) financing mode in order to solve the problem of market failure during the franchise period. In addition, a new model was built based on the principal-agent theory. The result showed that the introduction of the implicit government subsidies was good for the reclaimed water industry, and it could really improve the whole social welfare.

Abstract:Due to the influence of pore characteristics(porosity, variability and complexity) on rain infiltration, the microscopic pore characteristics of fine clay in eluvial gravel soil with representative grade of a slope in Zhaoshan Zone in Xiangtan City of Hu'nan Province were studied through image processing technology. The results show that there is a quadratic curve relationship between porosity and moisture content in fine clay particals under the same quality, and the experiment soil has the best compaction when the moisture content is 10.41%; the pore number, the pore tested and the pore variability decreases with the increase of the moisture content variation degree, its indicate that the smaller of the pore moisture content, the higher level of distortion and the more complex of pore, and the more pore number, the more beneficial to infiltration for surface water; the pore orientation angle under different moisture content are concentrated in 10°~20°, 50°~60°, 100°~110°, and 140°~150°, and the less moisture content, the more obvious pore directionality is; the distribution of the pore's angle shows a radial structure, and the description is most evident when the moisture content is 15%, and is advantageous to the level osmosis migration of moisture.

Abstract:After investigating 22 river cross-sections in Chaobai River basin, according to the river section morphology, riparian land use types, riparian slop and other conditions, the river section morphology was divided into U-shaped + gentle slope, U-shaped + steep slope, U-shaped + scarp, V-shaped + steep slope and flood-plain-types. Furthermore, the riparian forest buffers integrity of Chaohe River was assessed. The results showed that the vegetation buffer in poor condition in Chaohe River, mainly seq-incomplete; riparian forest buffers in relatively good condition within Baihe River, most of the investigation sections of the vegetation buffer were in basic integrity and integrity state. According to the existing problems, restoration countermeasure of different river section in Chaobai River basin was put forward.

Abstract:Salix psammophila is an important windbreak and sand-fixation shrub, which can be used in industry, in arid and semiarid areas. Taking low vertical sandy barriers, straw checkerboard barriers and mixed sandy barriers in Kubuqi desert as study objects, the survival rate and growth indicators of Salix psammophila planted with jetting method were studied. The results showed that three kinds of barriers can promote the growth of Salix psammophila significantly(p<0.05), the order of promoting effect is mixed sandy barriers >straw checkerboard barriers >low vertical sandy barriers.

Abstract:Using the TM-5 remote sensing data in 1990 and 2011 in Jinghe watershed, a model to remote monitor desertification under the Albedo-NDVI scatter plot of Jinghe watershed was built based on desertifition difference index(DDI). The results showed that the desertification degree became severity from 1990 to 2011 and the predominant natural factors were the annual evaporation and temperature. Moreover, there are many potential risks of wind-erosion desertification in study area. Although the active steps taken by government were counterbalancing desertification caused by climate change in recent years, the reversion of desertification was slowed down by the population pressure, the inefficient utilization of water resources, and human dimensions which needed to be overcome in the prevention and control of desertification in Jinhe watershed in the future.

Abstract:Based on the field survey, using universal distinct element code(UDEC) to build the basic geometric model, the movement-stop and accumulation process of slope foot site landslide were simulated, and then the deceleration mechanism of slope foot condition(including gradient and underlying surface friction coefficient) to landslide movement was analyzed. By comparising the deceleration distribution curve of the monitoring sites obtained under the same landside scale, the results showed that the sliding distance of the landslide in the speed decreasing process increased sharply first and then decreased with the increase of slope gradient, and the energy transfer caused by the slope strike was crucial to the sliding distance during the deceleration phase. Meanwhile, the sliding distance was closely related with the underlying surface friction, the lower of the underlying surface friction caused the more energy transfer and the more serious landslide disintegration.

Abstract:The slope land efficient agriculture developments are facing with the problems such as water shortage and poor water quality in the Loess Plateau region. Based on the concept of rainfall runoff regulation and water and soil resources efficient utilization, an ecological environmental protection and efficient water filter system was designed through taking account of different characteristics of biological and physical purification, and was verified using experiment measured data. Results showed that the maximum total phosphorus and sediment interception effect of the filter system which used energy grass(Panicum virgatum) as vegetation filtering belt combined with filtration pool system reached 93.6% and 98.62% respectively, and the biggest interception effect of COD(chemical oxygen demand) reached 56%. Panicum virgatum filtering belt in the system had an obvious interception effect for sediment and pollutant. The sand filtration pool with different particle size combination had higher interception efficiency for straw under the vegetation zone, and it made the system greatly simplified, and reduced the cost significantly. The system was able to be used for high-efficient agricultural water resource purification in the Loess Plateau.

Abstract:Chongqing City is a typical area with complicated terrain. The accuracy of TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) 3B43 precipitation data has been verified by period of year, season and month through the data getting from 34 meteorological stations and the impact of elevation and slope on the result of monthly scale were analyzed. The results shows:(1) Counted by year, TRMM 3B43 annual precipitation is generally more than the measured data(on average more than 5.86%), and in Western Chongqing City and Southern Chongqing City are more accurate than in Northeastern Chongqing City. Meanwhile, by season, the precipitation of autumn is more accurate than that of the other three seasons. For the month scale, the relation between TRMM 3B43 monthly precipitation data and the measured precipitation was obvious(R=0.85).(2) From each meteorological station, the data are more accurate in the researched areas, and the correlation coefficients are higher than 0.8.(3) As the altitude increases, the correlation coefficient R shows a "increase-decrease-increase" trend, and the absolute deviation is decreasing. However when the gradient increases, the absolute deviation shows a "increase-decrease-increase" trend, and the absolute deviation exhibits linear increasing trend.(4) Analysis by using principal component shows that the impact of elevation on data accuracy was greater then that of slope.

Abstract:Taking Anhui Province as an example, quality evaluation system of eco-environment and urbanization level, which were composed of thirty-two indexes was constructed. A comprehensive assessment of the urbanization and the eco-environmental quality was completed by the method of principal component analysis. The marginal eco-environmental effect of the urbanization evolution was measured by using the STIRPAT(stochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence, and technology) model and partial least squares regression method. The results showed that:(1) Comprehensive appraisal index of the urbanization which presented fluctuating increment rose from 43.83 in 1996 to 83.83 in 2011;(2) The comprehensive appraisal index of eco-environment rose from 40.95 in 1996 to 80.95 in 2011, and it showed steady increasing state in general, indicating that the quality of eco-environment was better.(3) The urbanization evolution and the eco-environmental quality presented positive correlation, and the urbanization evolution showed weak positive effects on the eco-environment, the marginal elastic coefficient was 0.010 2.

Abstract:Taking Qinzhuanggou watershed in dry upland of northern Weihe River as a case, the interactive relationship of ecology, economy and society in small watershed system was analyzed. Using VENSIM software to build a dynamic model of SEE(society-ecology-economy), with focusing on soil and water conservation, taking the methane pool as link, the goal of management of ecological subsystem, economic subsystem and social subsystem as the judgment basis, and quantitatively analyzing the comprehensive governance efficiency of ecological subsystem, economic subsystem and social subsystem. Moreover, the simulation of the development trend from 2011 to 2026 was made by using the dynamic model of SEE. The result showed that the 3rd scheme(subsistence mode that the per capita grain yield goals is 350 kg) can be taken as the optimization scheme for soil and water conservation and ecological design, the declining trend of Qinzhuanggou watershed system will be changed, such as water and soil loss will be controlled effectively, point and non-point source pollution will be eliminated, ecological agriculture will be developed, income per capita will be RMB 6 000 yuan, rural drinking water safety will be realized fully, the trip will be convenience, living environment will be improved.

Abstract:Based on the daily precipitation data from 86 meteorological stations in northwest oasis during 1960-2011, using the methods of equivalent dry period(EDP) and inverse distance weighted interpolation(IDW), the variation characteristics of drought in northwest oasis was analyzed. The results indicated as follows: the annual EDP in northwest oasis presented a decreasing trend, and the change tendency of EDP being -1.109/10 a. In 52 years, the maximum value of EDP presented in 1991, and it reached 108.9 d. The seasonal EDP in northwest oasis presented a decreasing trend, and spring was the most significant. The abrupt change of EDP happened in 1976 and 1996, respectively. Morlet wavelet analysis of EDP in northwest oasis showed that there were periods of 13, 12, 9,13, 10 a in five regions of northwest oasis. The difference of spatial distribution of drought in northwest oasis area is obvious, AWTP index and quite dry period both show that the drought centers are in northwest of Tarim basin and Turpan basin-southeast of Tarim basin-west of Tsaidam basin, and it was decreased from the two centers to the surrounding.

Abstract:On the basis of defining the meaning of land ecosystem health, the evaluation index system for land ecosystem health was constructed based on the PSR(press-state-response)model, then an empirical analysis was conducted in Sichuan Province by entropy method and grey prediction model. The results showed that:(1) The level of land ecosystem health had been gradually improved in Sichuan Province from 1999 to 2010, with the index increasing from 0.481 3 to 0.637 2. The degree of land ecosystem health generally experienced two stages, i.e., critical state and sub-health.(2) The pressure index and status index showed a downward trend, while response index, a rising trend.(3) The cultivated land per capita, land reclamation rate, extent of soil erosion, the pesticide load and fertilizer load per unit of cultivated land were verified to be the key constraints for further improvement of land ecosystem health.(4) The level of land ecosystem health showed a steady upward trend in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2015, and the average annual growth rate reached 2.86%.

Abstract:In order to explore the mechanical property of Quercus mongolica roots, the drawing machine fixture was improved and the roots were preprocessed before the test, and Quercus mongolica roots of which diameter between 1 and 17 mm were picked out to conduct single root tensile test indoor under different gauge length. The results show that tensile resistance of Quercus mongolica roots increase with the increase of root diameter according to a power function, and its tensile strength decreased with the increase of root diameter. Moreover, the stress-strain curve of single Quercus mongolica root was a single-peak curve under different diameter class which exhibiting the elastic-plastic material characteristics. It indicates that the Quercus mongolica root has positive effects on maintaining slope stability through strong ability of tensile properties and deformation ability.

Abstract:With the township as the basic units, the ecological pressure, ecological sensitivity, ecological resilience were selected to evaluate the ecological vulnerability of the restrict development area in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and the development model that suitable for the region was explored. The ecological vulnerability assessment results showed that the ecological vulnerability in the study area is divided into extremely fragile, highly fragile, moderate fragile, fragile, of which, extremely fragile areas covers 51.76% of the total area, highly fragile areas covers 21.15%, moderately fragile areas covers 15.56%, low fragile areas covers 11.52%. For practical ecological fragile in the study area, five regional development model were presented as follows: ecological compensation as the main way, immigration as the main way, promoted by infrastructure construction, ecological livestock industry as the main way, and modern agriculture.

Abstract:The coordination of land use system of Yangzhou City was evaluated by using coordination calculating model which based on the theory of information entropy. The results indicated that from 1996 to 2010, the developing level of land use system and economy, society and environment sub-systems of Yangzhou City improved gradually, and the gap among three sub-systems reduced gradually, and developing level of three subsystems all reached beyond 0.5 in 2010, which meant a middle developing level. At the same time, land use system coordination level increased continually, from near maladjustment level in 1996 to middle coordination level in 2010, but it was still in a lower coordination level. For the restrictive factors which affected the development of land use system, new general land use planning of Yangzhou City should adopt corresponding measures to make land use system coordination level improed further.

Abstract:Based on the original data in agriculture from 2000 to 2010 in Anhui Province and the construction of comprehensive assessment system for agricultural sustainable development capability, We conduct a dynamic analysis on agricultural sustainable development capability from the five levels of economic, social, ecological, environmental and resource sustainability by using entropy method. And the coordination degree model was established in order to expand the evaluation on the coordination state of the agricultural sustainable development of the five sub-systems from 2000 to 2010. The result indicates that the overall level of agricultural sustainable development shows a steadily rising trend in Anhui Province during 2000-2010, however, the levels of the sustainable development have a significant difference among the various sub-systems. The economic sub-system has a higher starting point and was grown fastest, followed by social sub-system and demographic sub-system; They all maintain a steady and rapid growth state. Whereas the resource sub-system and the environmental sub-system are at a slower developing speed, they even have a negative growth and still decrease. The coordination situation of the agricultural sustainable development from 2000 to 2010 in Anhui Province is not optimistic, it was basically at the uncoordinated state.

Abstract:Taking the land use data of Zhenjiang City in 1997-2009 as a case study, the land use structure dynamic evolution characteristics and regional differentiation rules of Nanjing-Zhenjiang-Yangzhou hilly area were analyzed and discussed by using Shannon entropy and spatial lorrenze curve. Some conclusions were drawn as follows:(1) From 1997 to 2009, the spatial distribution of different land use types in Zhenjiang City was unbalanced, specially, the distribution of arable land and land for residential areas and mining was more balanced, and the distribution of grassland and woodland was relatively concentrated;(2) Land use structure evolution had periodical characteristics, it can be divided into 3 phases: low speed expansion stage(1997-2000), speed-up expansion stage(2001-2004), steady development stages(2005-2009), the areas of cultivated land and residential and industrial land had significant correlation to the entropy, which could be regarded as the key factors influencing the entropy of land use structure in Zhenjiang City;(3) The land use structure evolution showed regional distribution rules, the urban information entropy was larger than the other counties of Zhenjiang City, and presents the declining trend, it indicated that urban land use structure was in the order of improvement gradually, however, other county revealed a rising trend, it indicated that the order of land use structure was declining.

Abstract:A watershed model was established based on a field survey of a small watershed located in the Three Gorges Reservoir region, three simulated rainfall events which intensities were 60, 90 and 120 mm/h on the watershed to study the process of runoff and sediment yield. The results showed that the runoff and sediment yield increased with the increase of rainfall intensity, but the runoff yield increased much faster than sediment yield. In each of the three rainfalls, the runoff showed the tendency of increasing initially before tending to be stable, but the sediment yield changed quite complicated. In each rainfall, both the cumulative runoff and sediment yield varied in a linear function law with the increase of rainfall duration. A fluctuation change of sediment concentration was showed in three simulated rainfalls experiments.

Abstract:Using the MODIS NDVI data from 2000 to 2011 in Xinjiang region, the desertification variation was monitored, and the response of desertification to climate change was analyzed, then the reason of desertification was surveyed. The results indicated that the desertification was controlled in Xinjiang region in the recent ten years, but in some areas it was continually worsen. The response of desertification to annual precipitation was dramatically, especially in the northern of Xinjiang region. The most serious area of desertification in Xinjiang region was located in the middle and lower reaches of rivers in the Tarim Basin. The degenerated ecosystem mainly was the meadow ecosystem, and the cause of desertification was mainly the spatial change of the water resources utilization, especially the change of groundwater water level.

Abstract:Taking 28 counties(city or area) as evaluation units, the spatial differentiation of cultivated land intensive use in Nansihu Basin of Shandong Province was analyzed by adopting entropy and comprehensive index method combine with GIS in 2011. The results showed that the intensive use level of the cultivated land in Nansihu Basin revealed obvious regional differentiation characteristics which influenced by the natural, social and economic conditions of the regions. The intensive use level of the low hilly land in the east lake is significantly lower than that of the Yellow River flood plains in the west lake. Moreover, the measures to improve the intensive use level of cultivated land are different for different counties(city or area).

Abstract:Huaihe River basin was suffering from both the problems of water resources shortage and water quality-induced water shortage. The policies of contemporary eco-compensation in practic had unclear definition, regional limitations and also in lack of diversified compensation methods. In light of water contamination problem in Huaihe River basin, a new policy framework for eco-compensation was put forward based on water quality and quantity. Meanwhile, the analysis and exploration were carried on from the views of accounting, organization and compensation form. The results showed that the framework can fully reflect across different provinces, regions of the differences of water quality and quantity, compared with current ecological compensation pratices in Huaihe River basin, It was more preferable in operability, applicability and coverage.

Abstract:Based on the monthly meteorological data of 29 stations in Yunnan Province druing 1958-2011, after defining the level and years of droughts and floods by Z index, the influence of sunspot activity and ENSO(El-Nino-La-Nina) events on droughts and floods was analyzed by using frequency analysis and Morlet wavelet method. The results showed that:(1) In recent 54 years, the precipitation in Yunnan Province was decreasing with the speed of 4.505 mm/10 a, and the occurrence of drought and flood disasters was increased, and drought frequency was significantly higher than that of flood since the 21st Century.(2) The drought and flood disasters and the sunspot number were negatively correlated in 1960-1989 except 1967-1972, and turn to positively correlated after 1990; the sunspots decreasing trend was the same as drought trend.(3) There was a 14 years cycle corelation between ENSO events and drought and flood disasters in Yunnan Province. The drought disasters increased with the El-Nino intensity increase, and the flood disasters increased with the La-Nina intensity increase.

Abstract:The microclimatic effects and habitat types of bryophytes were observed in karst world natural heritage nominated property of Shibing County in Guizhou Province. The results showed that bryophyte communities could affect the surrounding microclimate by lowering the air temperature and increasing the relative humidity. The microclimatic influencing sphere of of bryophytes was almost within a radius of 10 cm. The most significant microclimatic effects were found in open space. The results of paired-sample test showed that the difference of relative humidities between layer A(the surface of bryophyte community) and layer D(10 cm horizontally away from the bryophyte community) achieved very significant level(p<0.01), and that the temperature difference between layer A and D was statistically significant(p<0.05). Both the differences of relative humidities and temperatures between layer A and layer B(10 cm up the bryophytes) were statistically significant(p<0.05). The intensity level of the microclimatic effects depends on the water storing ability of the bryophytes.

Abstract:Based on monthly data of the mean temperature and precipitation during 1961-2008 from the Xingren Meteorological Station in Zhongwei City, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, the climate potential productivity and its changes were calculated by using the Miami model and Thornthwaite Memorial model. The results indicated that:(1) The average temperature clearly tended to increase, and the precipitation fluctuated significantly and tended to decrease, which showed that the climate type becoming warm and dry.(2) The temperature potential productivity increased year by year while the precipitation potential productivity and climate potential productivity decreased with fluctuation.(3) The precipitation was highly linearly related to climate potential productivity, but average temperature had no obvious linear correlation to climate potential productivity. The average temperature potential productivity was 2.79 and 2.35 times of that of the precipitation and climate, which indicated that precipitation was the key factor that restricted the climate potential productivity around Xiangshan Mountain.(4) Through scenario analysis of future climate changes, it is found to be warm-dry-type climate as a whole, which is unfavorable for agricultural production around Xiangshan Mountain. Thus, the technology of water-saving agriculture should be rapidly developed to ensure the agricultural production.

Abstract:The spatial-temporal dynamics of soil seed banks of heavy metals habitat at wasted lands in drought mine area was analyzed through the field investigation and sampling in different seasons and outdoor germination experiment. The results showed that the reserves of soil seed bank varied seasonally. It reached a maximum in October, and drop down gradually to a minimum in May. The species variation trend of soil seed bank with time was similar to that of soil seed bank reserves. The seeds in the soil were mainly distributed in 0-5 cm soil layer, which accounted for 76.5% of the total number of seeds. The seed quantity reduce gradually with the increase of soil depth, and it is only 23.5% of the total number of seeds in the 5-10 cm soil layer, and even almost none in the soil layer under 10 cm.

Abstract:On the basis of drought disaster occurred frequently in Southwest China in recent years, water suitability of regional vegetation was discussed. An important scientific issue concerned with the seasonal drought disaster was analyzed. The issue was whether could ecological water demand of Eucalyptus plantation and Hevea plantation be adapted to regional precipitation condition, or whether could ecological water demand of Eucalyptus plantation and Hevea plantation break the balance of supply and demand of regional ecological water use, and even lead to regional drought disaster. Research status and development trends in water suitability of regional vegetation were analyzed. It was pointed out that no great progress and no symbolic achievement was gotten in research related to water suitability of vegetation that based on the calculation of ecological water demand of vegetation. As for research on ecological water demand of vegetation, the basis for assessment of water suitability of vegetation, there are some problems left. Water suitability of typical vegetation in Yunnan Province and relationship between ecological water demand of regional vegetation and regional drought disaster should be investigated.

Abstract:Land use/land cover of Fenghe River Basin was quantitative analyzed using Landsat TM image which acquiring in 2009, and its effects on water quality were evaluated by Pearson correlation analysis, in which, the main water quality indexes included BOD₅, COD_Mn, NH₃-N and DO. The results showed that the forest and cultivated lands were the main land use types, and they accounts for more than 90% of the whole basin area. The buffer area which along the main tributary extending 100, 600 and 1 500 m, the cultivated land and constructive land were positively correlated with water quality index, while forest land were negatively correlated with water quality index. It indicated that the land use in the river basin had great impacts on water quality parameters, construction land and cultivated land have negative effects on water quality, and forest land has positive effects on water quality. The influence of land use to water quality achieved the maximum in 100 m buffer area. With the increase of the buffer distance, the influence was weaken gradually. It indicated that land use is the main factor influencing water environmental quality in Fenghe River Basin.

Abstract:The nitrogen release characteristics of dry sludge and composted sewage sludge applied in red soil was studied by determining the hydrolyzable N, NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N of the different treated and control red soil. The results showed that the accumulative released amounts of hydrolyzable N, NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N were 25.71%~33.48%, 9.57%~14.85%, and 4.08%~7.65%, respectively by the 10%~20% dry sludge addition. Meanwhile, the corresponding accumulative released amounts were 13.55%~15.65%, 2.03%~4.23%, and 3.11%~5.37%, respectively when 20%~33% dry sludge was used. Moreover, the dry sludge treatments released greater amounts of nitrogen than composted sewage sludge treatments. In the incubation period, the variation of released N of dry sludge treatments is more than composted sludge treatments, and the peak contents and release amounts of NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N were 532.98±10 mg/kg(10.95%) and 149.2±14 mg/kg(3.32%), respectively. Overall, the composted sewage sludge treatments are better than the dry sludge treatments considering whether the N fertilizer effects and the environment risk of N release.

Abstract:With 3S technology, characteristics of land use/cover change and variations of ecosystem services value from the year from 2000 to 2010 in 14 national nature reserves in Jilin Province were analyzed with remote sensing image. Results showed that during the period of 2000-2010, the area of construction land, grassland and farmland increased, while the area of forest land, wetland, water body and unused land decreased; the dynamic rate of integrative land use change from 2000 to 2010 was 0.15%, and the spatial dynamic rate of the region was 0.43%; forest land changed with the lowest change rate compared with the regional average change rate. With the rate of 1.73%, ecosystem services value in nature reserves decreased by 9.95×10⁸ Yuan per year. Ecosystem services value of forest, wetland, water body and unused land decreased with the rate of 0.31%, 6.78%, 5.15% and 8.96%, respectively. Ecosystem services value of grassland and farmland increased with rate of 15.67% and 5.13%, respectively. Ecosystem services value of many land use types and multiple ecosystem services all decreased in different rates in the national nature reserves.

Abstract:In the recent 50 years, many environmental problems appeared at the lower reaches of Tarim River, such as desertification developed, due to unreasonable exploitation of resource. Based on the spot investigation and field survey data and remote sensing image, using vegetation coverage model and desertification dynamic model, the vegetation and desertification status before and after ecological water transport at the lower reaches of Tarim River were analyzed. The results show that the vegetation coverage and species increased obviously after eco-water transport; The crown of Populus euphratica increased; The proportion of bare land and sandy area was declining; Meanwhile, the non-desertification and light desertification area kept expanding. The severely desertification area showed a decreasing trend. The eco-water transport had obvious effect on the vegetation restoration and desertification reversion.

Abstract:Adopting the data about Shaanxi terminal energy consumption during 1996-2010 and energy consumption per unit of GDP for each city in Shaanxi Province in 2010, the total carbon emission, per capita carbon emission and carbon emission intensity were estimated, and the influence factors of carbon emission were analyzed by using LMDI(logarithmic mean divisia index) decomposition model based on the Kaya identity. The results show that:(1) The total carbon emission and per capita carbon emission of energy consumption were fallen slightly during 1996-2000, then showed a trend of increased volatility year by year during 2001-2010 in Shaanxi Province, while the carbon emission intensity presented a downward trend overall. According to the energy ratio of carbon emission, coal consumption accounted for absolute proportion(70.47%).(2) There were obvious differences of total carbon emission among each cities in Shaanxi Province, it was the highest in Guanzhong area, it was second in Northern Shaanxi Province, and it was the lowest in Southern Shaanxi Province; In the regional city: carbon emission were by more than 5.00×10⁶ t in Yulin, Xi'an and Weinan City, but it was only 7.21×10⁴ t in Yangling zone; The intensity was higher in Yulin and Weinan City, and was lower in Yangling zone and Shangluo City.(3) Economic output, industrial structure and population size showed a positive effect on carbon emission increasing during this period, while the energy intensity and energy structure showed a negative effect. Among all these influence factors, economic growth is the decisive factor for the carbon emission increasing, and the reduction of the energy intensity is a major determinant of carbon emission decreasing.

Abstract:Soil and water conservation not only protects the ecological environment, but also provides a unique eco-tourism destination through the establishment of various forms of model treatment engineering. On the other hand, the eco-tourism extends the conservation benefits and contributes to attract funding and social support for soil and water conservation, but it brought some pressure on the environment as well. It was discussed that how to reduce soil and water loss caused by tourism activities and establish the coordinated development mechanism of eco-tourism and soil-water conservation. Analysis of the connotation and components on the mechanism of this kind of coordinated development showed that the establishment of the coordinated development mechanism on eco-tourism and soil-water conservation should be based on establishment of driving mechanism and restriction mechanism, and clarifying the division of the interests and the responsibility of all participants. In order to gain comprehensive support for eco-tourism and soil-water conservation and achieve the maximization of comprehensive benefit, the coordinated development should start from the government support and public participation, meanwhile, respect the market rules and strengthen cooperation.

Abstract:Nandagang wetland in Hebei Province was took as the research area. In order to obtain the area data of Nandagang coastal wetland, four remote-sensing images of 1989, 1999, 2009, 2012 and two classified topographic maps of 1969 and 1979 as auxiliary information. Based on the dynamic change information of Nandagang wetland which extracted by using the RS and GIS technical, the natural factors and human factors influencing the evolution of Nandagang wetland were analyzed. By using the synthesis matrix analytic method and the intensity of human disturbance model, wetland degradation degree was evaluated quantitatively, and the main factors causing the degradation of wetlands were discussed. The result shows that:(1) Affected by natural and human factors, the natural wetland of Nandagang decreased by 37.22%, the artificial wetland increased by 98.13% in 43 years. Among all the artificial wetland, the marine park, reservoirs and ponds and the saltern have growth most obviously.(2) The wetland is almost in the natural state in 1969 and the comprehensive index factor of degradation is low, while the comprehensive index factor increased significantly since 1979.(3) The intensity of human disturbance is faint in 1969, the intensity of human interference on Nandagang costal wetland is strong in 1969-1979. The wetland disturbance degree was not obvious in 1979-2012, and wetland continues to degenerate.