Abstract:[Objective] To examine the temporal and spatial characteristics of dust flux and to determine the influencing factors in Wucaiwan open-pit coalmine in the East Junggar Basin in Xinjiang area, of which, the effects of meteorological factors on dust flux and deposition were underlined. Through the analysis of temporal and spatial pattern of dust flux in mining time, theoretical basis with regard to the monitoring methods were expected to be provided.[Methods] The key impacting factors were determined by the correlations of four meteorological factors with the dust flux.[Results] (1) The results indicated that the trend of dust flux had three types; (2) The influences of meteorological factors on dust flux ranked as:wind velocity>average soil humidity>average environment temperature; (3) Deposited distribution of dusts were both affected by winds and human interferences in this region.[Conclusion] Because of the higher mining rate, the dust fluxs in April, June and September were greater than thats on other months. Ambient humidity influenced lightly on dust flux, wind was the main meteorological factors. Dust fall was mainly distributed in area about 8~10 km apart from working section, storage area and industrial estate in the predominant wind direction.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper aimed to illustrate the spatial-temporal change of soil nutrients, enzyme activity and microbe quantity when mined area was reclaimed.[Methods] Through collecting samples at different depths in soil with different reclaimed age in Lujiang mined area, soil nutrients, enzyme activity and microbe quantity were measured and soil physical-chemical indexes were investigated.[Results] The statistical analysis revealed that as reclamation years increased, the soil pH value, soil bulk density and total porosity reduced gradually and the soil electrical conductivity, moisture content and total salt increased gradually. Meanwhile, the total potassium and effective potassium content reduced, and organic matter, total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzale nitrogen, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen increased gradually, while P had no obvious trend. Microbial biomass was most sensitive to mine reclamation with the largest variation. Soil urease, sucrase, dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase activity and microbe quantity increased with the increasing of reclamation years. In the mine soil, bacteria were predominant(more than 99.3% in amount), actinomyces ranked next, and fungi amount was the least among the three communities of soil microbes. With the increasing of depth, soil nutrients, enzyme activity and microbe quantity declined gradually, which implied that they had the "surface accumulation". At the same soil layer with different reclamation years, soil nutrients, enzyme activity and microbe quantity largely ranked as:60 a>40 a>20 a>5 a, though local fluctuation existed.[Conclusion] Mine reclamation could improve soil quality and soil fertility, and the soil microbial metabolism. The later could influence the soil nutrient and enzyme activity in the mine soil, which suggested that all the factors in soil system were in a dynamic change and in balance. They have two traits, one of the trait is that they interacte and influence each other as a combined unity, and the other one is that they behaved dynamically balanced. The two traits imply that have the uniformity and synchronicity in soil.

Abstract:[Objective] Researching the characteristics of runoff changing in the upper reaches of Bailong River in recent 50 years, and further analyzing the lagging effect of runoff to precipitation and the impacts of precipitation and human activities on runoff changes.[Methods] Based on monthly runoff observation data in Wudu hydrological station and monthly rainfall data in weather stations in the upper reaches of Bailong River basin in 1961-2010, the monthly, seasonal and annual variations of runoff in upper reaches of Bailong River basin and its tendency were analyzed using methods of concentration frequency, concentration period, Mann-Kendall test, rescaled range analysis, and so on.[Results] The annual runoff distribution in the studied area was extremely uneven. The multi-year average of runoff concentration frequency was about 34.92%; the inter-annual change of annual runoff demonstrated a decreasing trend significantly, at a rate of -3.942×10⁸ m³/10 a(p<0.001). The Hurst index was 0.98, which indicated that the decreasing trends of runoff in the studied area will continue in the future. The seasonal and monthly change of runoff also decreased significantly(p<0.05). The annual runoff dropped off abruptly in 1990 which indicated that annual runoff showed a significantly decreasing trend. There was an about 22.6 days hysteresis in the response of runoff to precipitation, and the hysteresis had slightly rising trend. The annual runoff coefficient showed that the runoff from rainfall decreased significantly(p<0.001) with the time due to plant interception, infiltration and evaporation in recent 50 years. The runoff coefficient after 1990 decreased by 0.14 as compared with the previous period.[Conclusion] Before 1990, precipitation was the dominant factors, whilst, the variations of runoff in the studied area were mainly attributed to human activities after 1990.

Abstract:[Objective] Study the effects of re-vegetation on soil enzyme activities and physio-chemical properties on sloping-lands with purple soils in Hengyang City, in order to reveal the change of soil property in different re-vegetation phases and the mechanism of recovery/degeneration of soil ecology.[Methods] Successional stages were postulated as those communities with different physiognomy, and in which soil samples of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-40 cm in plots of grassland(Ⅰ), frutex and grassplot(Ⅱ), frutex(Ⅲ), arbor and frutex community(Ⅳ) were collected. Some soil enzyme activities and physio-chemical properties in the postulated stages of re-vegetation were assayed and illustrated.[Results] (1) Patrick richness index(R), Shannon-Wiener index(H) were followed the order as:>Ⅳ >Ⅱ >Ⅰ, Simpson index(D):Ⅰ >Ⅱ >Ⅳ >Ⅲ, Evenness index(E):Ⅳ >Ⅲ >Ⅱ >Ⅰ.The above and under-ground biomass significantly increased along revegetation; (2) SWC(soil water content), SOM(soil organic matter), TN(total nitrogen), TP(total phosphorus), NO₃^--N(nitrate-nitrogen) and AP(available phosphorus) significantly increased along revegetation, whereas SBD(soil bulk density), pH values and R/S ratio(root/soil ratio) gradually decreased. With the increase of soil depth, SWC, R/S ratio, SOM, N and P significantly decreased, SBD and pH values gradually increased; (3) The activities of URE (Urease), PRO(protease), APE(alk-phosphatase), INV(invertase),CEL(cellulase) and PPO(polyphenol oxidase) significantly increased, and the activities of CAT(catalase) was the highest in Ⅲ. With the increase of soil depth, except for PPO and CAT, the activities of the other soil enzyme activities decreased obviously.[Conclusion] Re-vegetation could improve soil physio-chemical properties and increase soil enzyme activities.

Abstract:[Objective] To study the influence of land use change on the runoff in Xuzhou City from 1983 to 2013, and provide reference for water resources utilization and protection and land use structure adjustment in the city.[Methods] Using the data of land use change derived from Landsat TM/ETM⁺, the spatiotemporal characteristics of runoff were simulated using soil conservation service hydrological model(SCS).[Results] (1) In the years with abundant, normal and scarce rainfalls, the annual runoff depth was found increased by 46, 42, and 38 mm, respectively; (2) The runoff depth ranged from 299 mm to 800 mm. (3) The runoff coefficient was found with the most significant variation as high as 0.3, when forest was transformed to construction lands, other transformation ranged from 0.1 to 0.3; (4) The averaged increases of runoff on different soil moisture conditions ranked as:AMCⅠ >AMCⅡ >AMCⅢ.[Conclusion] The increase of construction land was the major factor that resulted in the increase of the runoff in recent years. The percentage of construction land reached the threshold value of 20% in 2003, which corresponded to the runoff inflection point. Water-covered land, construction land, farmland, and coal mining land were the types with high depth value of runoff, whereas, forest and grass land has the low runoff depth. The transformation from forest to construction land caused the most significant increase of runoff coefficient.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper mainly studied the phosphorus speciation and release law in the soil of coal mining subsided area, to know the phosphorus pollution characteristics.[Methods] Phosphorus content and fractions in the soil of NO.1 Panji subsided area were analyzed using sequential extraction method, and the release characteristics of phosphorus in the soil were studied using the columnar sample simulation experiment.[Results] (1) Total phosphorus(TP) content in the soil varied from 103.58 mg/kg to 489.89 mg/kg, and the average content was 248.47 mg/kg; (2) Bioavailable phosphorus(BAP) content varied from 86.94 mg/kg to 378.24 mg/kg, accounting for 43.53%~91.12% of TP; (3) The cumulative release quantity of TP was in the following order:pH=12 >pH=3 >pH=6 >pH=8 >pH=10 >pH=4.[Conclusion] High potentiality of phosphorus release had been discovered by the research of soil in coal mining subsided area. In different pH conditions, the releasing strength of phosphorus was ranked as:alkaline>acid>neutral.

Abstract:[Objective] The spatial distribution patterns and socio-economic factors on soil nitrogen were studied in Shehong County of Sichuan Province.[Methods] Based on the random sampled soil nitrogen data, and social and economic data, geostatistics and spatial analysis of ArcGIS 9.3 were used.[Results] (1) the contents of soil total nitrogen(TN) and alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen(AHN) were 1.08±0.29 g/kg and 100.24±34.80 mg/kg respectively. The regions with highest value(>1.4 g/kg) of TN contents were mainly distributed in Yanjiagou and Xiangjiaying, the regions with lowest value(<0.9 g/kg) located in Niancaoba; The regions with highest value(>140 mg/kg) of AHN contents were mainly distributed in Wanbaishan and Xianjiaping, the regions with lowest value(<80 mg/kg) were mainly located in Niancaoba. (2) The TN contents increased firstly then decreased with the increase of distances around the towns, while the AHN contents reduced gradually; The TN contents were unchanged, while the AHN contents reduced gradually near roads; The TN contents were not changed, while the AHN contents were increased gradually in near by homesteads; (3) The contents of soil nitrogen were influenced greatly by the regional location around towns, roads and homesteads; (4) There were some differences of the contents of soil nitrogen for different nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphatic fertilizer and organic manure fertilizer, but the AHN contents were tightly tied to nitrogenous fertilizer.[Conclusion] To sum up, the impact of soil nitrogen of socio-economic factors had obvious regional difference.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper aimed to explore the drought resistance mechanism of Populus simonii, and to provide a scientific basis for the construction of the shelterbelt in the northern of Shanxi Province.[Methods] The effect of drought stress on Populus simonii seedling growth was studied based on the pot experiment conducted in the Taidu nursery base of Jixian Forestry Bureau in the southwest of Shanxi Province. The experiment simulated drought conditions and used the Populus simonii from a loess gully region as the provenance material. And height and ground diameter of the seedling, the biomass in leaves, stems and roots, the relative water content and water potential, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and other growth and physiological indexes were measured in order to study the effects.[Results] The results showed that drought stress inhibited the growth of the Populus simonii seedlings, including the aboveground parts and the root system; Leaf relative water content and water potential decreased with the reduction of the relative water content of soil. In different drought gradient treatments(CK,T₁,T₂,T₃,T₄,T₅), net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate slowed down with the severeness of drought stress. However, in the treatments of CK(field capacity) to T₃ (40% of field capacity, soil water content is 8.12%), the declined rates were gradually smaller; in addition, the Populus simonii seedlings could maintain a relative large photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate, which indicated that Populus simonii had obvious drought resistance. When soil moisture further reduced, Populus simonii appeared to be drying in the period of T₄ (30% of field capacity, soil water content is 6.09%), and in T₅ (20% of feild capacity, soil water content is 4.06%) all died.[Conclusion] In the southwest of Shanxi Province and the surrounding areas, soil water should be stayed above 6.09%(T₄) as far as possible while planting Populus simonii.

Abstract:[Objective] To explore the effect of different rainfall intensity and slope gradient under the conditions of different cover on runoff and sediment reduction effect, and to quantitative determine the weight of erosion influence factors.[Methods] Use the methods of artificial rainfall and gray correlation analysis.[Results] (1) Compared with bare land, the slope with litter, gravel and ryegrass had a good effect on runoff and sediment reduction, reducing the flow of benefits to a maximum of 79.7%, the average current reducing benefits was 46.1%. Followed by ryegrass, with maximum flow reducing benefits of 68.9%. The third is gravel, with maximum flow reducing benefits of 68%. (2) Ryegrass flow reducing effect exists critical coverage, its value was in the 60% or so, when the coverage was more than 60% after the current reducing benefits, no longer increased. (3) Sediment reduction effect increased with the increase of coverage, the biggest sediment reduction effect of the litter, gravel and lawn were 98.8%, 64.6% and 88.1% respecitively. (4) Through gray correlation quantitative analysis on selected 8 influence factors and runoff had high correlation, correlation degree was more than 0.622 3.[Conclusion] The different test conditions and different cover on runoff and sediment yield had significant effect, the rainfall intensity and rainfall is larger on the factors affecting sediment yield, rainfall intensity, rainfall, cover and slope were 4 factors which had greater influence on runoff, the influence of correlation degree and correlation factors and runoff and sediment sequence for different types of soil.

Abstract:[Objective] Root tensible mechanism of three aboriginal plants in the Central-western Inner Mongolia area was studied to provide references of species selection for soil and water consvervation.[Methods] Single root tension of three common plants of the midwest regions of Inner Mongolia area, Hippophae rhamnoides, Caragana korshinskii and Medicago sativa were tested with indoor instantaneous ultimate method.[Results] (1) Single root transient ultimate tensile strength of the plants increased with diameter; single root ultimate tensile strength decreased by power function with diameter increased; (2) When the root diameters were in the same size class between 0.19~2.89 mm, three species' single root transient ultimate tensile strength and modulus of elasticity ranked as:Hippophae rhamnoides >Caragana Korshinskii >Medicago sativa when the three plants' root diameter were less than 0.5 mm, the fine root had greater ultimate tensile strength and modulus of elasticity; (3) When the same tree species had the same root diameter, if soil had high moisture content, the average tensile strength of single was small.[Conclusion] It is important to consider both morphological characteristics and mechanical properties when choosing appropriate species for soil and water conservation. The levels of root reinforcement erosion resistance of Caragana korshinskii were better than that of Hippophae rhamnoides and Medicago sativa.

Abstract:[Objective] To research the effects of two seedlings[tissue culture seedling(P₁) and seed seedling(P₂)] of Eucalyptus grandis plantation on soil anti-erodibility.[Methods] Soil samples of 0-10c m, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm were collected with ring-knife and plastic box to determine the index as soil bulk density, non-capillary porosity, capillary porosity, total porosity, soil aeration porosity and water stable aggregates content, etc.[Results] The soil bulk density in the two seedling plantation lands increased at the downward soil profiles, while total porosity and soil aeration porosity decreased with the increase of soil depth. The soil bulk density in P₁ was significantly lower than that in P₂. The total porosity and soil aeration porosity in P₁ were significantly higher than those in P₂. Water stable index, soil erosion resistance, aggregate condition, aggregate degree and structure coefficient in the two kinds of plantations decreased with the increase of soil depth, while the soil dispersion rate and dispersion coefficient increased. The water stability and resistance to corrosion index were both significantly different at the 0.05 level. Soil erosion resistance and structure coefficient in P₁ were higher than those in P₂, while the dispersion coefficient was lower than that in P₂. Contents of water-stable aggregate in all size and MWD(mean weight diameter) in both plantations decreased with the increase of soil depth, while soil structure damage rate increased. Contents of water-stable aggregate in different size(>5 mm, 5~2 mm, 0.5~0.25 mm, >0.5 mm, >0.25 mm) and MWDS in P₁ were higher than those in P₂, while the structure damage rate, and water-stable aggregate in sizes of 2~1 mm and 1~0.5 mm in P₁ were lower than those in P₂.[Conclusion] Soil anti-erodibility in P₁ was higher than that in P₂, in the present study condition.

Abstract:[Objective] The objective was to find out health management of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation under different forest age and to evaluate the effects of management conducted at present.[Methods]The study was carried out in Wangyedian forest farm of Chifeng City in Inner Mongolia. The coverage, diversity index and biomass were chosen as the indicators of vegetation condition. The impacts of conventional management and close-to-nature forest management on undergrowth vegetation of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation were assessed by taking the no disturbance forest management as reference.[Results] (1) At young forest stage, no disturbance management was found good for the development of diversity of undergrowth vegetation, and conventional management was proved beneficial to gain maximum biomass; (2) The diversity of undergrowth vegetation of no disturbance management had its maximum at half-mature forest stage, and the vegetation type, coverage, biomass of undergrowth vegetation of close-to nature forest management were the maximum; (3) At near-mature stage, vegetation type, coverage, diversity index and biomass of undergrowth vegetation were all larger than those of no disturbance management and conventional management.[Conclusion] Measures suitable to the stand age, management aim should be made in Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation management.

Abstract:[Objective] Studying the hydrological responses to land use and cover change of Southeast China coast in a small watershed, in order to provide references for the rational allocation and sustainable development of water and soil resources.[Methods] The confluence catchment of Jinjiang Shanmei Reservoir in Fujian Province of China, a place located at the southeast coast of China, was selected to illustrate the effects of land use and cover change(LUCC) on hydrological processes by SWAT model.[Results] (1) From 1995 to 2006, the forest land was mainly converted to garden land and construction land, while farm land was mainly transformed to construction land; (2) In the model, if other conditions were fixed, only data of land use in 2006 was replaced with the corresponding input variable in 1995, the runoff could be outputted as contrast:from 2000 to 2010, the annual runoffs in the whole watershed and also in the tributary drainage area consequently increased; and the averaged runoff during flooding increased, while the runoff during rainless period decreased; (3) The runoff volume in the whole watershed increased with an increased variation as contrast with the previous corresponding value; (4) Garden land, forest land, construction land and paddy field were the main driving factors that caused the regional hydrological changes.[Conclusion] Land use and cover change in the study area were found to result in a runoff trend that are "the flood volume is larger, the runoff yield is smaller". The changes of river runoff was resulted from the combined effects of all types of land use change. This combination effects need to be further studied.

Abstract:[Objective] Hydrodynamic characteristics of runoff over abandoned slags derived from the development and construction of the Shenfu-Dongsheng coal field were studied and the relationships between soil detachment rate and hydrodynamic parameters were analyzed.[Methods] Field simulated rainfall experiment was conducted.[Results] (1) Soil detachment rate(D_r) for the abandoned slags significantly linearly increased with increasing rainfall intensity; (2) Reynolds number(R_e) for the abandon slags generally increased as rainfall intensity increased, but its increase with rainfall duration showed an increasing trend at first and then maintained a stable trend. However, rainfall intensity did not affect Froude number(F_r) significantly. The F_rfluctuated violently 12 min after runoff generation and then fluctuated around a constant value. The drag coefficient(f) presented an increasing trend with rainfall duration, but the effect of rainfall intensity on the f was not significant. The abandoned slags studied, in order of decreasing average drag coefficient for a single rainfall, were the slag with less sand and more stone, abandoned soil body and slag with more sand and less stone; (3) The averaged soil detachment rate for each of the three underlying surfaces was a significantly linear function of shear force(τ) and stream power(P).[Conclusion] For the different types of underlying surfaces in the studied area, the variations of hydrodynamic parameters of runoff induced by single rainfall have their own characteristics. Soil detachment rate is significantly correlated with the hydrodynamic parameters.

Abstract:[Objective] This study aimed to explore the effects of grazing disturbance on soil nutrients and microbial biomass in desert steppe.[Methods] The impacts of grazing disturbance(high disturbance, HD; middle disturbance, MD; lower disturbance, LD) on soil nutrients and microbial biomass was analyzed based on the field investigation and the laboratory analysis.[Results] The vegetation coverage, species diversity, ground biomass, soil nutrients and microbial biomass significantly reduced. The soil bulk density and pH value increased. The soil conductivity firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of grazing intensity, while the underground biomass had no obvious trend. The soil nutrient and microbial biomass decreased progressively with the increase of soil depth and showed enrichment in the surface soil layer, the "surface accumulation" was observed obvious. The variation coefficient of soil total phosphorus was the highest, which implied that the spatial variability of soil total phosphorus was mostly influenced by grazing intensity. The vertical distributions of soil nutrients and microbial biomass were not affected by razing or not, and were independent on the grazing intensity. Microbial biomass had significant correlation with soil nutrients though grazing disturbed. The two items also had obvious correlations with soil moisture.[Conclusion] Soil total phosphorus showed more spatial heterogeneous than other nutrients under grazing conditions. And soil microbial biomass was more sensitive than soil nutrients to grazing disturbance. The variation responses of soil nutrients, microbial biomass and other indicators to grazing showed a consistency trait.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper aimed to explore the dynamic change of water use and the adaptation mechanism of Itea yunnanensis to microhabitat, to provide the theoretical basis for ecological environment reconstruction in karst region by analyzing the relationship between sap flow velocity and soil water content.[Methods] Thermal dissipation probe(TDP) was used to measure the sap flow dynamics of Itea yunnanensis at two microhabitats of non-stony soil surface and stony gully in karst region from July 26 to August 1, 2009. At the same time, soil water content was measured.[Results] Diurnal variation of sap flow displayed an irregular peaked curve, the peak velocity of sap flow occurred in daylight, the peak base of sap flow velocity was observed at night. The soil water content in the same depth gradually decreased with rate along time. The sap flow velocity of Itea yunnanensis and the soil water content had insignificantly positive correlation.[Conclusion] Though there were different sap flow velocity of Itea yunnanensis at the two microhabitats of non-stony soil surface and stony gully in karst region, it showed similar timeline responses under the two habitats. There was no obvious relationship between sap flow velocity and soil water content.

Abstract:[Objective] To investigate the distribution of soil organic carbon(SOC) and total nitrogen(TN) in different positions of semi-fixed dune in Horqin sandy land, for exploring the vegetation succession mechanism of different dune slope positions.[Methods] Soil samples were collected from the bottom of windward slope, mid-slope, top and leeward of semi-fixed dunes with 5 m height, along the direction of prevailing wind. Soil bulk density, SOC and TN contents were measured and then the ratio of carbon/nitrogen(C/N), densities and stocks of SOC and TN were calculated.[Results] (1) SOC contents in all 4 positions of the semi-fixed dune were decreased with soil depth and the obvious variation occurred in depth of 0-40 cm, and there were position differences (p<0.05) of SOC contents at depth of 30-40 cm and 60-100 cm; (2) TN contents and bulk density were all insignificantly different among different depths and slope positions. Ratio of C/N showed significant differences between the bottom and top of semi-fixed dunes. The ratio at the depth in leeward from 60 to 100 cm had significantly higher values than others; (3) SOC density decreased significantly with soil depth in all slope positions, and there existed significant differences of SOC density at depth of 30-40 cm among slope positions. No significant differences of nitrogen density were found among dune positions and profile depths; (4) Stocks of SOC and TN were 716.89 and 94.14 kg/m² in semi-fixed dune, respectively. The differences among slope positions were insignificant. However, contribution in each layer of SOC stock to the total stock was different between slope positions while TN was similar in each layer to the total.[Conclusion] There were insignificant differences in both contents and densities of SOC and soil nitrogen in semi-fixed dune of Horqin sandy land among dune position, however, contents of SOC and soil nitrogen differed significantly among soil depth in all dune positions, especially at the depth of 30-40 cm, which changed intensely, and this may due to plant root distribution of this depth.

Abstract:[Objective] Studying the hydrological effects of understory soil of typical forest types in the upper reaches of Liaohe River, aimed to provide theoretical evidence for the monitoring and evaluation of the forest ecosystem health.[Methods] The understory soils of some typical forest types were chosen to research their infiltration processes, and upon which the processes were fitted with several permeability models.[Results](1) The soil bulk density ranged from about 1.21 g/cm³ to 1.56 g/cm³, the maximum value was found in the middle-aged Pinus tabuliformisforest and maturePopulus davidianaforest had the minimum bulk density. The range of the total soil porosity was 41.26%~54.38%, mature Populus davidiana forest had the maximum porosity and middle-aged Pinus tabuliformis had the minimum porosity; (2) The soil water-holding capacity of mature Populus davidiana forest was greatest with a value of 1 087.56 t/hm² and middle-aged Pinus tabulaeformis forest had the minimum value of 825.17 t/hm²; (3) The steady infiltration rate of mature Populus davidiana forest was 1.33 mm/min; (4) Both Horton infiltration model and Philip model could reflect the soil infiltration course of each forest vegetation well, while the common power functional infiltration performed poorly.[Conclusion] The soils of different forest types had greater bulk density in deeper layer. The soil water storage capacity was bigger under broad-leaved forest than that under under coniferous forest. Horton model could be used as an important means to study the local hydrological function of forest soil.

Abstract:[Objective] To accurately understand the effects of coal mining on vulnerable ecological environment.[Methods] Soil physical properties and soil crust in current and three years later after ultra wide fully-mechanized coal mining in Mu Us desert were analyzed with sample plot survey and indoor element content analysis.[Results] The soil physical properties in fracture zone affected by coal mining were stronger than mined-out area, but the soil repairing ability in mined-out area was better than fracture zone, and coal mining effects on soil physical properties still exist after three years later. The soil temperatures of each sampling point not only have differences with the control group, but also have differences in spatial and temporal span. Soil bulk density, porosity and moisture content in twenty centimeters were negatively correlated with soil temperatures, and the soil moisture content had a significant correlation with soil temperature. Thickness and coverage of soil crust were affected by coal mining, and soil crust moisture content and water holding ability didn't return to the level before coal mining within three years.[Conclusion] The coal mining with ultra wide fully-mechanized cause damage on soil physical properties and soil crust, and the soil will be self-restored in the absence of human disturbance, but there is a certain difference between the effect of three years restoration and control.

Abstract:[Objective] To analysis the dynamic variation of slope runoff and sediment yield of three different land use types in the past three years, and provide a theoretical basis for sustainable management of Eucalyptus Grandis×E. Urophylla.[Methods] A located observation on runoff plots of three different land use types of Eucalyptus plantation, shrubbery and abandoned land of Pu'er City in Yunnan Province was conducted in the past three years, to analyze the runoff and sediment yield of the different land use types.[Results] The rainfall of the study area was observed concentrated in June to October from 2010 to 2012.The rainfall of study area gradually reduced in the past three years. The runoff observed in the three runoff plots ranked as:2012<2010<2011. The runoff in 2012 reduced by 52.28% and 40.92%, as compared to the value in 2011 and 2010, respectively. The runoff observed from June to October of the three land use types in 2010-2012 ranked as:Eucalyptus plantation< shrubbery< uncultivated land. The runoff in that period of Eucalyptus plantation reduced by 25.01% and 30.86%, respectively, compared with shrubbery and abandoned land. The yearly sediment rank observed in the three plots was 2012<2010<2011.The observed value in 2012 reduced by 41.83% and 18.49%, respectively, as compared to the sediment in 2011 and 2010. Sediment and the total annual runoff volume varied consistently in the past three years. Eucalyptus plantation reduced sediment yield by 47.56% and 50.69%, respectively, against the shrubbery and abandoned land.[Conclusion] Eucalyptus plantation has the best effect of soil and water conservation.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper aims to demonstrate the spatial autocorrelation and the pattern of soil temperature, and to find the main environmental factors.[Methods] Classical statistics and 3S technology were used.[Results] The spatial distribution of soil temperature in different soil depth showed a general highly positive spatial autocorrelation and had obvious spatial clusters, nearly no spatial isolated distribution was found. The impacting factors of spatial distribution of soil temperature in different soil depth ranked as:soil thickness, slope, vegetation coverage and altitude.[Conclusion] The influence of soil thickness on soil temperature, essentially, is the comprehensive reflection of karst environment. Terrain factors, like slope, elevation and so on, are the main factors influencing soil inversed temperatual structure. In addition, the spatial heterogeneity of soil temperature also been affected by "covering" or "heat preservation effect" of plants.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper studied surrounding rainwater runoff of sunken lawn by calculating the dynamic runoff coefficient of runoff process and the runoff reduction rate.[Methods] The sunken lawn was artificial made to simulate their occupied area proportion, and the surrounding rainwater with different intensity was simulated.[Results] (1) 5 cm height designed gullies can intercept 3-year, 5-year recurred storm runoff basically when sunken lawn area ratio was 30%, and the runoff coefficients was 0.30 when it were stable; (2) When the sunken lawn area ratio was 20%, the lawn with 8 cm and 5 cm height gullies could reduce runoff rates of 3-year, 5-year recurrence storm over 40%, and the stabilized runoff coefficient was 0.90. The difference of reduction rate between the two designed gully-height lawns was not significant, and 5 cm height gullies design was more economically reasonable than the one with 8 cm gully; (3) The runoff rate from the lawn was a temporal unimodal curve. The peak flow rate was bigger and runoff duration was longer when the catchment area or the rainstorm intensity was greater.[Conclusion] Runoff reduction of sunken lawn was obvious, which was greater when the area ratio was higher.

Abstract:[Objective] The snowmelt runoff process of Songhua River was analyzed, and the influence factors of snowfall, such as temperature, radiation, and so on, were addressed in order to provide some basises for the regulation and utilization of snowmelt runoff in the Songhua River Basin.[Methods] Using methods of Mann-Kendall test, moving average and slope estimation, the tendencies and variations of snowfall, temperature, radiation, runoff and other information of Songhua River Basin from 1956 to 2010 were analyzed.[Results] (1) Runoff of spring thaw period was between 1.26×10⁸~1.20×10¹⁰ m³/a, and had a decreasing tendency; (2) Temperature rose significantly within the thaw period, increased by 0.047℃/a, which is greater than the increase of annual average temperature of 0.036℃/a; (3) Radiation value showed a trend of decrease in the study period, the yearly averaged decreasing rate and the corresponding value at frost free period droped by 5 J/(m²·a) and 8 J/(m²·a); (4) Snowfall increased year by year. The snowfall along the main stream decreased from east to west. While the snowfall along the branched Nenjiang River reduced from north to south gradually. Snowfall and snowmelt runoff changed at a same step.[Conclusion] The increased temperature not only makes a favorable condition for snow melting but also will enhance the evaporation. The increase of snowfall is not enough to counteract the effects of temperature on the snowmelt.

Abstract:[Objective] To analyze land cover change in Kumtag Desert and its surrounding area.[Method] Remote sensing was applied to monitor land cover change in reseach area, and the TM images of the study area in 1990s, 2000s and 2010s were processed, three maps of land cover classification were separately obtained. The three maps were compared mainly on the changes in vegetation and desert using ArcGIS software.[Result] (1) Vegetation increased in area, but it only covered a small proportion of all the land area; a large proportion was covered by gobi and bare land; (2) Desert area increased in the first decade and decreased in the second decade. Overall, it increased as the former outweighed the later; (3) Wetlands had the most serious vulnerability, because its changes depend on the accumulation and water loss.[Conclusion] Human beings started to improve the ecological environment, and achieved some success. The south margin of Kumtag Desert of the mountainy land are the key areas needed to be controlled and protected of desertification, and to be revegetated.

Abstract:[Objective] To evaluate effects of graze-prohibited policy implemented in Ordos area.[Methods] Using the the coverage index elicited by two-pixel model from MODIS-NDVI as the data source, to evaluate the spatial-temporal changes of growth seasonal vegetation coverage in no grazing district from 2000 to 2012, and to analyze the annual change using transfer matrix.[Results] The vegetation coverage reduced gradually from east to west, the vegetation coverage in the eastern division was higher than that in the west, the coverage in the north was higher than that in the south. The vegetation cover generally increased from 2000 to 2012, with a changing tendency from low to high vegetation cover. In the periods of 2008-2012, the vegetation coverage was better than that of 2000-2004 and 2004-2008.[Conclusion] The study area had a significant increase in the vegetation coverage, which indicates that the graze-prohibited policy have a great effect on the grassland ecological restoration.

Abstract:[Objective] Research on the county-scale spatial variability of soil available nitrogen(AN) and determination of reasonable sampling density in order to provide scientific knowledge for nutrient management in the Qinba mountain areas.[Methods] Sampling schemes with different sample intensities were simulated by extracting data from an AN database of intensive samples, and then made the spatial interpolation analysis of AN based on geostatic combined on GIS technology, and the interpolation accuracy was evaluated by the cross validation method.[Results] (1) The content of AN showed moderate variation with the coefficient of 42.95%; (2) The moderate spatial variability of the AN was found with the ratio of Nugget and Sill of about 1/2 and the maximum spatial self-related distance of 9 171 m; (3) Significant changes were detected when sample number reduced from 1 060 to 742, meanwhile, great changes were found of variation distance and the ratio of Nugget and Sill with the relative errors of 152.32% and 36.1%, and the root mean square error (RMSE) and relative coefficient changed significantly.[Conclusion] The range of the AN in Hanbin District was longer than other regions, so spatial continuity was better. It is possible to reduce the number of sample points to satisfy the need of the research regarding spatial variability of AN. Taking the results of spatial prediction accuracy into consideration, more than 1 060 samples should be the suitable number to evaluate the spatial variability of AN on county scale, and the maximum sampling unit is 345.5 hm².

Abstract:[Objective] In order to study the spatial variability of soil properties in the buffer belt of Erhai Lake, and then provide reference for controlling non-point source pollution and pricision agricultural planning and layout.[Methods] 80 soil samples in the buffer belt of Erhai Lake were collected. Soil moisture, total soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen were measured. The spatial distribution patterns of soil parameters were analyzed by using traditional statistical and geo-statistical methods.[Results] (1) All statistical characteristics passed through the K-S test and thus indicated normal distribution; (2) The nutrient contents in the soil were high. The coefficient of variation of ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen were higher than 100%, indicating a strong variability;. (3) Soil organic matter in south was slightly lower than that in north. In east-west direction, organic matter in the east and west was higher than that in the middle. By contrast, the content of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in south and north was lower than that in the middle; (4) Total soil organic matter showed a strong spatial correlation, whereas total nitrogen and total phosphorus showed weak spatial correlations.[Conclusion] Farmland layout and the migration and conversion of the buffer zone were two important factors affecting the spatial variability of soil properties.

Abstract:[Objective] Studying the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of NDVI in Jiangsu Province and the relationships between climatic factors with NDVI, in order to provide conferences for planing policies and countimeasures for eco-environment protection.[Methods] Linear regression trend method was used to analyze the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of NDVI, and correlation analysis method was used to analyze the relationship between climatic factors with NDVI.[Results] (1) The rising rate of average annual NDVI in Jiangsu Province from 2001 to 2010 was 0.005/a. (2) The average of NDVI in some hilly area were over 0.8, in Yangtze-Huai Plain and the Huang-Huai Plain, were mostly between 0.7 and 0.8.(3) The correlation between annual NDVI and relative humidity was -0.720, the correlation between monthly NDVI and the air temperature in the same month was 0.860; There existed lagging effect and accumulation effect for the influence of rainfall and relative humidity on NDVI, and the lag phase were both a month.[Conclusion] The average annual NDVI in Jiangsu Province had fluctuated uprising tendency from 2001 to 2010. The distribution and the change trend of average NDVI were distinct in different districts. The correlation of relative humidity and NDVI was the highest on the inter annual timescale, and the air temperature had the most important influence on monthly changes of NDVI.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper aimed to illustrate the distribution of soil organic carbon(SOC) storage and its differences caused by land use types.[Methods] Using GIS and geostatistical methods.[Results] (1) In 2010, total reserves of SOC in the surface(0-30 cm) was 1 161.28 Tg; (2) SOC distributed spatially heterogeneously, in the central and southwest of Sanjiang Plain, SOC was lower than that in the northwest, northeast and southeast; (3) The storage and density of SOC of different land use types were quite different. For example, farmlands had the highest surface storage of SOC with a value of 412.10 Tg, but grasslands contained the lowest SOC, that was only 2.31 Tg;(4) Surface SOC density of different vegetation types ranked as:marsh >woodland >grassland >paddy >farmland. Among them, the surface SOC density of marsh was 147.84 Mg/hm².[Conclusion] There are large difference of spatial distribution of SOC in Sanjiang Plain, and the distribution of surface SOC was affected by land use types.

Abstract:[Objective] To study the changes of landscape pattern of the coastal wetlands in Zhuanghe City of Liaoning Province and its driving force for the rational using of coastal wetlands and provide decision support and scientific basis of biodiversity conservation.[Methods] With the remote sensing data of Zhuanghe City in 2000 and 2010 as the basic data, under the support of RS and GIS, landscape pattern index model was used to analyze the change of the landscape pattern and the driving forces in this region.[Results] From 2000 to 2010, the area of the coastal wetland of the Zhuanghe City decreased by 7.44%; NP(number of patches) increased from 3 425 to 3 563 and added by 4.03%, H(landscape diversity index) increased from 0.631 5 to 0.855 4,D(landscape dominance index) decreased from 0.835 9 to 0.736 4, E(landscape evenness index) decreased from 0.578 to 0.514.[Conclusion] The changes of the landscape pattern indices indicated that the fragmentation of the landscape was aggravating. Both artificial and natural forces caused the wetland area reduced, and the ecological function of the coastal wetlands declined, which had worsen the ecological environment of research area, and indeed had seriously affected the economic development of the Zhuanghe City.

Abstract:[Objective] The objective is researching different land improvement material's impactions on the heat transmission of desertification soil in order to maintain soil water and control land deserification.[Methods] Using four different improvement materials(inorganic soil improvement material, integrated soil improvement material, gypseous soil improvement material, high-carbon soil improvement material) mixed with desertification soil in different proportions(5%, 7%, 9%, 11%, 12%, respectively). Steady state radiation was presumed as the heat impetus of soil degradation process, temperatures in different soil depths and compositions were measured.[Results] Addition of different materials led to the change of soil thermal conductivity. In the depths of -4~-8 cm, the effects on the thermal conductivity of four materials' addition in different proportion to the soil were:gypseous soil improvement material>inorganic soil improvement material>high-carbon soil improvement material>integrated soil improvement material. The best proportion of adding the integrated soil improvement material to the soil in -4~-8 cm depth was 9%.[Conclusion] Integrated soil improvement material and high-carbon soil improvement material are better modified materials for improving desertification soil.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper aimed to understand the effects of sewage sludge organic fertilizer application on the amendment of lead-zinc mine tailings through the measurements of growth responses of four potted plants and heavy metal accumulation in them, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the repairing and improving of tailings by rational utilization of sludge organic fertilizer.[Methods] We adopted pot experiment and used four plants named Lolium multiflorum, Trifolium repens, Melilotus suaveolens and Astragalus adsurgens, as materials.[Results] It showed that the height, root length, biomass of plants reached the maximum when 20 g/kg fertilizer was applied. The chlorophyll a+b contents in the four plants with fertilization treatment were higher than that of the control without fertilization. The more sludge organic fertilizer was applied, the lower content of MDA in Lolium multiflorum,Trifolium repens were measured. The contents of Pb, Zn, Cd inLolium multiflorum, Trifolium repens, Melilotus suaveolens reached the maximum when fertilizer was 10 g/kg, and decreased when fertilizer was 20 g/kg.[Conclusion] It indicates that with the increased application of sludge organic fertilizer, the amount of heavy metals in plants will decrease. Sludge organic fertilizer can help to alleviate the poisoning effects of heavy metals on plants.

Abstract:[Objective] To study the effects of infiltration amount and experimental scale on heterogeneous soil water flow(including both the maximum infiltration depth and the average infiltration depth, preferential flow heterogeneity and the size of preferential flow path), in order to provide theoretical support for efficient use of agricultural irrigation-fertilization, protection of groundwater environment and prediction of hydrological process etc.[Methods] 18 infiltration experiments, using the comassie brilliant blue staining as the dye tracer, were conducted in sand soil with various infiltration amounts(i.e. 1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 cm) and experimental scales (i.e. 0.25 m×0.25 m, 0.5 m×0.5 m and 1.0 m×1.0 m).[Results] (1) Both the maximum infiltration depth and the average infiltration depth increase with the increasing of infiltration amount under the same experimental scale, and the preferential flow heterogeneity increases firstly and then decreases with the increasing of the infiltration amount under the same experimental scale; (2) While under the same infiltration amount condition, the maximum infiltration depth and the preferential flow heterogeneity increase with the experimental scale when the infiltration amount is relatively small but the maximum infiltration depth and the preferential flow heterogeneity keep almost unchanged when the infiltration amount is considerably high; (3) Furthermore, the increasing of infiltration amount and experimental scale both make the preferential flow path expanded.[Conclusion] The infiltration amount and experimental scale have obvious impacts on the heterogeneous soil water flow.

Abstract:[Objective] For studing the function of surface tension which be used for distinguishing laminar flow or turbulent flow of thin sheet flow on slope surface.[Methods] The theoretical method of comparing acting force was adopted. Upon the basis of comparison between resistance of surface waves which embodies the surface tension(no rain) in the direction of motion, and viscous force, the quantitative relationships among wave length, wave height and depth of water were analyzed with reference to the data from test and numerical simulation results in the related literatures.[Results] (1) The critical Reynolds number used to distinguishing laminar flow or turbulent flow depended on Froude number(F_r), roll wave length and wave height; (2) In roll wave occurrence condition (F_r ≥2), the critical Reynolds number of thin sheet flow on slope surface was bigger than open channel flow.[Conclusion] The maximum of critical Reynolds number of the thin sheet flow on slope surface after roll wave occurred was 1.187 5 times of the corresponding value of open channel.

Abstract:[Objective] Studying the status and function of soil microbial-community structure and major functional microbial-groups on different Prunus armeniaca inter-plantation in the Loess Plateau region.[Methods] Three groups of soil microorganisms and major functional microbial-groups of soil were investigated based on the method of plate cultivation, and soil total nitrogen and organic matter were measured by conventional method; meanwhile, the dates were analyzed using hierarchical cluster as well as principal component analysis(PCA).[Results] (1) As for the total number of soil microorganisms and three major microbial groups, the highest values of them were found in the inter-plantation of P. armeniaca with alfalfa(p<0.05), the values in the inter-plantation of P. armeniaca with daylily and alfalfa times followed(p<0.05), and there was no significant difference among the rest inter-plantation patterns(p>0.05); (2) Soil azotobacter, ammonifier and cellulose decomposing bacteria were all found with the highest numbers in the inter-plantation of P. armeniaca with alfalfa(p<0.05), the second place was taken by numbers of these soil bacterial groups in the inter-plantation of P. armeniaca with lily and alfalfa(p<0.05); (3) The actinomycetes group played a more important role in the changes of Shannon-Wiener index; (4) The five inter-plantations were classified into three patterns according to the composition of cultivable soil microbes using the methods of hierarchical cluster as well as principal component analysis; inter-plantation with alfalfa was found with the greatest effect on the composition of soil microbial community, as compared with other patterns.[Conclusion] There were some distinctive and intrinsic interlinks between the variation of soil microbial composition and inter-plantation patterns.

Abstract:[Objective] To study the characteristics of topsoil available trace elements in different soil textures, for establishing reasonable fertilization scheme of farmland soil and improving the utilization rate of soil nutrient resources.[Methods] The topsoil(0-20 cm) of different soil textures in Kuqa County were sampled and the trace elements in it were measured. The characteristics of topsoil available trace elements in different soil textures were analyzed statistically.[Results] (1) The contents of available trace elements in the loam, sandy loam, clay, clay loam and sand soils were significantly different(p<0.05). And the contents of available trace elements in the loam and sandy loam were relatively higher than the contents of others; (2) The comprehensive effectiveness index of soil trace elements ranked as:sandy loam(1.51) >sand(1.44) >clay(1.42) >loam(1.41) >clay loam(1.27); (3) Soil organic matter and soil available trace elements had an extremely significant correlation (p<0.01), pH value was significantly correlated with the effective copper and manganese (p<0.05).[Conclusion] For all of the different soil textures, the contents of trace elements iron and zinc were more lack, the contents of manganese and copper were relatively more abundant. Consequently, scientific management and reasonable fertilization should be carried out according to the available trace elements in different lands.

Abstract:[Objective]The distribution characteristics of preferential flow path in the two kinds of forest soil were studied in order to provide a theoretical reference for some reseaches such as efficient utilization of soil water and improving plant growth environment.[Methods] Dyeing tracer method was used and dyed soil profiles where there was preferential flow way occurred were photographed for further process and analysis.[Results] The patterns of water infiltration in the two kinds of forest soil were different. Width and amount of staining paths were heterogeneous in different depths of a profile and different profiles at the same depth. (1) The dying path's shape of soil under conifer-broadleaf forest looked like "inverted ladder"; (2) the shape under Phyllostachys pubescens land looked like a S-type. The width and the number of staining path in these two forests reduced gradually with the increase of soil depth.[Conclusion]It is concluded that preferential flow occurred in both of the forests, and its way unevenly decreased with the increase of soil depth. Plant roots at depth of 0-20 cm have a more remarkable influence on preferential flow germination as compared to the roots at other depths.

Abstract:[Objective] To estimate the performance level of later period management and maintenance and to reveal its obstacle indicators from farmers' perspective based on two aspects of project process and results, in order to provide decision-making basis for establishing and perfect government management mechanism of rural land consolidation(RLC) project.[Methods] Methods employed are fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method based on entropy weight and the obstacle degree model.[Results] The performance level of later period management and maintenance in the investigation area was generally not high. Some differences existed are exerted in the performance level of later period management and maintenance in the two pattern area. The later period performance level was mainly restrained by the inter-process performance. The process factors include management participators, management regime, management fund and management measures, and again with the performances of irrigation/drainage project and farmland protection project. All these factors had significant impacts on promoting the comprehensive performance level of rural land consolidation(RLC).[Conclusion] To raise the performance level of later period management and maintenance of RLC, several items should be concerned. Firstly, we should assign and specify the management participators. Farmers' self-organized association was thought to be the first choice. Secondly, we should establish practical institutional regime to assure the timeliness and effectiveness of normalized daily procedures of management and maintenance. Thirdly, we should raise funds of later period management and maintenance of RLC through different channels, and arouse the enthusiasm of farmers to participate in later period management and maintenance of RLC projects.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper presented the asymmetry and dissimilarity of willingness to pay(WTP) and willingness to accept(WTA) in order to provide selective advices for measuring indicators of cultivated land ecological benefits.[Methods] Taking the ecological benefits measurement of cultivated lands in Jiaozuo City as an example, multiple scenarios CVM was adopted.[Results] (1) WTP and WTA have selection dissimilarity. In different scenarios, WTA of farmer households and town residents is higher than WTP; (2) WTP and WTA have distribution dissimilarity. In different scenarios, the cumulative probability distribution curves of WTP are significantly above WTA; (3) WTP and WTA have asymmetry on the degree of dispersion. The dispersion degree of WTA is significantly higher than WTP, and the pay-interval of WTA is larger than the repay-interval of WTP; (4) The ratio of WTP and WTA has asymmetry. In different scenarios, the farmer households' ratio of WTP and WTA is larger than the town residents', which shows town residents are more reasonable than farmer households when consumed.[Conclusion] According to holding effect, non-uniqueness of the cultivated land ecological benefits and fluctuating dissimilarity of the ratio of WTP and WTA, this research chooses WTP as the cultivated land ecological benefits measurement indicator based on the asymmetry and dissimilarity of WTP and WTA under three scenarios.

Abstract:[Objective] To find out the key polluted area and identify the main pollution factors of Jiaxing City.[Methods] We set up 29 monitoring sections in the main river in Jiaxing City and the surrounding area and indicators of COD_Cr, E.coli, TN, TP and NH₄⁺-N were monitored. These multiple water quality parameters were combined into a comprehensive index using entropy weight method.[Results] TN, TP of Jiaxing City outranged seriously of the quality standards(GB3838-2002) in Ⅴ class standard. The concentrations ranged 2.60~10.52 mg/L, 0.60~5.68 mg/L. Comprehensive index of water quality of the 29 monitoring points ranged as 1.61~8.69. The most serious pollution of the region is at the junction of Haiyan County and Pinghu City, and Central Xiuzhou District. Other districts around the key polluted region had a decreased pollution. Tongxiang, Western Haining and the northern part of Jiashan County is relatively less polluted. TP was identified as the main pollution factors, COD_Cr, E.coli followed.[Conclusion] In more serious polluted areas, water quality index method can better describe the pollution differences among different areas. The contribution of different water quality parameters to the comprehensive index can identify the main pollution factors.

Abstract:[Objective] Studing the amelioration effect of different soil amendments that are potentially suitable for costal heavy saline-alkali soil.[Methods] Hekang, phosphogypsum, micro-organism fertilizer, Tusheng, officinal-fertilizer and organic manure were used to amend saline and alkali soil in Maotuo field experiment station of Yellow River Delta. The effects of soil amendments on physiochemical and biological characteristics of costal strongly salinized soil were studied.[Results] (1) The results showed that the soil bulk density decreased and the aeration decreased when the soil amendments were added, among which phosphogypsum and Hekang had good amelioration effects; (2) Electric conductivity of soil was observed obviously decreased when each of the amendments added with a 15.9% or over decrease. The salty effect of saline and alkali on soil could be mitigated with soil amendments, especially with cotton field; (3) The phosphogypsum and Hekang was better than others in mitigating salt and modifying soil chemical properties; (4) Moreover, the microbial biomass and soil respiration increased with the addition of soil amendments, especially with the additions of organic manure or micro-organism fertilizer treatments; (5) Soil fertility and cotton production could increase by organic manure or micro-organism fertilizer treatments.[Conclusion] The physiochemical and biological characteristics of saline alkali soil can be improved with Hekang, phosphogypsum, micro-organism fertilizer, and organic manure amendments.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper aimed to provide the theoretical basis and technical support for evaluation and management of ecological environment in mining area based on a evaluation case study of the ecological sensitivities of 13 major mining areas in Laiyuan County of Baoding City, Hebei Province.[Methods] PSR model was applied for ecological sensitivity evaluation. And also technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS) method was introduced into the evaluation process.[Results] (1) The space layout of the ecological environment quality in Laiyuan County showed a radial incremental feature existed from the southeast to the northwest; (2) In term of the sensitivity difference of the mining area, the ecological environmental sensitivities of township of Tayayi and Dongtuanbao mining were better, and the sensitivity of Wulonggou mining area was worse.[Conclusion] The introduced evaluation of the TOPSIS method for the evaluation of ecological sensitivity of mining area had some obvious advantages. It can make the evaluation process simple, operable and less relayed on the evaluation index number. All of these make the evaluation result more accurate, objective and practical, and furthermore, the results can well describe expound the merits of each mine's ecological level and regional difference.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper aimed at studying the water environment carrying capacity of Xuzhou City in recent ten years, in order to provide theoretical supports for improving the research systerm of regional water environment carrying capacity.[Methods] The index system was established from two aspects:water resources carrying capacity and water pollution bearing capacity. And the improved entropy method was used to reorder the indices. Then, the model of regional water environment carrying capacity based on the catastrophe progression method was built and applied to the evaluation.[Results] (1) The water resource carrying capacity was overall low in each year, and had large inter-yearly variation. Especially in the years of 2002, 2006 and 2010, the water resource carrying capacity was at level Ⅰ; (2) On the whole, the water pollution bearing capacity had climbed and had a sign of getting steady; (3) The water environment carrying capacity of Xuzhou City were at level Ⅲ only in 2005 and 2009, while the other years were below level Ⅲ.[Conclusion] Although the water environmental carrying capacity of Xuzhou City had shown some improvement since 2003, it was relatively poor. Due to the uncontrollable natural attributes, the water resources carrying capacity is the main factors that would limit the water environment carrying capacity of Xuzhou City.

Abstract:[Objective] Temporal-spatial distribution of ammonium nitrogen(NH₄⁺-N) and available phosphorus(AP) in surface soil were studied from mining subsidence slope farmland in lime concretion black soil areas. Meanwhile, the loss characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus from surface runoff was analyzed with respect to rain intensity and slope degree.[Methods] Two surface-subsided slope farmlands resulted from coal mining were selected to sample and measure soil NH₄⁺-N and AP concentration from lime concretion black soil areas in Huaibei Plain. By simulated rainfall experiments in laboratory, soluble and particulate NH₄⁺-N and AP concentration from surface runoff were determined under two different rain intensity and three slope conditions.[Results] (1) NH₄⁺-N and AP concentration in surface soil of slope land for backfill mining were 16.5~72.0 mg/kg and 26.0~63.5mg/kg, respectively; and the corresponding values without backfill filling were 9.08~67.2 mg/kg and 22.4~82.1 mg/kg, respectively. While, NH₄⁺-N and AP content were 83.5~162 mg/kg and 38.7~86.5 mg/kg from surface soil in non subsidence areas, respectively; (2) Soil NH₄⁺-N and AP contents of the two mining-caused subsidence farmlands significantly decreased in contrast to that of the farmland without subsidence (p<0.05). The content of NH₄⁺-N was found gradually increasing from the top to the bottom of the slope there. After subsidence happened, soil NH₄⁺-N and AP concentration of the subsidence slope land did not significantly decrease as time went by, and AP content had an increasing instead; (3) NH₄⁺-N and AP loss under heavy rainfall were 3~5 times of that of weak precipitation, in which, particulate NH₄⁺-N and AP loss accounted for more than 60% of the total loss. The greater the slope is, the more NH₄⁺-N and AP would be lost. The inflection gradient of increased loss is 5°~10°.[Conclusion] Mining substance can significantly result in the loss of soil nitrogen and phosphorus on slope lands in lime concretion black soil areas, and particulate NH₄⁺-N and AP are the main ways of their loss with surface runoff in the region.

Abstract:[Objective] To Study the damage types and hazard effects from freezing-thawing process and the mechanism of geo-hazards/soil erosion in plateau of Western Sichuan Province.[Methods] On the basis of the specific survey of geological hazards in Daofu County of the plateau of Western Sichuan Province, the hazard effects of freezing and thawing were analyzed and summarized, and different damage types were counted.[Results] We put forward several damage effects as the "peeling effect" of freezing-thawing,the "surface effect" of landslide and the "fragmentation effect" of debris flow source. The carried stones of debris flow were less than 1 m in diameter. Therefore, burying was the main damage type of debris flow. More than 70% of landslides had the depth less than 20 m, the volume of these landslides were relative smaller, and the potential hazards from landslide is lower.[Conclusion] The damage power from debris flow in the plateau of Western Sichuan Province is weak, the prevention engineering should be consider as drainage oriented types. The landslide in the plateau of Western Sichuan Province had small volume, and this type landslide can slide easily under the lubrication of snow melt water or rainfall, and keep the slope flow away from landslide is important to the stability of this type of landslide.

Abstract:[Objective] Attempts from the perspective of institutionalism to investigate the crux of trans district water pollution control performance, and provide suggestions to improve the basin water environment quality.[Methods] Through analyzing performance of relevant legal provisions of "Environmental Protection Law", "Water Law", "Water Pollution Prevention Law", and water resources management system, and carried on the investigation to the water pollution of China.[Results] River basin management system and institutions arrangement, including regional segmentation, bull management, lack of coordination mechanism were insufficient to meet the need of solving sharp growth of waste and the increasing trans-regional water pollution incidents. The lack of environmental legal institutional execution caused vicious competition between local governments that involved in economic and political competition games, and eventually led to irrational equilibrium and the tragedy of the commons.[Conclusion] Improve the trans-district water pollution performance needs further perfecting the game design to improving institutions implementation, and adapt commitment action to improve the credibility and effectiveness of central government's policy,and through establishing accountability system, innovating basin property right and ecological compensation to improving control performance.

Abstract:[Objective] The internal deposits of collapse hill is the main material source of erosion. This paper aimed to reveal the infiltration regularity in that hill, and to explore the erosion mechanism on collapse hill by studing the infiltration process.[Methods] Field experiments of infiltration were conducted in site of Liantanggang collapse hill in Wuhua County of Guangdong Province using a self-made double circle infiltration device and soil moisture were measured with PR2/6 profile probe.[Results] (1) Soil steady infiltration rate of colluvial cone was between 0.58~2.41 mm/min with an average value of 1.37 mm/min.The average infiltration rate of channel soil was up to 5.58 mm/min. The infiltration process was dominated by gravity flow and soil structure was stability. (2) The infiltration rate showed a negative exponential power function relationship with infiltration time as the dependent variable, which conformed to Kositakov model. (3) The higher initial moisture content, the faster wetting front moved, meanwhile, the deeper of affected region, and its depth went down to 600~1 000 mm or even more when infiltration rate attained steady state. (4) The sectional moisture content showed a varied decline from profile top to bottom as affected by the heterogeneity of the soil.[Conclusion] The maximum depth of instable deposits in collapse vulnerable mount is at least 600~1 000 mm or even over 1 000 mm. Heterogeneity of colluvial cone soil can resist infiltration and form a stagnant water layer, which can potentially lead to subsurface erosion and hence has a great impact on erosion process of collapse hill. Therefore, the colluvial cone of that hill should be the focus of permeability study.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper analyzed the characteristics of drought and flood disasters occurred in agro-pastoral ecotone of Northeast China and the precedent climate change, mainly from the view of the effects of climate change on drought and flood disasters, in order to provide the scientific basis for making full use of climate resources, allocating water resources reasonably and improving response capacity to disaster.[Methods] Using the monthly temperature and precipitation data of 21 stations in agro-pastoral ecotone of Northeast China from 1960 to 2011, this paper analyze the temporal and spatial distribution of drought and flood conditions by Mann-Kendall climate mutation test, the standardized precipitation index(SPI), splining interpolation method.[Results] (1) The area showed a tendency of warming and drying. SPI3 showed that flood events increased in spring and winter, while in summer and autumn drought event increased; (2) The temperature changed in 1 988 suddenly. After the mutation, drought increased at a proportion of 20.7%, flood rised in a proportion of 9.3%. Precipitation in the "normal" year reduced significantly, this is extremely unfavorable to the area; (3) Regions with low value center of SPI extended from Horqin sandy land to the Songnen Plain in the northeast area, drought was more serious in the middle and south of the agro-pastoral ecotone of Northeast China.[Conclusion] The ecological environment of this area seems vulnerable, in order to offset the negative influence of warming and drying on farming and animal husbandry, emergency plan should be started early in drought areas.

Abstract:[Objective] To analyze the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of drought/flood disasters and to divide drought/flood grade of Guangdong Province from 1960 to 2012.[Methods] Wavelet analysis, Markov chain, Mann-Kendall mutation test, empirical orthogonal function and Kringing method were used.[Results] (1) As for temporal variation, the average annual rainfall of Guangdong Province is on the rise with 28 a, 13 a and 6 a time scale oscillation cycles; (2) Frequency of drought/flood disasters and the situation of drought/flood in the next few years have good responsive association with temperature changes. (3) As for spatial variations, the east and the west zones of Guangdong Province are likely undergoing flooding, while, Guangning-Guangzhou-Taishan region is easily being attacked by drought.[Conclusion] The drought/flood disasters increase after abrupt change of temperature, and there is a certain responsive relationship between drought/flood disasters and temperature changes.

Abstract:[Objective] To understand the variation of species composition and species diversity of plant community in Hunshandake sandy land with different recovery ages in the process of vegetation restoration, and to provide theoretical basis and scientific guidance for the vegetation restoration in the area.[Methods] Plant community was investigated by transect sampling method.[Results] (1) There were 33 species of 10 genera in 27 families after five years restoration; (2) Species richness, diversity, evenness and community coverage increased gradually with the increase of vegetation recovery period, while the ecological dominance index reduced yearly. After five years recovery, the species number increased from 6 to 21; The species diversity increased from 1.20 to 2.77; Species evenness raised from 0.67 to 0.91; Community coverage was improved obviously(from 2.06% to 75.58%); Ecological dominance index degraded from 0.57 to 0.32.[Conclusion] Vegetation recovered obviously, plant community tended to be stable after the sandy restored to a certain stage, and the wind drifted desertification in Hunshandake sandy land was repressed to some extent.

Abstract:[Objective] The prior work of drought risk assessment taken Hengyang City as a typical region in Southern China was conducted to guide the consequent drought-control decision-making.[Methods] The standardized precipitation index was used to assess the drought risk in Hengyang City of Hu'nan Province in 2013. The mathematical model is built to calculate the drought vulnerability in the city by selecting indicator system.[Results] The drought risk of Hengyang City was sub-zoned as followings:extreme drought subzone includes Hengyang and Qidong Counties; severe drought subzone includes Hengdong, Hengnan, Changning and Leiyang Counties, and Hengshan County is in the moderate drought subzone. After that, eight indicators as precipitation, the degree of irrigation, and etc. were used to calculate the drought vulnerability of the paddy filed system in seven counties of Hengyang City with a mathematical method. The drought vulnerability of the paddy filed system in Hengnan County has the maximum valueas(0.627), Leiyang County has the minimum value(0.429). The counties of Hengyang, Hengnan, Changning and Qidong are highly vulnerable areas and the counties of Hengshan, Hengdong and Leiyang belong to low vulnerable areas.[Conclusion]The western counties of Hengyang City may potentially undergo more frequent and greater drought risk than the western counties when both drought risk and the vulnerability of the paddy filed system were considered.

Abstract:[Objective] Under the background of global warming, this paper focuses on the study of the regional responsive variation characteristics of climate and drought-flood around the Bohai Sea, to make out the disaster prevention and mitigation policy, and to improve the ability of drought and flood disasters strain.[Methods] On the basis of the temperature and precipitation data of 60 meteorological stations located around the Bohai Sea from 1961 to 2012, using the linear trend method, Mann-Kendall mutation test and spatial interpolation method, we attempted to reveal the spatial-temporal variations characteristics of climate; regional drought and waterlogging were graded using the Z index and then the temporal-spatial responses of them were elucidated.[Results] (1) It had experienced an apparent trend of climate warming and drying in the region around the Bohai Sea. The warming rate was 0.25℃/10 a. In the years of 1988 around, an abrupt temperature rise occurred. The warming rate had small and insignificant difference between the north and south of that region although the temperature between the two sub-regions was significantly different. (2) Precipitation had witnessed a decreasing trend with a rate of 10.37 mm/10 a. From southeast to northwest, from coastal regions to inlands, precipitation decreased spatially while differences of the temporal decreasing rate among the sub-regions was small. (3) After 1988, frequency of drought-flood disasters showed an apparent increasing trend around Bohai Sea. Drought occurred more frequently than flooding and more sub-regions underwent drought over than waterlogging around the Bohai Sea. Overall, the region had an obvious trend of drought.[Conclusion]The climate in the region around the Bohai Sea had responded to global climate change. Especially, drought and flood disasters showed a regional style.

Abstract:[Objective] Through studying the current situation of dynamic coupling of ecological supporting capability and socioeconomic development in east part of Silk Road, this paper aimed to offer theoretical reference for coordinated development of regional economy and the environment, and to promote the sustainable and healthy development of the social economy.[Methods] Based on system theory, development of ecological supporting capability and social economy during 2000-2012 in the east part of Silk Road was analyzed and a coupling coordinated model was constructed. Upon which, an evaluation criteria and some fundamental types were put forward and the socioeconomic development was presented.[Results] (1) The ecological supporting capability decreased with the rate of 0.02/a in 2000-2012, and the socioeconomic development index increased with the rate of 0.04/a; (2) Coupling coordinate index of ecological supporting capability and socioeconomic development in east part of Silk Road increased over the past 13 years, but still at a low level; (3) The overall coupling development level of ecological supporting capability and socioeconomic development was low. There were four types in this region:lightly uncoordinated development of ecological loss type, lightly uncoordinated develop run-type, low-level coordinated development of synchronous type, low-level coordinated development of economy predominating type.[Conclusion] The ecological supporting capability has overloaded under the traditional industrial development pattern with high energy consumption and high population. At present, what matters most is to optimize the industrial structure and promote the coordinated development of eco-economy.

Abstract:[Objective] Studing the agricultural water utilization efficiency of 13 provinces in major grain producing areas from 2001 to 2011 in order to further clarify the improvement potential of agricultural water utilization efficiency.[Methods] By using DEA(data envelopment analysis) cross-evaluation model, the article took 13 provinces in major grain producing areas in China as the objects.[Results] (1) The efficiencies of agricultural water utilization were generally low from 2001 to 2011, and had significant differences among these provinces; (2) Provinces or autonomous regions of Inner Mongolia, Hubei, Jilin, Hu'nan, Shandong, Liaoning and Heilongjiang belonged to "low input and low output" type; provinces of Sichuan, He'nan, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hebei and Jiangsu belonged to the "high input and high output" type. (3) The efficiency of agricultural water utilization was overall in the "low input and low output" stage and has great improvement potentiality.[Conclusion] The DEA cross-evaluation performed well on the evaluation of utilization efficiency of all decision-making units; The potential utilization increments and ways of improvement were clarified by introducing virtual decision-making units.

Abstract:[Objective] This article aim to find a suitable method for the evaluation and decision-making of land reclamation.[Methods] Based on existing evaluation methods and experiences in the domestic and abroad, we used Delphi, AHP(analytic hierarchy process) and GIS tools to conduct the empirical research in the Qiyueshan mining area, Yangxin County, Huangshi City, Hubei Province.[Results] We defined the connotation of industrial and mining wasteland, established the digital elevation model for the experimental area, presented the evaluation index system, determined the direction for different land-use types(arable land, garden, woodland, and grassland) of reclaimed industrial and mining wasteland, and addressed the decision bias problem caused by data accuracy.[Conclusion] The study provided high accuracy and timeliness data, and simple and practical model. The results are proved as accurate enough, which will be useful for further application.

Abstract:[Objective] The population structure and distribution pattern of Aminopiptanthus mongolicus in different slope aspects of Beiza Mountain were demonstrated and the relations between A.mongolicus population and the surroundings were analyized.[Methods] Population structure and distribution pattern of A.mongolicus population in different slope aspects of Beiza Mountain were studied by using mean crowding, clumping index I, patchiness index, Cassie index, dispersal index(C) and parameter of negative binominal(K).[Results] (1) The highest population density of A.mongolicus was at sunny slope, which was 2.5 times of the half-sunny slope; and the population grew best at half-shaded slope. (2) The age structure at sunny slope, half-sunny slope and ridge were stable, the half-shaded slope was increasing; (3) The dispersal index at sunny slope, half-sunny slope and half-shaded was clump distribution, and the ridge was uniform distribution; (4) The pattern scales were as follows:sunny slope, 4 m×8 m; half-sunny slope, 4 m×4 m; half-shadedslope, 8 m×8 m; ridge, 4 m×8 m.[Conclusion] The growth status was well, the age structure was stable, and the most distribution patterns were clump distribution, the pattern scale was different in imparity distribution.

Abstract:[Objective] Studing the soil and water conservation benefits of walnut forest with different ages and planting patterns, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the improvement of walnut forest cultivation technology system and effective prevention and control of soil and water conservation in Xingtai City.[Methods] The runoff fields of bare land and different walnut woodlands in Xingtai City, Hebei Province were used as the research objects. Runoff and sediment characteristics of the walnut forests were studied after the natural rainfall with the bare land as control by the method of field measurement and laboratory analysis.[Results] (1) In the conventional walnut forests, walnut-alfalfa forests and walnut-eco-stocking(with chicken in site) forests, the soil and water conservation effects of the walnut-alfalfa forests were the best with the runoff coefficient of 0.14% to 0.30% and the runoff sediment concentration of 4.04 kg/m³ to 8.95 kg/m³; (2) In the same walnut forests planting mode, the soil and water conservation effect gradually increased with the growth of walnut trees, the runoff coefficient and runoff sediment concentration of 5 a walnut forests were 95.90% and 83.63% of the corresponding value of 3 a walnut forests averagely, and 8 a walnut forests were 94.54% and 77.66% of the value of 3 a walnut forests averagely.[Conclusion] Suitable planting pattern of the walnut forests could control the erosion effectively and increase the economic benefits, so reasonable choices should be made according to the terrain conditions and rainfall characteristics of different regions for practical application.

Abstract:[Objective] By exploring the links between carbon emissions and economic development in Yantai City from 2000 to 2011, and to provide the reference on carbon emission reduction and developing low-carbon economy in this city.[Methods] Based on the theoretical framework and estimation model of land-use changes, carbon emissions in Yantai City were calculated through data analysis of its land use types and energy consumption. Then the relationship of them with respect to decoupling elasticity was analyzed by the use of the Tapio Decoupling model.[Results] (1) Construction land is the major carbon source in Yantai City, and the relationship between construction land area and the net carbon emissions presented an inverted U-shaped Kuznets curve. (2) Forest is the major carbon sink, and other land use types with less effect, are mainly regarded as carbon sinks. (3) Though the carbon emissions in Yantai City showed a continual increasing trend from 2000 to 2011, the increasing rate declined consistently.[Conclusion] The work of carbon emission reduction in Yantai City had achieved some success, but it is still under great pressure. The economic development in Yantai City can be divided into three stages according to the analysis of Tapio Decoupling model. The three stages are the connected phase, Decoupled stage Ⅰ and Decoupled stage Ⅱ, in corresponding to highest rate phase, higher rate phase and stabilized phase of carbon emissions in Yantai City, respectively.

Abstract:[Objective] This article aims to put forward a reasonable scheme on species configuration of artificial vegetation in rocky area, which is expected to be a technical support for restoring ecological systems and preventing water and soil loss.[Methods] According to the investigation on different grade vegetation in rocky desertification areas of Yanshan County of Yunnan Province, three types of species, which grow in the no rocky desertification, potential rocky desertification and mild desertification, are selected, and the community structure feature and their status in the community are analyzed.[Results] The dominant species in the different community are all recognized, such as Pistacia weinmannifolia and Quercus variabilis of arborous layer, Pyracantha fortuneana and Zanthoxylum simulans of shrub layer,Thatch of herb layer, Pueraria lobataof vine. They had an extremely important ecological and economic value.[Conclusion] According to the local condition, we proposed a reasonable species configuration scheme which combines the local dominant species of each layer and introduced species, such as Vitis amurensis by mixing mountain grass and shrub in the rocky desertification mountain.

Abstract:[Objective] Taking Dongyang River basin as the research area, to carry out watershed ecosystem health assessment, in order to provide conferences for decision-makings of ecological comensation system in this region.[Methods] According to technical guidelines of watershed ecosystem health assessment issued by Ministry of Environmental Protection, we set 6 evaluation categories, 17 indexes to assess the ecosystem health of 29 units in Dongyang River basin. The evaluation categories included water habitat structure, aquatic organisms, water ecological pressure, land ecological pattern, land ecological function and land ecological pressure.[Results] The project had completed the ecosystem health assessment of 29 units in Dongyang River basin. The evaluation results showed that:The ecosystem health of Dongyang River basin can be classified as excellent, good and general, accounting for 6%, 60% and 34% of the total area, respectively. The main limiting factor of aquatic ecosystems was water quality index, while land ecological limiting factors were mainly the forest coverage rate, the proportion of construction land, important habitat retention and water conservation functions. Ecosystem health was at a higher level in hilly area, and found at a lower level in plains and basins; and meanwhile, the upper stream ecosystem health level was higher, while densely-populated middle and lower reaches were at lower level.[Conclusion] It was the types and intensity of human activities that led to the regional difference of ecosystem health in Dongyang River basin. The most serious ecological environment problems in the basin listed:the poor water quality in the main stream, highly occupied proportion of construction land, point and surface sources of pollution.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper aimed to quantify the carbon content rate(CCR) of different organs of four main tree species (Picea crassifolia, Pinus tabuliformis, Populus davidiana and Ulmus glaucescens)of forest in Helan Mountain, in order to provide reference for study of carbon storage in larger scale regional forest.[Methods] CCR of above-ground part was measured using the methods of the field investigation, laboratory assay and the links of it with biomass were analyzed with corresponding coupled biomass data.[Results] The results showed that the values of CCR of above-ground part of four tree speices, Picea crassifolia, Pinus tabulaeformis, Populus davidiana and Ulmus glaucescens were 0.457 6, 0.518 4, 0.421 3 and 0.439 0, respectively. In a same tree species, the variation coefficients of different modules were between 1.30% and 2.57%, the values of same module were between 0.62% and 1.92%; the variation coefficients of different modules among the four different trees were between 0.89% and 5.68%, the coefficients of same module of the four different tress ranged between 4.87% and 13.37%.[Conclusion] Different tree species have different carbon CCR. The average CCR in the organs of coniferous species was higher than that in the broadleaf species. Accordingly, the average CCR in the coniferous forest was higher than that in the broadleaf forest.

Abstract:[Objective] To find out a suitable straw returning mode for the rice-wheat rotation ecosystem with high yield in Chengdu Plain, and to offer a scientific basis for the efficient operation of regional farmland system.[Methods] Four treatments in field experiment was designed according to applied straw quantities, i.e., chemical fertilizer only(CF), chemical fertilizer plus a half of straw returning(CFS₁), chemical fertilizer plus total straw returning(CFS₂), chemical fertilizer plus 1.5 times of straw returning(CFS₃). Based on emergy analysis method, we studied the changes of total amount of emergy input and output, the structure of emergy input and output and the emergy indexes among different fertilization treatments.[Results] (1) The results showed that, as compared to CF mode, other straw returning modes lowered the proportion of the non-renewable industrial assistant emergy to the total emergy input and increased the level of self-supply ability and the total emergy output. (2) From the perspective of the emergy indexes, as compared to the CF mode, straw returning modes had higher levels of net emergy yield ratio, emergy input ratio, emergy feedback ratio, emergy productivity and emergy-labor productivity, and had lower levels of environmental load ratio. Straw returning modes effectively improve the sustainable development ability of farmland system, especially CFS₂ and CFS₃ modes had the lower environmental load ratio and the higher emergy sustainable index.[Conclusion] Modes of CFS₂ and CFS₃ are the suitable straw returning modes under a rice-wheat rotation in Chengdu Plain.

Abstract:[Objective] To analyze regional differences in soil-water resources carrying capacity in order to provide empirical suggestions on controlling soil and water loss at present stage in our country.[Methods] The article selected panel data of 2011 to make up multi-index evaluation system of soil-water resources carrying capacity. Further more, we clustered 31 regions by constructing evaluation matrix on level of economic development.[Results] (1) Hebei, Shandong and Henan Provinces are the national top three, while Qinghai Province, Tianjin City and Shanghai City are located in national final three. (2) Eight areas including Hebei, Shandong, Hubei Provinces belong to "strong carrying capacity, strong economy" areas, seven areas including He'nan, Sichuan and Heilongjiang Provinces belong to "strong carrying capacity, weak economy" areas, seven areas including Jilin, Shanxi and Fujian Provinces belong to "weak carrying capacity, strong economy" areas, nine areas including Yunnan, Xinjiang and Hainan Provinces belong to "weak carrying capacity, weak economy" areas.[Conclusion] There are some differences on soil-water resources carrying capacity in different regions of China because of the differences between gross domestic product of primary industry, cumulative benefit population of water improvement in rural, total volume of waste water discharged and so on.

Abstract:[Objective] To compare the sand preventing effects and terrain adaption of two different sand-barriers at sandy-prevention exhibition zone of the Taklimakan Desert petroleum highway in the Taklimakan Desert, in order to provide theoretical basis for application and structure optimization with sand control engineering. [Methods] The effect of reed checkerboard and nylon net checkerboard barrier on blown sand disaster in rugged terrain areas were investigated. [Results] The types of blown sand disaster during the early days of reed checkerboard barrier on the flat land and rugged terrain were relatively single and all semi-buried. The types of blown sand disaster with nylon net checkerboard barrier on the dune were diverse and varied greatly among different sites. The proportion of wind erosion was large in the windward and leeward slope. The sequence of blown sand disasters types with nylon net checkerboard barrier was the semi-buried, wind erosion, buried and deeply buried in the investigation areas. The protective effect of two checkerboard barriers on different sites was mainly caused by strong disturbance to the near ground surface wind field and wind speed from dune landform and the setting mode and the porosity. [Conclusion] The reed checkerboard fit different landforms. Sand-stabilizing project with nylon net checkerboard barrier is more suitable for flat sandy land than sites with rugged terrain in terms of controlling blown sand disasters.

Abstract:[Objective] The water absorption characteristics of five dominant bryophyte species at rocky desertification area of Huaxi district in Guiyang City, included Barbula nigrescens,Eurohypnum leptothallum,Hyophila involuta, Anomondon minor subsp. integerrimus and Grimmia decipiens were studied, in order to provide theoretical support for soil and water conservation work using bryophytes in karst rocky desertification area.[Methods] Totally 120 samples were collected and the taxonomic identification were completed with morphological classification method. After that, biomass, saturated water adsorption rate, water adsorption quantity, the maximum water absorption rate(V_max), the constant of water absorption(K_m) and leaf expanding time of those samples were measured and compared among the five moss species.[Results] (1) There was large difference of biomass, water adsorption quantity and saturated water adsorption rate among the five species, and the maximum water absorption was less different. The ranges of biomass, saturated water adsorption rate, water adsorption quantity, V_max, K_m and leaf expanding time were 10.36~114.51 g/m², 675.43%~1 125.41%, 98.21~766.13 g/m², 35.59~51.28 g/(g·min), 69.97~101.99 g, 35.9~86.1 s, respectively; (2) It was showed that the correlation between biomass and saturated water adsorption quantity was positive. Water adsorption quantity had positive correlations with cover degree, the K_m and V_max. The negative correlation was found between K_m and leaf expansion time.[Conclusion] Bryophytes are adaptable to harsh environment, which had serious water shortage like karst rocky desertification area, with an unique way of water absorption and utilization. Stone-bryophytes can act as the pioneer plants which is highly adaptable to the karst rocky desertification area.

Abstract:[Objective] Rice paddies have important ecological service value. We aimed to quantify the ecological service value of rice paddies by surveying the urban and rural residents' willingness to pay for paddy ecosystem service value.[Methods] Taking Suzhou City of Jiangsu Province as a case, the ecosystem service value in paddy field and the willingness of urban and rural residents to pay for the paddy ecosystem service value and its influential factors were evaluated by adopting contingent valuation method(CVM) and related econometric model on the basis of paddy ecosystem services and their valuation methods.[Results] (1) Paddy ecosystem service value of Suzhou City was 3.75×10¹⁰ yuan. Per unit area of paddy ecosystem service value was 4.52×10⁵ yuan/hm²; (2) 68.99% urban interviewed families and 65% peasant families have the willingness to pay for paddy ecosystem service value. Their payments were 1 230.43 yuan per household and 434.67 yuan per household, respectively; (3) Educational level, the numbers in eachhousehold, proportion of labor force, numbers of raising dependents, household income and others, are important factors that affect willingness to pay of urban and rural residents.[Conclusion] Paddy ecosystem services value is very important. It is necessary to incorporate the paddy ecosystem services value into resource allocation decisions, to establish ecological compensation regime for paddy field.