Abstract:[Objective] Studying the distribution pattern of rainfall erosivity in the southeastern area of Fujian Province to privide basis for soil erosion control and soil and water conservation plan.[Methods] Based on the data from 26 rainfall station in the Southeastern Fujian Province during 1980-2009, simple algorithm for rainfall erosivity was used.[Results] Rainfall erosivity in Southeastern Fujian Province showed a bimodal distribution as it occoured mainly from May to August. Rainfall erosivity varied greatly over years. The highest value was 725.39 (MJ·mm)/(hm²·h) occurred in 2006, while the lowest value was 253.82 (MJ·mm)/(hm²·h) occurred in 1982, with the extreme ratio of 2.86. Rainfall erosivity in Southeast Fujian Province during the past 30 years did not showed abrupt changes.[Conclusion] Rainfall erosivity showed an uneven distribution pattern with increasing trend from coast to inland, and the value was comparatively higher in southwest than that in northeast.

Abstract:[Objective] To configuring appropriate soil and water conservation measures for solving the problem of soil and water erosion in upper area of Miyun reservoir in Beijing City.[Methods] Based on the data of 13 different runoff plots in Shixia small watershed, the effects of different land use types and soil conservation measures were analyzed.[Results] Woodland was the most effective soil and water conservation measure at slope scale. The order of soil conservation benefits in five land use types was that:woodland> banned tending> artificial grassland> cropland> bare land, and the sediment was reduced by 63.88% to 99.63%. Compared with steep slope land, the sediments from terraces were reduced by 95.62%. Fish-scale pit and horizontal bars measures can effectively intercept surface runoff and control erosion.[Conclusion] Through establishing the mixed structure stand and configuring soil and water conservation engineering measures, such as fish-scale pit terraces and level strips, soil and water loss can be effectively controlled.

Abstract:[Objective] To understand the mechanism and characteristics of soil erosion, and the relationship between soil anti-erodibility and land use type.[Methods] Taking mulberry (Morus alba) garden and masson pines (Pinus massoniana) forest which are in Shangshe village, Yuexi County, Anhui Province as study objects. Collecting the soil at 0-40 cm level every 10 cm, measuring their porosity, specific surface area, disintegration index, root system characteristics.[Results] The soil anti-erodibility of masson pine forest was stronger than that of mulberry garden, and that in the range of 0-10 cm, mulberry soil root

Abstract:[Objective] In order to give effective data and decision supports for soil and water conservation work, this article ananlyzed the features of gully and tunnel erosion in the loess hilly and gully region of Northern China;[Methods] The present study was carried out in the Wangjiagou watershed and through historical materials, aerial photo interpretation and field investigations;[Results] (1) A total of 718 gullies and 948 tunnels are indentified in the study watershed. (2) On the basis of their location and topography, all the gullies are classfied into four types:headwater gully, hillside gully, valleyside gully and ephemeral river gully. Intricately affected by lithological composition, slope, human activities, etc, the four types gullies have significant variables in the spatial distribution. (3) Tunnels are associated with 43% of headwater gullies, 51% of hillside gullies, 6% of valleyside gullies and none of ephemeral river gullies. The headwater gullies and hillside gullies are the main area for development of tunnels.(4) The results show that statistically significant differences exist in gully length, area, cutting depth, runoff yield, and sediment yield of tunneled gullies are significantly greater than those of untunneled gullies;[Conclusion] The stuty suggest that soil erosion is dominnated by tunnel erosion, and gullies development is intricately affected by tunnel erosion in this area.

Abstract:[Objective] To discuss the necessity and feasibility of biological soil crusts(BSCs) in the Mu Us sandland and provide an experiment basis for the efficient utilization of BSCs in this region.[Methods] Six treatments including bare sand, moss dominated crusts alone, disturbed moss dominated crusts alone, Arternisia ordosica alone, A. ordosica combined with moss dominated crusts and A. ordosica combined with disturbed moss dominated crusts were settled in the south edge of the Mu Us sandland, and the effects of BSCs on soil moisture and wind erosion were analyzed by dynamic monitoring the soil moisture and wind erosion of each treatment.[Results] (1) Moss dominated crusts in Mu Us sandland significantly improved the soil moisture content in shallow layer and reduced the soil moisture content in deep layer. (2) Human disturbance on moss dominated crusts reduced the soil moisture in shallow layer and increase the infiltration depth of rainwater. (3) Compared with bare sand, the contribution of other five treatments to reducing wind erosion were found to decrease in the following order:A. ordosica combined with moss dominated crusts (97.01%)> A. ordosica combined with disturbed of moss dominated crusts (90.87%)> moss dominated crusts alone (89.63%)> disturbance of moss dominated crusts alone (69.50%)> A. ordosica alone (64.62%).[Conclusion] Appropriate disturbances on moss dominated crusts covered by higher coverage of vegetation is beneficial to improving the soil water environment to certain degree on the premise that the wind erosion could not dramatically increase, but the disturbance in the sites without vegetation or with only little vegetation during gale seasons must be prohibited.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to analyze the differences of sand flow structure and characteristics of grain size of sand transportation particles near ground surface on three different landscape types, which can be used by providing theoretical basis for setting up sand transportation models.[Methods] We carried out the field observation on wind velocity gradient and sand transportation rate on Cele desert-oasis ecotone, and fitted regression functions.[Results] There was an exponential or logarithm function relationship between sand transportation rate or sediment flux and height at the range from 0-200 centimeters above ground surface on mobile sandy ground. An exponential functional relationship was found between sand transportation rate or sediment flux and height near surface on semi-fixed sandy land and the fitting degree was moderate and well moderate degree which was a bit worse than that on shifting sandy ground. There was polynomial functional relationship between sand transportation rate or sediment flux and height near ground surface on fixed sandy land and the fitting degree was between medium degree and worse degree.[Conclusion] When the mean wind velocity was comparatively greater, an exponential relationship was always detected between sand transportation rate and height and the fitting degree was better than that in phases with slower wind velocity. Whereas on vertical or horizontal directions for sand saltation and creeping sand particles near ground surface, the sand transportation rate and mean grain size on different heights became smaller and finer with increasing distance to ground surface or shortening distance to oasis on horizontal distance. Sorting effect of sand transportation particles on shifting sandy land was better than that on semi-fixed and fixed sandy lands on horizontal direction, which were most belonged to moderately well sorted. The sand has became finer skewed when the sand transportation particles is nearer to the oasis. The skewness of all sand transportation particles including saltation and creeping particles is in the range between -0.06 and 0.05. The kurtosis is in the range from 0.92 to 1.05, which belongs to mesokurtic.

Abstract:[Objective] To uncovered the mechanism of Cynodon dactylon in slope stabilization.[Methods] We tested the spatial variation of plant growth, antierodibility and antiscouribicity with altitude through field investigation and laboratory experiments.[Results] The roots of C. dactylon had significant effects to enhance the soil antierodibility and antiscouribicity. The antierodibility and antiscouribicity of soil-root system increased significantly with the increase of root biomass, which showed linear regression relationship. The antierodibility and antiscouribicity of soil-root system also was influenced significantly by altitude. It increased with the increasd altitude and showed strongest at the altitude of 175 m, the upper edge of the water-level-fluctuation zone.[Conclusion] The C. dactylon community distributing on the upper parts of the water-level-fluctuation zone is submerged slighter and grow better than those distributing on the low parts.

Abstract:[Objective] This research focuses on the response of soil inorganic ions to CO₂ leakage.[Methods] We grew two crops including buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) and mung beans (Vigna radiate)in the artificial climate box with five simulated CO₂ concentration gradients of 0 (control group), 10 000, 20 000, 40 000, 80 000 μl/L, to observe the variations of soil inorganic icons and plant growth.[Results] With the increase of CO₂ concentrations, Cl^-, K⁺, Ca²⁺ decreased firstly and then increased. The trend of SO₄^2- exhibited as an "M" shape pattern, while variations in Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and HCO₃^- were not significant. No carbonate (CO₃^2-) was found during the testing. Photosynthetic rate and biomass of buckwheat and mung beans were the maximum when the concentration of CO₂ reached 10 000 μl/L.[Conclusion] Increases in the concentration of CO₂, can influence the pH value and carbon balance of the soil, and result in the precipitation of ions. In addition, the rise in CO₂ concentration affects the growth of crops and microbial activity, and changes the absorption and metabolism to soil ions.

Abstract:[Objective] To understand the scale-dependent dispersion and non-equilibrium kinetic adsorption etc. on solute transport in heterogeneous soils.[Methods] An analytical solution of one-dimensional reactive scale-dependent solute transport kinetic model was obtained by Laplace-transform and the inverse transform based on the complex formulation, and was illustrated to be accurate compared with the De Hoog numerical inversion method. Moreover, the distribution regularities of the solute concentration in soil were discussed and the scale effects of soil solute transport, sorption and degradation on the solute transport were analyzed by using the analytical solution.[Results] The calculations of the analytical solution and the De Hoog numerical inversion was in good agreement when inverse function Fourier series number N was 500. The solute concentration increased with the increase of the heterogeneity of soils and the decrease of adsorption and degradation of solute, and it had little change with the molecular diffusivity, first-order kinetic rate process and the degradation of the sorbed phase.[Conclusion] The research confirmed that the scale effects of soil solute transport, the sorption distribution between the two regions and the degradation in the liquid phase play major roles in solute transport through heterogeneous soils.

Abstract:[Objective] To better understand how precipitation influences plant growth in Minqin County, Gansu Province.[Methods] Line transect method and grid stabbing method were used to monitor vegetation change under three site conditions in Minqin County. It was monitored four times during ten years. The investigation data were analyzed by Excel software.[Results] Interannual and annual meteoric water changed greatly, which was harmful to plant growth. Some plant growth depended mainly on precipitation in sandy desert grassland of Xishawo and gravel desert grassland of Hongguozijing in Minqin County, and hence plant growth hasd a close relationship with precipitation, especially the annual herb. The other plant depended mainly on groundwater in salinization desert grassland of Baituing where groundwater level was higher. It was harmful to plant growth that the salinity accumulated on surface soil was leached into root zone by precipitation.[Conclusion] The plant growth depends on precipitation or groundwater and is influenced by precipitation greatly. The desert vegetation declines gradually and also desertification is aggravated increa-singly in Minqin County.

Abstract:[Objective] To explore the response of land surface humidity to the regional climate change in Hexi Corridor.[Methods] The daily meteorological data from 14 stations during the period from 1960 to 2011 were used to calculate the referential evapotranspiration and humid index for each site based on the Penman-Monteith model. The Sen's slope and Mann-Kendall trend test were used to analyze the temporal and spatial variation of humidity and its influential factors in the study area.[Results] The humid index of Hexi Corridor was around 0.00~0.56, and the humid index increased during the past 52 years. The humidity conditions showed a spatial variation due to the differences in climate and terrain. The seasonal humid index showed an increasing trend as a whole, with the greatest increases in winter, while smallest changes in summer.[Conclusion] Hexi Corridor is subject to arid climate, while the humid index increased slightly in the past 52 years due to the increase in precipitation and decrease in wind speed.

Abstract:[Objective] To understand the influence of vegetation restoration on the distribution and stability of the soil aggregate in karst mountains.[Methods] Based on the field survey and laboratory analysis, we studied the basic physical and chemical properties of the soil, the distribution and stability of the soil aggregate from wasteland, grassland, bushwood, forest-shrub under four different vegetation coverages in typical karst mountains in Guohua Town, Pinguo County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.[Results] (1) The water-stable soil aggregate of diameter >0.25 mm was significantly negative with soil bulk density and significantly positive with soil organic carbon; (2) The water-stable soil aggregate was mainly in diameter in diameter of 2~1 mm, 1~0.5 mm and <0.25 mm,and the water-stable soil aggregate of diameter >0.25 mm in grassland, bushwood and forest-shrub is obviously higher than in wasteland, while the topsoil is higher than the subsoil; (3) With the increase of soil depths, the destruction rate of the soil aggregate increases; the destruction rate order of the soil aggregate was:grassland< bushwood< forest-shrub< wasteland, the mean mass diameter and gemetric mean diameter of grassland and bushwood is significantly higher than wasteland and forest-shrub.[Conclusion] The vegetation restoration increases the stability of the soil aggregate, and the soil aggregate stability of grassland and bushwood are more higher, which are more conducive to soil and water conservation, and can be used as the main vegetation types for soil and water conservation in this area.

Abstract:[Objective] To determine the spatial and temporal dynamics of soil moisture under different vegetation types in loess hilly area.[Methods] We studied the typical slope which was built in Yangou watershed of Yan'an City, Shaanxi Province in 1997. The soil moisture content was measured using drilling method from April to October in 2009 under seven vegetations(apple orchard, Robinia pseudoacacia forest, Hippophae rhamnoides scrubland, Caragana microphyllas forest, Amorpha fruticosa scrubland, grassland, farmland with Setaria talica) in the middle of each month.[Results] The average soil moisture(0-200 cm) in growing season(April to October) was:A.fruticosa scrubland>grassland>farmland(Setaria talica) >R. pseudoacacia forest >C. microphyllas forest >H. rhamnoides scrubland >apple orchard. Soil moisture under different vegetation types was significantly different in the vertical profile. The soil moisture of A.fruticosa scrubland and R. pseudoacacia forest was generally higher than that of grassland. In 0-40 cm, the soil moisture in H. rhamnoides farmland and apple orchard was lower than that in grassland. In 40-120 cm, soil moisture was highest in grassland and lowest in apple orchard. In 120-200 cm, soil moisture of amorpha shrub and farmland was higher than that of grassland, whereas the soil moisture of bushes trees and apple orchard was relatively lower.[Conclusion] The results revealed that C. microphyllasforest, R. pseudoacacia forest and H. rhamnoides scrubland made greater consumption of deep soil moisture, being harmful to the soil water environment and its sustainable utilization.

Abstract:[Objective] To reveal characteristics of the flood events occurred in historical period, scientifically predict the occurrence of flood and reduce the loss caused by flood disasters.[Methods] According to the analysis of grain size for 106 samples from the floodplain deposition of Shuiliu village in the northern suburbs of Xi'an City, the flood events of Weihe river in Xi'an City over the past 230 years was studied.[Results] The section studied was 5 m in thickness and consisted of silt particles, clay sand, middle size sand and coarse sand, which changed distinctly in the stratigraphic section and indicated the flood events very well. Particle size and particle parameters indicated that 21 deposit layers can be determined and at least 21 stages of floods in the section studied in past 230 years. The flood scale of these 21 flood phases were:18 th >17 th >15 th >16 th,19 th >21 th >4 th, 5 th >3 rd >1 st, 2 nd >6 th, 7 th >10 th >11 th >8 th, 9 th >13 th, 14 th >12 th >20 th. The flood level over the sediment of the floodplain was bigger than 2 m when these 21 flood stages occurred except the 20 th.[Conclusion] The distribution and grain size of flood deposit layers indicated that the occurring reason for the major flood of 3 rd, 5 th, 7 th and 8 th flood was due to the increase in annual mean precipitation, the rest flood events were due to the increase in annual mean precipitation or concentrated precipitation in a year.

Abstract:[Objective] The research focuses on the effect of the different land use types and soil physicochemical properties on saturated hydraulic conductivity.[Methods] The constant-hydraulic head method was used to measure soil saturated hydraulic conductivity(K_s) for different land use types in Simian Mountain of Chongqing City. Regression analysis, correlation analysis and principle component analysis was used to analyze the relationship between K_s and soil physical factors and organic matter.[Results] The K_s was the lowest in wasteland, and the descending order was:forest land > farmland> grassland. The K_s in natural forest was higher than that in artificial forest, and it was negative exponential declined with the increase of the soil depth. There was a power function relationship between K_s and unit weight, and K_s was positively related to soil porosity and negatively related to clay content. The increase of organic matter could improve the K_s.[Conclusion] The unit weight, organic matter, non capillary poropsity and capillary poropsity are the main factors that influence K_s. Besides, soil mechanical composition also has some impact on K_s.

Abstract:[Objective] To analyze the influence of land use and lithology on soil properties and saturated hydraulic conductivities (K_s).[Methods] The surface soil from limestone and dolomite slopes in karst region was took as the study objective, and Guelph parameter and soil laboratory analysis were used.[Results] (1) Under over grazing condition, soil bulk density and clay content increased and porosity and organic matter content decreased significantly on both of limestone and dolomite slopes. (2) Under undistured land use condition, K_s of limestone and dolomite soil was very high, the average value was 328.6 mm/h and 257.2 mm/h respectively. Compared to dolomite slope, the spatial distribution of K_s on limestone slope was more heterogeneities that coefficients of variations (C_v%), which changed between 90.71% and 95.62%. (3) Under the influence of over grazing, the K_s of limestone and dolomite soil decreased by 52.2% and 86.7% respectively, significantly lower than average values.

Abstract:[Objective] To study the surface water quality changes of Xinzhou section of Hutuo River in past eight years and discuss the natural, social and economic factors that affect the water quality changes.[Methods] The water quality monitoring data and relative natural social and economic statistical data from 2004 to 2011 were used and the organic pollution comprehensive index method was adopt.[Results] (1) The surface water quality changes of Xinzhou section can be divided into consistently deteriorating and rapidly improving periods. The turning point of the water quality change was in 2007. And the organic pollution indexes(T) of the two periods were 5.51 and 2.85. (2) In terms of natural factors, the river water, precipitation were negatively correlated with the water quality, and the correlation coefficient were 0.675 and 0.532(p<0.01).The effect of river water and precipitation on the river water quality improvement was limited. For the social and economic factors, the water quality deterioration was mainly related to the industrial waste emissions, the amount of chemical fertilizers, the sewage emissions and the sewage treatment capacity. The correlative coefficient were 0.689(p<0.01),0.633(p<0.01),0.465(p<0.05),0.905(p<0.01).[Conclusion] Although the sewage surpassed the industrial waste water discharge after 2009, the standard operation of sewage treatment plant further improved the river water quality. The sewage rate was the premise of continuous improvement to ensure water quality in the future at the region. The economic development and urbanization did not bring pressure to the water quality. And the economic development became the positive power.

Abstract:[Objective] To study the effects and mechanisms of long-term no-tillage and straw mulch on soil quality.[Methods] With comparing the soil characteristics from 2001 to 2011, the conventional tillage, no-tillage, conventional tillage + straw mulch and no-tillage + straw mulch were set for 10 years in a corn-wheat-soybean rotation system. Soils of 0-200 cm layers were taken for analyzing organic carbon(C), total nitrogen(N) and total phosphorus(P).[Results] Long-term no-tillage improved C and N contents of surface soils, and straw mulch only had little effect on them. Long-term conservation tillage had no significant effect on soil P level. Conservation tillage resulted in the lowest N and P contents at 20-30 cm soil layer, while under conventional tillage, it was at 30-60 cm layer. Soil C/N, C/P and N/P were generally lower than that of a decade ago and with soil depth increased, the variation of C/N, C/P and N/P showed a drop-rise trend.[Conclusion] Long-term conservation tillage had no significant effect on soil C, N and P. In the four tillage patterns, soil C/N, C/P and N/P were generally lower than a decade ago.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to increase soil moisture conservation in arid and semi-arid areas of China.[Methods] Field experiment combined with indoor analysis was conducted in fluvo-aquic soil(clay) and cinnamon soil(loam) in North Central Shanxi Province.[Results] Subsoiling tillage broke the plow layer, significantly reduced soil bulk density at 10-30 cm soil layer and regulated soil porosity, including increasing soil total porosity, capillary porosity and non-capillary porosity at 10-30 cm soil layers on clay soil. Moreover, soil total porosity and capillary porosity at 10-30 cm soil layer, non-capillary porosity at 20-30 cm soil layer on loam soil were increased. Subsoiling tillage improved soil solid, liquid and gas phase conditions at 20-30 cm soil layer both on clay and loam. Subsoiling tillage with straw incorporated further optimized the farming environment, significantly reduced crust thickness and compaction of surface soil on the jointing stage of maize.[Conclusion] Subsoiling tillage with straw incorporated and subsoiling tillage can alleviate soil hardening conditions of the farming ground and increased rainfall infiltration.

Abstract:[Objective] To investigate the effects of different calcium fertilizer application amount on yield and quality of Ural licorice Glycyrrhiza uralensis.[Methods] By field plot experiment, we investigated the effect of different calcium fertilizer application amount on the plant height, medicinal composition and aboveground and underground biomass of G. uralensis.[Results] The root yield, glycyrrhizic acid and total flavonoids of G. uralensis reached maximum when calcium fertilizer application amount was 450~600 kg/hm². Excess amount of calcium fertilizer could inhibit the growth of Glycyrrhiza uralensis.[Conclusion] Optimal amount of calcium fertilizer application is crucial to growth and effective components of G. uralensis.

Abstract:[Objective] To study the drought tolerance of three afforestation trees on the sandy shores of Northern Jiangsu Province.[Methods] Based on the experiment of water stress in pots, the index variation of water physiological characteristics and daily dynamics of photosynthetic characteristics of 2-year-old Zelkova schnideriana, Quercus virginiana and Ligustrum lucidum under water stress were analyzed.[Results] (1) With time and stress intensity increasing, the relative water content in leaves of the three tree species all decreased, and the decreasing range of Zelkova schnideriana was bigger than that of Quercus virginiana and Ligustrum lucidum; water content of the three tree species decreased by 78.8%, 61.9% and 65.5% under severe water stress of 58 days, and the relative water contents of Quercus virginiana and Ligustrum lucidum changed a little. (2) Under treatments of CK, 60% and 45% water content, the diurnal curves of the photosynthetic rate of the three tree species were "double-peak". Under normal and light water stress, the diurnal curves of the transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of Quercus virginiana were "double-peak", while the same curves of Zelkova schnideriana and L igustrum lucidum were "single-peak". With increasing stress, the order of P_n, T_r, G_s and WUE of the three tree species was:CK>60% water content>45% water content>30% water content. In the same soil water grades, the daily averages of the four indexes of Zelkova schnideriana were relatively small, followed by Ligustrum lucidum, whereas those of Quercus virginiana were the largest.[Conclusion] The drought tolerance characteristics of Zelkova schnideriana were relatively small, followed by Ligustrum lucidum, whereas those of Quercus virginiana were the largest.

Abstract:[Objective] To explore the monitoring content, index and methods of silt storage dam at small watershed, analyze the benefit of warping dam construction, consequently serve planning, construction, operation and management of warp land dam preferably.[Methods] The 12 typical small watershed damming system were selected to set up monitor points, and use the methods of remote sensing, water and sediment observation, investigation, etc. To continuously develop the dynamic warping dam engineering, construction, soil and water retention, dam land use and its yield reproduction, safety of dam system in the different soil erosion type zone on the Loess Plateau from 2005 to 2010. We analyzed the relationships between silt storage dam construction and dam system configuration, slope control, soil and water retention, dam field use, etc.[Results] The dam system gave play to obvious ecological, social and economic benefits in flood and sediment control and rural production condition enhancement.[Conclusions] The dam system construction should obey the principle of combination of large-sized, middle-sized and small-sized ones with the key dam as the main and a small watershed as unit.

Abstract:[Objective] To explore the feasibility of the K-means clustering method in the classification of farmland types in Heilongjiang Province and provide support for the planning and management of soil and water conservation in slope farmland.[Methods] We made a clustering of farmlands in 70 cities(or counties) in low mountain and hilly areas in Heilongjiang Province using K-means clustering method.[Results] The cities or counties in the low mountain is 21 and hill area is 49.[Conclusion] The 16 classification indexes were significant at the level of 0.05, indicating the fitness of classification.

Abstract:[Objective] To provide a scientific basis for analyzing the causes of soil erosion, droughts and floods.[Methods] After building the Gini coefficient runoff uneven distribution model, annual runoff, Gini coefficient and Lorenz asymmetry coefficient(annual distribution of monthly runoff) in four hydrometric stations(Nanping, Kaishantun, Hedong and Quanhe) from 1959 to 2011 were statistically analyzed. Mann-Kendall method was employed to do trend analysis and test in annual runoff.[Results] The annual runoffs in the four hydrometric stations showed a decreasing trend during the past years. The Gini coefficient in Nanping and Kaishantun showed an increase tendency, while it showed a decrease trend in Hedong and Quanhe station. The Lorenz asymmetry coefficient in the four hydrological stations showed an upward trend, and the values were greater than 1 for the four stations in 1961, 1965 and 1979, which was mainly caused by the months with large runoff volume, it is also period when drought and flood happened in history.[Conclusion] The Lorenz curve can be used to quantify and evaluate the temporal variation of runoff and its influential factor in a new perspective.

Abstract:[Objective] Study on soil macropores quantification and 3D reconstruction is particularly important as it can provide reliable theoretical data for preferential flow study. It is also of great importance in precipitation induced landslide studies.[Methods] We took two 25 cm×25 cm×50 cm soil cores from vegetated slope in Panhe Town, Yunnan Province. Base on X-ray computed tomography, a series of plane and longitudinal slice images were collected. By images analysis, variations of soil macropores with the increase of soil depth and CT value of three substances(gravel, matrix, macropore) were studied. Soil macropore 3D reconstruction was achieved by visual interactive system VolView 3.4 to investigate the connectivity, branchedness and complexity of macropore.[Results] The macropores consisting of root channels, faunal tunnels, shrinkage cracks and inter-aggregate porosity were broadly found in vadose zones of vegetated slope soils. Heterogeneity in distribution of soil macropores was significant, and macroporosity decreased with the increasing soil depth. As clearly demonstrated by 3D reconstruction, macropores were well distributed and connected in the soil cores.[Conclusion] We highlight the importance of CT technique in soil macropore quantification and 3D reconstruction.

Abstract:[Objective] To analyze the contaminant transport of stormwater recharge in deep confined aquifer.[Methods] The groundwater flow modeling and solute transport simulation were studied by the Modflow and MT3DMS, which are two modules of groundwater modeling system (GMS), in the fourth confined aquifer of Tianjin City. And chloride ion(Cl^-), a common index, was used as object of the study. Four different kinds of the mass concentrations of Cl^- and the amounts of recharge water were simulated and analyzed.[Results] When the amount of recharge water increased 4 times and the solute concentration remained constant, the area of certain Cl^- concentration in the groundwater would increases 1.44 times; when the solute concentration increased 2 times and the amount of recharge water remained constant, the area of certain Cl^- concentration in the groundwater would increases 0.92 times.[Conclusion] Both the amount of recharge water and the mass concentration influence the transportation of Cl^- obviously, and the influence of the former tends to be greater than the latter. Meanwhile, either increasing the amounts of recharge water or reducing the solute concentrations are conducive to transferring and diffusing of Cl^-.

Abstract:[Objective] To apply the autoregressive integrated moving average model(ARIMA) that had been generally used in the modern metrology to ecological footprint analysis.[Methods] Taking Weishan County in Shandong Province as the study area, the per capita ecological footprint and the per capita ecological carrying capacity from 1995 to 2010 were computed firstly, then the trend of per capita ecological footprint and per capita ecological carrying capacity from 2011 to 2012 were forecasted based on the computed results.[Results] Tested by the actual data in 2011 and 2012, the prediction error of ARIMA model was only 6.12% and 4.89%.[Conclusion] The ARIMA model had high accuracy and good applicability in the prediction of ecological footprint.

Abstract:[Objective] To analyze the dynamic change characteristics of moisture field in shallow loess of Loess Plateau during the continuous drought.[Methods] The dynamic changes of moisture field in shallow loess were calculated numerically by the unsaturated loess unsteady flow 2 dimension finite element control equation under the three different meteorological conditions.[Results] The calculation results were consistent with the measured results during the continuous drought, the thickness of loess affected by the evaporation was 0~1.8 m. Three consecutive months of drought makes its average moisture content dropped to 7.9%, the evaporation intensity of the loess decreased with the decrease of moisture content. The scattered and low intensity rainfall for alleviating continuous drought is invalid basically. The concentrated and intensive rainfall can alleviate soil drought only in a short period.[Conclusion] The results of numerical calculation can provide references for the choice of vegetation types and irrigation time.

Abstract:[Objective] Scutellaria baicalensisGeorgi is the third-class conservation of wild medicinal species. We used habitat suitability assessment model to divide the suitable habitat because this information could provide scientifical support for the conservation and sustainable utilization of resources.[Methods] Entropy weight and matter element model were used to determine the fuzzy membership function of baicalin content and 15 assessment factors. The entropy evaluation method was used to determine the weight of each factor. Finally, we estimated the spatial distribution ofS. Baicalensisby GIS spatial analysis in China.[Results] The area of unsuitable, less-suitable, moderately-suitable and high-suitable habitat for S. baicalensis was 5.07×10⁶, 1.65×10⁶, 1.88×10⁶ and 1.00×10⁶ km², respectively. The high-suitable habitat are mainly located in the north of Qinling Mountains-Huaihe River line, significantly Henan, Shandong, Liaoning, central and southern of Shaanxi, Hebei, Jilin, southern of Heilongjiang and Shanxi. In addition, there were some distribution in Yunnan, Anhui Province and other places, which was highly consistent with the actual distribution range.[Conclusion] Among all selected factors, mean diurnal range(MDR), precipitation seasonality(PS), precipitation of wettest month(PMAX) and aspect(ASPE) are the main control factors.

Abstract:[Objective] To investigate the solidifying capability of soil stabilizer EN-1 on loess soil.[Methods] Direct shear experiments with 4 loessial soils of Lou soil, sand soil, loessal soil and yellow brown soil, with different solidifying agent content and curing age are conducted.[Results] EN-1 can improve the shear strength of the four types of soil, especially the cohesion of soil in Yangling District and Ankang City.[Conclusion] The amount of EN-1 needs to be appropriate, as excessive amount of EN-1 may reduce the shear strength of soil. The optimal amount of EN-1 is 0.01%, and the optimal curing age is 28 d. Soil stabilizer EN-1 is more suitable for soil with high clay content, rather than soil with high sand content.

Abstract:[Objective] To discuss how to forecast annual precipitation of the Taihu Lake basin and find regularity of annual precipitation.[Methods] Annual precipitation data of Taihu Lake basin from 1960 to 2010 were analyzed. The annual rainfall forecast model was established by the weighted Markov chain.[Results] The precipitation of the Taihu Lake basin was below average precipitation for years in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. Based on the verification of the Markov chain characteristics of precipitation, the weighted Markov chain model was used to predict the annual precipitation state and annual rainfall of 2011 and 2012, the relative errors were 6.59% and -10.74%. Analysis on Markov chain of various step size showed that the appearance probability of normal flow year, partial low flow year, partial flow year, low flow year and wet year was 0.268 5, 0.206 7, 0.184 5, 0.166 1 and 0.174 2, respectively.[Conclusion] The relative errors of weighted Markov chain precipitation simulation from 2002 to 2011 shows that the relative errors of wet year and partial low flow year are bigger and the normal flow year is smaller. The appearance probability of normal flow year, partial low flow year and partial flow year are larger.

Abstract:[Objective] The objective is to seek a sustainable agricultural development models in karst rocky desertification areas of Guizhou Province under the current background to control the desertification and manage the fragile ecological environment.[Methods] Based on field investigation and theoretical analysis, we analyzed farmers' behavior and issues in agricultural development to reveal the key factors that hinder agricultural development.[Results] The market risks and farmers' own interest are the main driving factors that hinders sustainable development in the study area.[Conclusion] To increase the economic benefit of agricultural products and reduce farmers' market risk in the commercialization process can be the key solution to the sustainable agricultural development in karst rocky desertification areas. Typical agricultural development models such as commercial agriculture with efficient irrigation suitable for rocky desertification areas, economic fruit forest-livestock breeding-cash crops cultivation, and livestock (fish)-methane-planting(fruits) are highly recommended in this area.

Abstract:[Objective] To analyze the feasibility of fuzzy evaluation method in stability evaluation of mined-out area.[Methods] We divided the driving factors of the stability of mined-out area into four classes:geological factors, mined-out factors, external factors and time factor; divided the secondary factors into eight elements, including buried characteristics of coal seam, tectonic characteristics, physical and mechanical properties of the overlying strata, hydrogeology feature, refine formation, buried depth of coal seams, thickness of loose layer, and so on; divided the stability of mined-out area into three grades:less stability, instability and extremely instability. We used fuzzy analytic hierarchy process to establish evaluation stability model, and to construct the comparison matrix. We took Fenghuangshan mine area as a case study to evaluate the stability.[Results] The study area was found to be extremely instable, and the result is consistent with the site investigation.[Conclusion] Fuzzy evaluation method is feasible and can be applied to other mined-out areas. It can also provide guides to mine areas for rational planning and mine exploitation, having practical value.

Abstract:[Objective] To test the rationality of soil sampling design, we took Sanyanjing basin of Shouyang county in Shanxi Province as a case study, to analyze the uniformity and representativeness of soil water sampling.[Methods] Using statistics analysis software and ArcGIS, we took grid sampling points as the initial layout. And then combined with remote sensing images, the automatic generated regular grid sampling points were finely adjusted giving the consideration of land use types and operation, namely, using uniform sampling in large scale and random sampling in small scale method for soil sampling point layout.[Results] Both of the nearest neighbor index and coefficient of variation showed a uniform distribution of sampling points. Sampling points obtained by uniform sampling in large scale and random sampling in small scale method were mainly concentrated in the slope of 0°~15°, which is not representative according to the distribution of slope. While the selected sampling points were representative according to the distribution of aspect. The points obtained by uniform sampling in large scale and random sampling in small scale method were more representative in grassland and farmland, but fewer representatives in forest land, due to the woodland is mainly distributed on steep slope and difficult to sample.[Conclusion] The uniformity and representativeness of sampling points obtained by large uniform small sample random sampling method are quite good. This sampling method can be well applied in hilly and gully area of the Loess Plateau to obtain uniform and representative sampling points.

Abstract:[Objective] To study the relation between soil erosion and landuse patterns, in order to provide useful information for coastal water environment protection and the integrated river basin management in Jiaodong peninsula.[Methods] Taking Jiaodong Peninsula as the case study area, we evaluated soil erosion and sediment flux into coastal waters by using N-SPECT model and RS and GIS techniques.[Results] The high loads of soil erosion were found in eastern and southern coastal areas in Jiaodong peninsula, while low loads were mainly distributed in the middle and central region of the study area. The three watersheds (Dagu, Wulong and Dagujia river) contributed most to the soil erosion and sediment transportation. The sediment flux to coastal waters through shorelines exhibited high complicated spatial patterns, coastal areas in Yangcheng District, Southern Qingdao(Jiaonan City), Eastern Laizhou bay and the southwest of Weihai City have the highest sediment flux.[Conclusion] Both soil erosion and sediment were closely related to watershed land use, generally, farmland dominated areas have the most severe soil erosion, while woodland and grassland could prevent soil erosion to a great extent.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper aims to study the monthly water production to guide water resource management and agriculture irrigation scheduling.[Methods] Per capita water possession is only 290 m³ in Jinan City, which is less than one seventh of the nation's level. So Jinan City is in extreme lack of water resources. By taking Jinyangchuan watershed in southern area of Jinan City as the case research area, this paper estimated the water yield under the assistance of image interpretation of remote sensing(RS) and spatial analysis of geographic information system(GIS). First of all, image preprocessing of TM remote sensing data of 2009 was done under ERDAS IMAGINE 9.1 platform, including image synthesis, mosaic, enhancement and correcting. Seven kinds of land use types were identified through supervised classification, the land use map of study area was produced. Second, the soil map of Jinan was vectorized in ARCGIS 9.3 to get the soil texture map in the study area. Third, this study adopted Thornthwaite and Mather (T-M) water balance model to calculate the water balance, obtained the runoff from various land use-soil texture types and cycle of water deficit, moisture surplus, soil moisture recharge and soil moisture utilization in Jinyangchuan watershed. Finally, the runoff path and sub-watershed were generated with Digital Elevation Model (DEM) in EMS-I.WMS.v8.0 (Watershed Modeling System). Then the sub-watershed map was intersected with land use-soil texture map, runoff yield of every sub-watershed in different hydrological years was calculated using weather data from 1960 to 2 011 and subsequently spatially expressed.[Results] The total annual runoff was 281.0 mm, water yield was 51 million m³ in Jinyangchuan watershed in 2011. In January, March, April, June and October, there was water deficit. In February, November and December the soil water was supplied by precipitation; In May, July to September, there was water surplus. The annual average water yield was separately 83 million m³, 48 million m³ and 22 million m³ in wet year, normal flow year and low flow year.[Conclusion] There is water surplus in February, July to November of wet year (25%), in February, March, July to November of flat water year (50%), in January, February, July to September, December of dry year (75%).

Abstract:[Objective] To understand the situation of soil erosion in Fuxin City of Liaoning Province and provide scientific support for policy making about soil and economic development.[Methods] The annual average soil erosion in Fuxin City was calculated with revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) under RS and GIS platforms.[Results] The annual average amount of soil erosion in Fuxin City was 1.99×10⁷ t, soil erosion modulus was 19.18 t/(hm²·a), and erosion intensity was on the mild level. The regional soil erosion intensity below moderate level accounted for 77.01% of research area, and contributed 12.57% of the soil erosion in the studied area, while other area above moderate level contributed 87.43%. The spatial heterogeneity of regional soil erosion was high.[Conclusion] The slope between 5°~25° was the major erosion section, and bare lands, lakes and rural areas were major erosion areas. These sections and areas should be listed as the key areas of soil and water conservation.

Abstract:[Objective] Measure and analyze the optimum population of Xi'an City from 2001 to 2011, in order to discuss the characteristics and the cause of the change in the population carrying capacity, and to put forward the optimization countermeasures.[Methods] Four models, which are food carrying capacity, ecological footprint, improved economy carrying capacity and improved comprehensive carrying capacity were used.[Results] The population size and structure of Xi'an City presented periodic characteristics in different phases from 2001 to 2011. Since 2004, population carrying deficit has always existed, and with this situation, the trend of it became smooth after a rapid growth stage. The economy carrying capacity of Xi'an City was stronger, however, the food and ecological population carrying capacity was insufficient.[Conclusion] In the process of improving the area comprehensive carrying capacity of Xi'an City, the land carrying capacity is the base, the economy carrying capacity is the key point, and the ecology carrying capacity is the limitation.

Abstract:[Objective] To establish an evaluation index system for the water resources in order to analyze and evaluate the sustainable utilization of water resources in Quanzhou City.[Methods] Based on the data of environment, economy, society and water resources of Quanzhou City at the normal flow year, the AHP and fuzzy synthetic judgment method were used.[Results] The comprehensive evaluation result of sustainable utilization of water resources was in the medium level. And it showed that the sustainable utilization of water resources in Quanzhou City was in good condition.[Conclusion] The AHP-fuzzy synthetic evaluation method was simple and available, and its results accorded with actual situation. It provided certain reference function for the management of water resources in Quanzhou City.

Abstract:[Objective] To understand the soil water movement in vertical one-dimensional infiltration in layered soil.[Methods] A mathematical model for soil saturated and unsaturated water movement in vertical one-dimensiona was established based on unsaturated soil water movement theory, and the SWMS-2D software was used to solve the model. Using the existing literature, the simulation results of homogeneous soil and layered soil were verified by the measured values of soil moisture content, soil wetting front, cumulative infiltration and infiltration rate in laboratory test.[Results] The simulation result agreed well with measurement values, and the proposed numerical model is applicable to both homogeneous soil, and layered soil.[Conclusion] The model can truly reflect soil water movement in vertical one-dimensional infiltration in homogeneous soil and layered soil. The SWMS-2D software can be used to simulate the soil water movement of vertical one-dimensional infiltration in layered soil.

Abstract:[Objective] To analyze the temporal and spatial variability of soil erosion intensity in Loess Plateau of Northern Shaanxi Province in 2000, 2007 and 2012, and to provide the support for the implementation of grain for green project in this region.[Methods] With the support of GIS and RS technology, we conducted a quantitative research based on the RUSLE model and ArcGIS 9.2 and analyzed the temporal and spatial variability of soil erosion intensity in Northern Shaanxi in 2000, 2007 and 2012.[Results] During the 13 years, soil erosion tended to decrease over time, and the soil erosion in 2012 dropped by 1 162 t/(km²·a) compared with 2000. Compared with the 2% of the total area in 2000, the area with an erosion modulus less than 2 500 t/(km²·a) in Zichang County accounted for 26% in 2012. The soil erosion was moderate in 2000, but was slight in 2012 in most areas. The drastic change mainly occurred in the hilly areas in Zichang, Ansai and Zhidan Counties.[Conclusion] Vegetation coverage was the main factor affecting the soil erosion, and conversion of slope cropland to forest or pasture is playing an important role in decreasing soil loss.

Abstract:[Objective] To provide a scientific method for surface runoff calculation and to estimate monthly runoff coefficient in rainy season for the semiarid region of the Western Heilongjiang Province.[Methods] The Alun River basin which flows through the Western Heilongjiang Province was chosen as the study area. Modeling for the vertical soil profile was achieved based on investigating the physical properties of the underlying surface. Digital elevation model(DEM) and river channel network of the study area was generated by GIS-ArcMap. Algorithm on rainfall-runoff was established by kinematic wave equations. Model validation was carried out by numerical simulation for the observed flow. Monthly runoff and runoff coefficient were estimated through analyzing runoff calculation results in the period from May to October in 2012 and 2013.[Results] The model accuracy was within the allowable range of the error criterion(<0.03); Monthly runoff coefficient in July and August were more than 0.5; Runoff in the period from May to October accounted for 34.2% and 34.7% of annual total precipitation in 2012 and 2013, respectively.[Conclusion] The developed numerical model for rainfall-runoff calculation can be applied to the study area and monthly runoff coefficient in the study period.

Abstract:[Objective] To evaluate urban intensive land use of 12 cities in the economic belt on the north slope of Tianshan Mountains.[Methods] With the consideration of economic, social and ecological effects of land use, we established the pressure-state-response (PSR) procedure model as an evaluation system. By applying the principal component analysis method, the urban intensive land use level and the PSR coordination level were calculated according to percentile.[Results] The main factors that affect the spatial variations of urban intensive land use in the study area is related to the urban economic development level, the pressure on urban intensive land use, such as population density, land use structure and economic growth, etc. According to the correlation analysis, there was a positive correlation between the PSR coordination level and the urban intensive land use level, and the Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.886.[Conclusion] To improve the level of urban intensive land use, planning and development should both be combined with the connotation of urban intensive land use according to the development goal and stage. Reasonable industrial transformation, optimal land use structure can be taken as effective ways to improve the comprehensive efficiency of the land use.

Abstract:[Objective] To distinguish potential ecological problems of natural environment in Chengdu City of Sichuan Province, and guide the regional ecological protection and development.[Methods] Based on GIS spatial analysis, we established the sensitivity evaluation index of soil erosion, biodiversity and acid rain.[Results] (1) Main soil erosion in the study area was light erosion, and extremely high erosion was distributed in the western mountain around the basin. (2) The biodiversity and habitat sensitivity in the study area were generally high, especially in the regions of the western and eastern of Chengdu City. Extremely high sensitive areas were distributed in Chaping and Qionglai Mountain areas of Northwest Chengdu City. (3) The acid rain in the study area was generally low sensitive, followed by the moderate sensitive areas. Extremely high sensitive regions were mainly distributed in the areas that was at an elevation of 1 650~3 200 m in the west of Chengdu City with the coniferous, broadleaf mixed forest and original coniferous forest. (4) The eco-environment sensitivity was mainly non-sensitivity, followed by moderate sensitive areas and extremely high sensitive areas. Extremely high sensitive areas were mainly distributed in the northwest and southwest mountain areas around the basin, including the Longxi, Hongkou, Baishuihe national nature reserve.[Conclusion]Highly sensitive and extremely sensitive areas are mainly distributed in the western mountain areas around the basin, these regions are the key areas of regional ecological protection.

Abstract:[Objective] To make an empirical analysis and estimate on dynamic coupling evolution in Shijiazhuang City using the data from 2005 to 2011, in order to explore the coupling interaction relationship and the development trend of coupling coordination degree between the two systems.[Methods] Guided by the concept of "smart growth", a comprehensive evaluation index was established and a coupling coordination degree model was built by introducing the concept of coupling in physics.[Results] The two systems generally presented a synchronized development tendency and an obvious positive correlation. It can proved that there was a good coupling interaction between low-carbon economy development and urban intensive land-use. The coupling coordination level developed from serious imbalance in 2005 to good coordination in 2011. It presented that the level transited from junior to senior and the coupling interaction effect enhanced gradually. These results objectively explained the development trend of low-carbon economy and intensive land-use in Shijiazhuang City.[Conclusion] With the advancement of time and policy implementation, the coupling coordination relationships would be gradually optimized.

Abstract:[Objective] To analyze the spatial and temporal change of landscape pattern and ecological security in the Ebinur Lake watershed in the past 10 years.[Methods] RS and GIS technology were used, and landscape ecological indexes and ecological resilience were combined to comprehensively evaluated the ecological security of the study area.[Results] (1) In the past 10 years, land use/cover had a dramatic change due to socio-economic development. The increasing farmland and decreasing natural vegetation of grassland and woodland resulted in instability of local ecosystem; (2) In 2001, the total number of patches (N_P) were 2 560, and it increased to 3 476 in the end of 2009, meanwhile, fragmentation index increased from 0.054 0 to 0.073 3, this indicated that the ecological environment was further fragmentated and became more ecologically unstable; (3) Ecological resilience(ECO_res) showed a "∧" shaped trend(inversed "V") from 2001 to 2009. The ECO_res index has increased from 1.200×10⁷ in 2001 to 1.568×10⁷ in 2005, and then decreased to 14.86×10⁶ in 2009. As a whole, ECO_resindex showed an increasing trend. This increase was owing to the rapid expansion of farmland and gradually declination of woodland, grassland and other natural vegetation coverage. Ecological resilience was changing into unstable status because of the simple ecosystem layout and negative influence of human activities.[Conclusion] As a whole, landscape ecological security of land use/cover was lowered in the Ebinur Lake watershed from 2001 to 2009.

Abstract:[Objective] To evaluate the sustainable development condition of water resources in Jiangxi Province.[Methods] Based on the principle and calculation model of water resources ecological footprint, the ecological footprint and ecological carrying capacity of water resources in the years from 2007 to 2011 were analyzed.[Results] The total water resources capacity gradually increased from 2.029 12×10⁸ hm² in 2007 to 4.151 51×10⁸ hm² in 2010. The total ecological footprint of water resources increased in the past five years, and it increased from 3.882 09×10⁷ hm² in 2007 to 4.344 7×10⁷ hm² in 2011, and the water resources ecological footprint of per ten thousand yuan GDP in Jiangxi Province continued to increase. This indicated that the utilization of water resources in Jiangxi Province gradually decreased in the past five years.[Conclusion] The changes of ecological footprint of water resources are closely related to socio-economic development. People should adjust the industrial structure fully, manage and use of water resources rationally, to promote the sustainable development of the overall socio-economy of Jiangxi Province.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to investigate variations of carbon emission in response to land use changes,this paper analyzed carbon emission influence by land use change taking Hongdong County, Shanxi Province as example on county scale.[Methods] The land use data was obtained based on the interpretation of the remote sensing image of Hongdong County in 2000, 2010 and 2013. And the carbon effect caused by different change of land use about Hongdong County in 13 years was estimated by adopting the carbon emission estimation model.[Results] The carbon emissions presented the trend of increased year by year in Hongdong County and the net carbon emissions was increased 6.12×10⁵ t from 2000 to 2013. As the major carbon source and carbon sinks, forest and construction land were in the state of growth, while the carbon emissions caused by construction land far beyond forest carbon absorption. The net carbon emissions space difference change was obvious in each township in the 13 years.[Conclusion] Optimizing the structure of land use can effectively reduce carbon emissions.

Abstract:[Objective] Research on the dynamic characteristics of soil moisture under different vegetations in different seasons in loess hilly area of Northwest Shanxi Province in order to provide conferences for the selection of appropriate species of vegetation in this area in vegetation construction process.[Methods] This study takes the different types of vegetation and abandoned land in the Loess Hilly Area of Kelan County, Northwest Shanxi Province as the research subject. The author chose the three representative vegetation types in this area as the main object, which including Populus simonii as the representative of arbor, sea buckthorn as the representative of shrub, and abandoned land. The vertical dynamic variation of the soil moisture in the dry season(April) and rainy season(September) of these vegetation types from different surface was systematically analyzed.[Results] The soil moisture of the three vegetation types in September was significantly greater than in April, showing the overall trend was increased, then reduced and increased again from the depth of the surface to 600 cm. The order of soil moisture content of each woodland is:abandoned land> sea buckthorn> populus simonii. Soil dry layer standard of loess hilly region:mild dry layer, moderate dry layer and serious dry layer.[Conclusion] In the process of vegetation restoration and reconstruction in Northwest Shanxi Province, it is essential to adjust the structure of land utilization, improve the proportion of arbors, shrubs and grass, diversify the vegetation, establish a sustainable mixed and re-storied forests and a relatively balanced plant communities with rational population density, and to ensure the water supply by the environment and water consumption of the vegetation is in a stable state.

Abstract:[Objective] To recognize the water environmental carrying capacity in mining areas in Loess Plateau in order to use the limited water resources scientifically and efficiently.[Methods] Taking Gujiao City of Shanxi Province, a typical mining area in Loess Plateau as a case study, based on its hydrological, ecological, social and economic conditions, we selected nine evaluation indexes including utilization rate of water resources, per capita available volume of water resources, per capita water supply quantity, ecological water requirement quantity, water demand quota of lives, modulus of water requirement and supply, irrigation rate of cultivated land and water requirement quantity of industrial output per ten thousand yuan. We then constructed a quantitative model to evaluate and predict the water environmental carrying capacity in 2000, 2010, 2020 and 2030, respectively.[Results] According to the final integrated evaluation values in each year, the carrying capacity in the area was in moderate level, and weak and unsafe due to the scarcity of water resources water pollution and incomplete water-providing engineering constructions.[Conclusion] Some countermeasures were proposed for the development and utilization of water resources, including opening up the source and regulating the flow, the consolidation of foundation work, the consideration of ecological aims and so on, to improve water environmental carrying capacity in study area and other similar regions of Loess Plateau.

Abstract:[Objective] Through simulating the dynamic changes of land use pattern in the Beibu Gulf economic zone of Qinzhou City and evaluating the ecological environmental benefits of the simulation results to provide a support for local governments and departments.[Methods] Used the TM remote sensing(image) data and experiment/research conducted in 2000 and 2010. Adopted the logistic regression analysis, the CLUE-S(the conversion of land use and its effects at small regional extent) model simulation analysis, and the ecological environment benefits comprehensive evaluation method.[Results] The urban expansion area mainly concentrated in area from the center of Qinzhou City to the coastal town along Qinjiang river basin. The value of ecological service was 213.01 billion yuan under natural growth scenario, and 200.59 billion yuan under planning scenario, and 226.52 billion yuan under ecological security policy scenario. The value closed to the GDP in 2012, but failed to give full play role of the ecological environment, and especially in the planning target scene.[Conclusion] The simulation results of land use pattern are accurate by CLUE-S model in Qinzhou City, which has a good popularization and application value in the Beibu Gulf economic zone.

Abstract:[Objective] A landslide occurred at Dingdong Primary School which is located in the southeast area of Guiding County in Guizhou Province. The canteen, accommodation, the ground floor and wall of Dingdong Primary School were cracked. The landslide is a direct threat to the safety of school building, the nearby houses and road, so it is necessary to find out the mechanism of its occurrence, and to provide a scientific basis for landslide treatment.[Methods] The methods such as drilling, well, high density resistivity were used to investigate the structure and deformation characteristics of the landslide, combining with geological and environmental conditions, and the formation mechanism of the landslide are studied. At the same time, the stress-strain field and deformation failure features of the landslide is analyzed by means of Adina software under conditions of the nature and rainstorm.[Results] The artificial fill and rainfall is the main reason for the formation of the landslide and the landslide failure mode belongs to creep-crack type. The special topography and low compaction degree filling is internal cause of landslide, and longtime rainfall infiltration is external cause.[Conclusion] Unreasonable artificial fill is the direct reason of the landslide, and landslide could slide along the interface between filling and clay layer.

Abstract:[Objective] To determine the fertilization index system and provide the precision fertilization formula for mulched potato system in Shandan County of Zhangye City, Gansu Province.[Methods] Fourteen field experiments were conducted in mulched potato system in Shandan County of Zhangye City, Gansu Province from 2007 to 2010. The relationship between the soil available nutrient content and the corresponding crop yield was established.[Results] The soils in Shandan County was classified into 5 different categories such as the lowest, lower, medium, higher and the highest according to the content of alkali-ydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium. Fertilizer application rate was recommended for each soil categories, such as >225.7, 193.3~225.7, 117.2~193.3, 161.0~177.2 and <161.0 kg/hm² for nitrogen, >164.3, 146.5~164.3, 137.6~146.5, 128.6~137.6 and <128.6 kg/hm² for phosphorus, >166.8, 149.7~166.8, 141.1~149.7, 132.5~141.1 and <132.5 kg/hm² for potash. The new technologies can improve potato yield by 9.8%, save fertilizer by 67.5 kg/hm², reduce cost by 506.3 yuan/hm², and increase economic profit by 3 286.5 yuan/hm².[Conclusion] The technologies of soil testing and fertilization formula can improve potato yield and increase economic profit generally.

Abstract:[Objective] To build the emergy evaluation system of agro-ecosystem.[Methods] Based on the emergy analysis theory, eight evaluation indicators including emergy density, emergy use per person, emergy self-sufficient ratio, emergy investment ratio, net emergy yield ratio, emergy dollar ratio, environmental loading ratio, and sustainable development index were chosen to establish the agro-ecosystem evaluating system. By calculating the input and output emergy, agro-ecosystem of Hu'nan Province in 2012 was analyzed.[Results] The calculated value of eight evaluation indicators mentioned above was 1.15×10¹²sej/m², 3.4×10¹⁵sej, 22.35%, 3.47, 1.5, 3.15×10¹²sej/$, 3.56 and 0.42, respectively.[Conclusion] The agro-ecosystem of Hu'nan Province is overall at middle level, and changing the emergy investment structure is the main way to improve the agro-ecosystem.

Abstract:[Objective] Based on the 4 years old, 20 years old Eucalyptus sp. plantations and 22 years old Pinus massoniana plantations in Yaoshan Mountain in Guilin City of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, this study conducted the characteristics of forest soil respiration which droved by forest types, forest age and other factors, so that to provide basic data with carbon dynamic simulation on Eucalyptus and Pinus massoniana plantations ecosystem.[Methods] From March to August in 2013(during Spring and Summer), the soil respiration and its components(soil autotrophic respiration and soil heterotrophic respiration), soil temperature and the soil water content of the three forests were observed monthly with the Li-8100 automated soil CO₂ flux system respectively.[Results] (1) There was no significant difference in the soil respiration rate among the three forests; (2) The autotrophic respiration rate of the 4 years old Eucalyptus sp. forest was higher than that of the 20 years old Eucalyptus sp. forest and 22 years old Pinus massoniana forest. The heterotrophic respiration rate of the 20 years old Eucalyptus sp. forest was higher than the 4 years old Eucalyptus sp. forest and the 22 years old Pinus massoniana forest; (3) According to the correlation coefficient analysis, soil temperature was the main environmental factor influencing the soil respiration rate and its components. There existed exponential relationships between soil temperature and soil respiration rate and its components; (4) In the 4 years old Eucalyptus sp. forest, the correlation between soil moisture content and soil respiration rate was indistinctive, there were significant positive correlations between soil respiration rate and soil moisture content in the 20 years old Eucalyptus sp. forest, and significant negative correlations between soil respiration rate and soil moisture content in the 22 years old Pinus massoniana forest; (5) the Q₁₀ value analysis of the temperature sensibility coefficient of the three forests indicated that the value of the 4 years old Eucalyptus sp. forest was higher, the 20 years old Eucalyptus sp. forest and the 22 years old Pinus massoniana forest were lower.

Abstract:[Objective] To reveal the level, temporal change and reason of drought disasters in Yulin area of Shaanxi Province during the period of 1644-1949.[Methods] Compilation of historical data and wavelet analysis method were used to research relevant problem.[Results] During the 306 years from 1644 to 1949, the drought disasters clearly recorded were 86 times, with average once every 3.6 years. The drought disaster happened 32, 41, 7 and 6 times for mild, middle, great and serious levels, respectively. The distribution of drought disasters in Yulin area during the period of 1644-1949 could be divided into two stages:from 1644 to 1829 with low drought frequency, from 1830 to 1949 with high drought frequency. The continuous drought disasters from 1876 to 1879, 1899 to 1901 and 1928 to 1931 were particularly serious, representing the arid climate event. According to wavelets analysis, it was known that there were mainly 7-year period, 14-year period and 36-year period for drought in Yulin area.[Conclusion] Most of the drought were caused by decreasing of precipitation. In general, precipitation decreased more than 100 mm and 150 mm in the years of great and serious drought, separately. Precipitation that distributed non-uniformly and changed greatly in different years was the main cause of mild and middle drought disasters. Grades and times of drought disasters indicates that climate was more humid during 1644 to 1829 than that during 1830-1949.

Abstract:[Objective] To investigate the change characteristics of summer precipitation in mid-lower reaches of Yangtze River and Yellow River.[Methods] Based on the summer monthly precipitation data from 1960 to 2010 of 48 stations in the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River and 45 stations in the mid-lower reaches of the Yellow River, the decadal change, the periodic oscillation of precipitation variation and the points of abrupt change, and the reasons of the change were comparatively analyzed by Mann-Kendall test and the Morlet wavelet method.[Results] The summer precipitation showed an increase trend in the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River and a decrease trend in the mid-lower reaches of the Yellow River during 1960-2010. On the whole, the summer precipitation showed the pattern of southern flood and northern drought. From the decadal perspective, it was drought period in the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River and flood period in the mid-lower reaches of the Yellow River during 1960s and 1970s. Summer precipitation in the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River in 1980s was more than that in 1970s, while precipitation in the mid-lower reaches of the Yellow River was less than that in 1970s. Summer precipitation was obviously in positive departure in the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River and it was negative departure in the mid-lower reaches of the Yellow River in 1990s. Summer precipitation was in negative departure in the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River and it was slightly positive departure in the mid-lower reaches of the Yellow River in 2000s. Based on the Morlet wavelet method, it was showed that the main cycle of precipitation was about 10 to 12 years in the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River and in the mid-lower reaches of the Yellow River, but the time of the phase cycle was opposite. The change of summer precipitation pattern in both regions showed the strength of the East Asian summer monsoon. The strength of the East Asian summer monsoon was mainly contributed to this precipitation pattern.[Conclusion] The East Asian summer monsoon would be stronger and it should to pay attention to the summer precipitation pattern of southern drought and northern flood in the next 10~12 years.

Abstract:[Objective] To analyze the factors affecting the suitability index for consolidation project location of the rural residential sites, and to build a suitability index system.[Methods] The pair comparison method and 1 to 7 degrees theory were adopted to determine the weights of indexes, comprehensive score method to calculate the suitability indexes for consolidation project location of the rural residential sites, and dispersion analysis method to divide the level of comprehensive scores of suitability index.[Results] The rural residential renovation project site suitability in Tangxian County of Hebei Province could be divided into four classes:most suitable region, suitable region, less suitable region and unsuitable region. Combination score ranges more than 77 is standy for the most suitable degree, 68.59 to 77 for the suitable degree, 61.37 to 68.59 for less suitable degree, 61.37 points below for unsuitable degree.[Conclusion] Local governments and departments should be careful about the spatial and temporal order of site selection to effectively improve the scientificity and feasibility of the rural residential renovation project location.

Abstract:[Objective] To provide reference for disaster prevention and control of river-blocking debris flow of Haermu gully in Wenchuan area after earthquake.[Methods] By in-situ investigation, the changes of geological environment was analyzed systematically based on the formation of debris flows after Wenchuan Earthquake. The possible size of the debris flow under different rain frequencies was studied. We used four experience formulae to evaluate the risk of debris flow.[Results] The characteristics of debris flow, confluence condition and hydrologic condition of main river were conducive to debris flow blocking the river. Calculated by the 4 empirical equations, it was indicated that there was risk of river blocking when P=1% and above. After the comprehensive treatment for 7 debris flows within 3 years, significant improvement have been achieved. However, issues such as project layout unreasonable, abutment seepage, overflow port siltation, erosion damage to drainage canal still existed.[Conclusion] To solve those issues, we suggested that more check dams need to be built and drainage canal need to be reinforced in the future.

Abstract:[Objective] Aimed at the controversial views on the influence of grain for green project on the rural economy, according to statistical yearbooks and field research data from 1997 to 2010, the author analyzed the influence of grain for green project on the rural economy of Laishui County, Hebei Province.[Methods] Utilizing the grey relational analysis method.[Results] The land use structure had changed and the industrial, and the agricultural structure were improved and the farmer's annual income was increased due to the implementation of grain for green project. The correlation degree of the third industry, forestry and rural economy was higher, and the score were 0.75 and 0.66 individually, but farming, fishing, animal husbandry included in the first industry had less impact on the increase of farmers' income.[Conclusion] Rural industrial structure and the internal structure of agriculture still need upgrading and the structure of rural labor force should be optimized so as to promote the sustainable development in the impoverished region.

Abstract:[Objective] To investigate the effects of different slope aspect, slope position and difference succession stages on species diversity and productivity of vegetation in dump slopes of opencast coalmine in Fuxin City, Liaoning Province.[Methods] The plant diversity, evenness and richness indices were calculated. The plant productivity was measured by drying method. The relationship between diversity index and biomass was explored by correlation analysis.[Results] For shady slopes, the plant diversity and evenness was higher at the lower part of slopes while they were higher at the upper parts of sunny slopes. With the succession, the plant diversity gradually declined on the shady slopes, while it increased on the sunny slopes. The aboveground vegetation, litter, and aboveground total biomass were greatest at the upper part of shady slope and at the middle part of sunny slope, respectively. The litter and aboveground total biomass were significantly greater on the shady slope than those on the sunny slope(p<0.05). Shannon-Wiener diversity index was significantly correlated with productivity(aboveground vegetation, litter, and aboveground total biomass, p<0.05). However, we did not find any significant relationship between productivity and other plant diversity indexes(p>0.05).[Conclusions] Vegetation succession and restoration processes of coalmine dumps in Fuxin City might depended on slope aspect and slope position. When vegetation reclamation was carried out for coalmine dumps, the differences in the characteristics of habitats should be considered.

Abstract:[Objective] To reveal the rules and grade of west Ordos plateau flood disasters in Qing dynasty.[Methods] The method of historical literature analysis and wavelet analysis method were used to research relevant problem.[Results] The study concluded that the western Ordos Plateau flood disasters during the Qing Dynasty happened 89 times and occurred averagely 0.34 times per year. Flood disasters in the western Ordos Plateau during Qing Dynasty could be divided into 5 stages, from 1644 to 1733 was the Ⅰ stage, from 1734 to 1783 was the Ⅱ stage, from 1784 to 1813 was the Ⅲ stage, from 1814 to 1863 was the Ⅳ stage, and from 1864 to 1912 was the Ⅴ stage. The Ⅰ, Ⅲ and Ⅴ stage belonged to low stage, the Ⅱ and Ⅳ stage belonged to high stage. In the area during Qing Dynasty, 89 times flood disaster occurred, and the mild disasters accounted for 24.7%, moderate disasters accounted for 65.2%, severe disasters accounted for 10.1%.[Conclusion] The cycles of flooding disaster occurrences during Qing Dynasty of the Western Ordos Plateau is 65 a, 32 a, 17 a, 10 a and 3 a to 4 a, respectively. The occurrence of floods in this area is mainly due to the increasing annual precipitation and the concentration of annual precipitation. There are 2 humid climate events appeared in the Western Ordos Plateau during the Qing Dynasty, from 1774 to1783 and from 1814 to 1823.

Abstract:[Objective] To improve the studies on ecological conditions, utilization, and protection of forest resources, the soil spatial variation and the spatial distribution of sample sites in forest of Hu'nan-Jiangxi boundary mountain areas were analyzed.[Methods] The soil nutrient content was measured, and the comprehensive advantage of soil nutrients was evaluated by the changed Nemero formula, the soil spatial variability was evaluated by the coefficient of variation(CV).[Results] (1) Soils of the experimental region were characterized as acidic and had high values of soil organic matter(SOM) and soil total nitrogen(STN) generally, but were all lack of soil available phosphorus(SAP) and soil available potassium(SAK)nutrients, (2) With the rise of elevation level of hill, low mountain, middle mountain, the values of soil pH, SOM, STN, SAP and comprehensive fertility coefficient increased, but the spatial variation of soil pH, SOM and STN decreased. (3) According to the different forest types, the comprehensive advantage of soil nutrients were made as follow:shrubs> the mixed forest> Phyllostarchys pubescens forest> broad-leaved forest> coniferous forest, the order of the spatial variation were:shrubs> coniferous forest> P. pubescens forest> broad-leaved forest> the mixed forest. (4) All the soil nutrient indicators of natural forest, except the SAP, were higher than that of plantation.[Conclusion] The forest in middle mountain, mixed forest and natural forest have more potential to maintain good soil nutrient status in the study area.

Abstract:[Objective] To analyze the capacity of green roofs with different substrate layer thickness to hold rainwater and reduce the runoff.[Methods] A series of green roof assemblies were constructed, and artificial rainfall experiments were carried out. Under the different condition of substrate layer thickness and simulated rainfall intensities, rainfall-runoff process and rainwater retention and reduction capacity were studied.[Results] There is a relationship between runoff processes of green roofs and different substrate layer thickness; The thickness of substrate layer of green roofs has exponent relation with rainwater retention rate; Rainwater reduction rate has no obvious relation to rainfall intensity, and it mainly depend on the substrate layer thickness.[Conclusion] Green roof can reasonably reduce the peak flow, total volume of runoff and delay the runoff generation, and the capacity increased with the increase of substrate layer thickness.