Abstract:[Objective] Freezing and thawing is one of the major natural phenomena in the black soil area. The effects of freezing and thawing cycling on eroded gully development were studied to prevent freezing and thawing erosion, and then protect the black soil resources. [Methods] The soil physical properties, variation of soil body and gully bank were measured during freezing and thawing process by field measurements and laboratory simulations. [Results] Freezing and thawing cycling increased soil moisture, porosity and frost heaving amount, and the bulk density and the content of soil aggregate were reduced. [Conclusion] Freezing and thawing cycling results in the decrease of soil erosion resistance, it is the main factor leading to an aggravation of erosion gully development.

Abstract:[Objective] To analyze the variation of runoff and sediment reductions of re-vegetation with different planting years in order to provide a scientific basis for allocating measures of grassland rationally further and studying the sustainability of ecological restoration on the Loess Plateau region. [Methods] A meta-analysis was conducted to quantitatively describe the effects of re-vegetation on runoff and sediment reductions by compiling eighteen papers. [Results] The vegetation of grassland planted for more than four years and woods and shrubs planted for more than five years had a stable benefit on runoff and sediment reduction with the increase of age, and the benefit remain at about 80%. Litters on the surface in the forest play an important role in promoting more runoff and sediment reductions. [Conclusion] In regard to the effects of water and sediment reduction of vegetation which were affected by many limiting factors, it can be divided into three stages as following: plant disturbance stage, soil and water conservation and moisture limited stage.

Abstract:[Objective] To analyze the rationality of soil and water conservation measures in order to provide a scientific guidance in basin system controlled by typical check dam. [Methods] Two typical check dams were selected, soil sample were collected, grain composition and fractal dimension were calculated, and the fractal dimension trends with the deposition years were analyzed by combining field tests and laboratory tests. [Results] The fractal dimension decreased with the depositing years increasing for the two typical check dams. [Conclusion] There existed desertification in surface or more deep soil of the basin systems controlled by two typical check dams, which showed that the configuration of soil and water conservation measures were unreasonable in the basin system controlled by two typical check dams.

Abstract:[Objective] To analyze the fluence of the freezing and thawing action and soil water content on soil available phosphorus in order to provide the basis for controlling agricultural non-point source pollution, confirming the phosphorus cycle process of soil in permafrost region, and assessing regional balance of the accurate phosphorus further.[Methods] Black soil in northeast China was sampled to quantify the effects of variable freeze-thaw cycles(FTCs), soil water(W) contents and contents of background available phosphorus (APb) on AP content. Soil samples were conducted to indoor simulated experiment with a maximum FTCs of 30 times and controlled temperature between -10 ℃ and 7 ℃. [Results] The effects of FTC decreased and no significant differences were found when FTCs fell between 20 and 30, while the APb content was the prominent factor during 5 to 20 and 20 to 30 cycles. During the whole 30 FTCs, soil AP content variation showed a characteristics of bimodal distribution. Meanwhile AP contents between adjacent FTCs showed significantly difference, the amount of which changed moderately with increase of FTCs changes in AP content were larger with a higher W content, and more stable with a higher APb content.[Conclusion] It showed that the impact of the three factors, FTC, W content and APb content, on AP content varied as the number of FTCs increased.

Abstract:[Objective] To research the rainfall-runoff-sediment change in the tributary of the Yellow river for revealing the causes of Yellow River's water and sediment variation. [Methods] Based on the data of 115 rainfall events during 1985-2010 in Gushanchuan river basin, the temporal variations of rainfall-runoff-sediment relationships was analyzed by using the runoff coefficient, sediment coefficient and elasticity coefficient. [Results] (1) The short-duration, low-intensity and long-duration, moderate-intensity rainfall events were the primary types in 1990s and 2000s compared to 1980s, respectively. Specially, the capacities of rainfall producing runoff and sediment reduced obviously in 2000s, the runoff coefficient and sediment coefficient in 2000s were accounting for about 50% and 23% of that in 1980s. (2) The rainfall-runoff elasticity coefficient and rainfall-sediment elasticity coefficient were 0.13 and 4.21 during the period from 1980s to 1990s, and were 1.73 and 6.19 during the period from 1980s to 2000s, respectively. (3) The correlation between runoff coefficient and the proportion of forest and grass, vegetation coverage, proportion of terrace, proportion of key dam controlling area was -0.662 3, -0.911 4,-0.801 0,-0.821 4, respectively, meanwhile, the correlation between sediment coefficient and the proportion of forest and grass, vegetation coverage, proportion of terrace, proportion of key dam controlling area was -0.887 7, -0.998 5, -0.962 9, -0.971 7, respectively. [Conclusion] The rainfall-runoff-sediment relationship has been changed significantly since 1980s, especially after the year 2000, the influence of rainfall intensity on capacity of rainfall producing sediment is more sensitive than that on capacity of rainfall producing runoff, and the vegetation coverage variation is the major factor which affects the capacities of rainfall producing runoff and sediment in Gushanchuan river basin.

Abstract:[Objective] To study the effects of different environment factors in black soil region on gullies morphologies. [Methods] The gully morphologies were measured by differential GPS and their morphological parameters were calculated by GIS, then the reasons of different gully morphologies were analyzed. [Results] The length, area and volume of gullies were positive correlation, and the width, the depth and sectional area of gullies were positive correlation too. The gully length, gully area and gully volume in Wuyi watershed were the biggest, the second were in Gaungrong watershed, and the third were in Jixing watershed. In terms of gully width, gully depth and gully sectional area, that of Gaungrong watershed were the biggest, and then were that in Wuyi watershed and Jixing watershed. The content of soil clay and gravel, soil water-holding capacity,and soil thickness had important influences on gullies morphologies, rainfall factors had less important effects. [Conclusion] Terrain factors are the important factors influencing the gully morphologies. With the growth of terrain factor, the length, area and volume of gullies increased significantly, the sectional area of gully was the biggest when the terrain factor was 36.75.

Abstract:[Objective] To analyze the influence of different slope, soil bulk density, soil moisture content, and irrigation water amount on initial time of runoff during furrow irrigation erosion of cinnamon soil in Western Liaoning Province, in order to reduce the furrow irrigation erosion and guide the irrigation further. [Methods] The scouring experiment was conducted by orthogonal design. The method of response surface analysis with 4 factors and 3 levels was adopted to build a quadratic equation for initial time of runoff and soil erosion amount. [Results] The initial time of runoff was within 20.05 s and the smallest was 3.03 s. The determination coefficient of the quadratic equation was 0.998 9 and 0.999 2, respectively. [Conclusion] Slope, irrigation amount, soil bulk density and soil moisture content were negatively correlated with initial time of runoff, and had a significant effect on it. The influence order was as following: irrigation amount > slope > soil bulk density > soil moisture content. The quadratic equation build in the experiment was well fitted. Irrigation mode of minimal erosion amount under different slope was obtained by numerical calculation.

Abstract:[Objective] To investigate the influence of enclosure ages on community structure and species diversity of sandy grassland in Yanchi County of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, for revealing the change rule of vegetation restoration in the enclosed sandy grassland. [Methods] Taking the non-enclosure and enclosed sandy grasslands in 5, 10, 20 years as research objects, the influence of different enclosure ages on the community structure and species diversity in semi-arid region was carried out by using the method ofspace-for-time subotitution. [Results] The dominant species in not enclosed areas were annual and biennial herbs. In enclosed areas, they were shrubs enclosed for 5 years, perennial herbs and shrubs for 10 years, perennial herbs for 20 years, respectively. Comparied with not enclosed area, the index values of vegetation cover, community density and biomass were increased obviously in 5 and 10 year enclosed areas, while decreased a little in 20 year enclosed area. [Conclusion] The long-term enclosure could not improve the productivity of sandy grassland vegetation. The enclosure ages less than 5 years can promote vegetation restoration, but it plays an inhibitory role when the enclosure ages was more than 10 years. In the short term, enclosing measures promote vegetation restoration, but for long term, enclosure plays an inhibitory role.

Abstract:[Objective] To study the hydrological effect of typical forest litter layer and soil layer on the upper Luanhe River, in order to provide theoretical basis for monitoring and evaluation of the forest. [Methods] The non-decomposed layer and semi-decomposed layer of three different types forest litter were investigated. [Results] (1) The litter accumulation amount, the maximum moisture capacity, and the effective retaining content of Pinus tabulaeformis forest were 12.03, 19.4, and 23.52 t/hm² respectively, those of larch forest were 9.51, 11.9, and 17.03 t/hm² respectively, and those of mixed forest of larch and birch were 5.54, 13.0, and 13.7 t/hm², respectively. (2) It nearly reached saturation in 8 h for semi-decomposed layer, while it needed 10 h for non-decomposed layer. The water absorption rate of litter reached maximum within 0.5 h, and it slowed down obviously at about 6 h. (3) The water holding capacity of soil layer for Larix gmelini and Betula platyphylla mixed forest was highest, which was 375.92 t/hm², while it was lowest in soil layer of Pinus tabulaeformis forest, which was 248.04 t/hm². Using the power function to fit the infiltration rate and infiltration time, the correlation coefficient R² was more than 0.98. [Conclusion] The biomass, maximum water holding capacity, and the effective holding capacity are maximum in the litter layer of Pinus tabulaeformis forest, and the mixed forest of larch and birch have the highest soil water holding capacity.

Abstract:[Objective] To compare soil water-soluble organic carbon(WSOC) content, seasonal variation and its correlation of soil properties between the adjacent natural secondary forest and plantation, for estimating the effect of different vegetation restoration patterns on soil carbon pool. [Methods] Taking different vegetation communities of Fengyang Mountain in Zhejiang Province as object, based on the field investigation and experimental measurement, the adjacent sample comparison method was adopt. [Results] The average content of WSOC under different vegetation communities followed the order of Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation of 35 years old(0.299 7 g/kg) > evergreen broad-leaved secondary forest of 40 years old(0.271 7 g/kg) > coniferous and broad-leaved mixed secondary forest of 35 years old(0.258 6 g/kg) > Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation of 40 years old(0.252 9 g/kg) > Cryptomeria fortunei plantation of 30 years old(0.252 8 g/kg) > coniferous and broad-leaved mixed secondary forest of 30 years old(0.248 0 g/kg)at 0-60 cm depth. WSOC content of plantation were greater than natural secondary forest in adjacent plots. The minimum value of WSOC in different vegetation communities always appeared in summer. [Conclusion] The WSOC content has significant or extremely significant positive correlation with soil total organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium, but has significant or extremely significant negative correlation with soil pH value and bulk density.

Abstract:[Objective] To explore the effects of reclamation mode on soil respiration in order to provide theoretical support for soil quality evaluation and reclamation mode selection in reclaimed region.[Methods] Using the analysis method of dynamic airtight chamber infrared CO₂, the diurnal and seasonal variation of soil respiration rate and its related components in five permanent sample plots of opencast coal mine in Shanxi Province were studied.[Results] The soil respiration rate in each sample plot showed obvious seasonal variation, however, the law of diurnal variation of soil respiration rate was different. The width of diurnal variation of soil respiration rate in each sample plot was relatively gentle in May, September and October, and was bigger in June, July and August. The highest value of soil respiration appeared in July or August. Compared to the control, the root exclusion soil temperature and moisture was not significant difference, but the soil respiration rate was significantly declined by 19%~46%. The total and root exclusion soil respiration in relationship with soil temperature and moisture all can be described as a power function or exponential function, respectively.[Conclusion] Pure forest model of Robinia pseudoacacia is more advantageous to the improvement of the maturation and fertility of soil.

Abstract:[Objective] The variation characteristics and long-term trends of Hutubi river were analyzed for providing theoretical support for the development, which is the strategy of supply and demand balance of water resources in Hutubi area of Xinjiang Wei Autonomous Region. [Methods] The measured data of daily runoff from Shimen hydrological station of Hutubi river during 1978-2011 were analyzed by using the methods of coefficient of variation, anomalies accumulation, Man-Kendall nonparametric rank correlation test and continuous complex Morlet wavelet transform. [Results] Changes in the Hutubi river runoff during the year was mainly affected by precipitation and temperature. Its main runoff derived from May to September, and its flood season from June to August accounted for 69.4% of the annual runoff, the low flow season was from December to March of the next year. Hutubi river average coefficient of variation was 0.149 during the 34 years.The annual runoff overall showed slight increasing trend. The annual runoff variation of Hutubi river was small, its continuous low water was almost identical with the duration of the wet among years. Besides, there were four more significant cycle fluctuations of the runoff. The 18-year was the first main cycle of runoff change, and the 29-year was the second.[Conclusion] In recent 34 years, the runoff was increased in Hutubi river. At the same time, the interannual variation of runoff showed obvious periodicity. In addition, the runoff annual distribution was serious uneven.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper aimed to understand the effects of a slow release fertilizer that was mainly made of super water and nutrients absorbent polymer compound on seeding growth, in order to find the suitable polymer compound for seedling growth. [Methods] An experiment with four treatments and one control of potted Honey locust tree experiment was carried out. The seedling growth and its physiological indexes were measured and analyzed. [Results] (1) The nutrient and super absorbent polymer compound significantly improved the ground diameter of seedlings, and also the leaf number, leaf area, the length of new tip shoot and the biomass of seedlings were also increased; (2) The compound significantly improved the leaf water potential which may potentially increase the water use efficiency and the nutrient use efficiency. Both may help to maintain a long period of higher seedling leaf chlorophyll content(SPAD) value. [Conclusion] The nutrient and super absorbent polymer compound can significantly promote seedling growth.

Abstract:[Objective] To explore the effect of vermicompost on soil organic carbon oxidation stability and carbon pool management index in cherry plantation(Cerasus pseudocerasus), in order to provide scientific basis for improving soil quality management and the increase of agriculture carbon emission reduction potential. [Methods] A field experiment was conducted to determine the five treatments, CK(neither urea nor vermicompost was applied), N₁₀₀(100% of nitrogen was provided by urea), M₁₀N₉₀(10% and 90% of nitrogen was provided by vermicompost and urea, respectively), M₃₀N₇₀(30% and 70% of nitrogen was provided by vermicompost and urea, respectively), and M₅₀N₅₀(50% and 50% of nitrogen was provided by vermicompost and urea, respectively) on soil organic carbon(SOC), microbial biomass carbon(MBC), readily oxidizable carbon(ROC) contents, organic carbon oxidation stability, as well as carbon pool management index(CPMI) of Cerasus pseudocerasus. [Results] The SOC contents under M₃₀N₇₀ and M₅₀N₅₀ treatments increased by 12.07% and 18.75% in comparison with the N₁₀₀ treatment, respectively. The MBC and ROC contents and CPMI achieved the highest value in M₃₀N₇₀ treatment and had significant differences with other treatments, showing 51.34%, 15.16% and 6.47% increases in ROC content and 73.07, 30.06 and 20.71 increases in CPMI, respectively, compared to the treatments of N₁₀₀, M₁₀N₉₀ and M₅₀N₅₀. However, the oxidation stability index of organic carbon in M₃₀N₇₀ treatment was obviously lower than other treatments, which decreased by 36.22% compared with N₁₀₀ treatment. [Conclusion] In the cherry cultivation, application of vermicompost co-applied with inorganic fertilizer, especially the M₃₀N₇₀ treatment, was beneficial on soil quality amelioration and soil fertility improvement.

Abstract:[Objective] To study the differentiation characteristics of soil water retention in different part of the hedgerow system in order to provide guidelines for design and management of hedgerow systems.[Methods] Based on measuring the physical parameters of soil moisture for Caragana korshinskii and Armeniacc sibirica, the soil water retention curve as well as derived parameters of in-band and inter-band of hedgerow System were compared by van Genuchten model. [Results] (1) The total soil porosity, water stable micro-aggregates content and soil permeability was higher for C. korshinskii and A. sibirica. hedgerows than farmland(as a check). Soil properties from the in-band of C. korshinskii such as total soil porosity(66.36%), water stable micro-aggregates content(35.50%) and organic matter content(44.1 g/kg) were 7.34%, 1.95% and 25.64% higher than that from the inter-band, respectively. Similarly, the above three indicators from the in-band hedgerows of A. sibirica were 11.93%, 29.33% and 21.48% higher than that from the inter-band hedgerows, respectively. (2) The wilting coefficient of C. korshinskii and A. sibirica was 7 and 3.25 times of farmland, respectively, and the field capacity was 1.46 and 1.25 times, respectively, which display a more obvious advantages in soil water retention of farmland. (3) The soil water content of the in-band hedgerows was higher than that from the inter-band for both moisture absorption and desorption process with the same soil water suction, which was consistent with the content of soil clay. The in-band soil water content of C. korshinskii was higher than that of A. sibirica. They were both higher than that in the farmland. [Conclusion] The two-phase structure of hedgerows can significantly promote the enrichment of soil clay, micro-aggregates and organic matter in in-band hedgerows, which is the key mechanism to improve soil water retention and saturated soil permeability.

Abstract:[Objective] To study the effects of crop vegetation on the prevention and control of soil erosion in order to provide crop parameters to establish erosion prediction model for the laterite area.[Methods] Through the artificial rainfall simulation experiment, throughfall, stemflow and canopy interception were measured in different growth stages of sugarcane and different rainfall intensity conditions, and leaf area index for the effects of rainfall redistribution were analyzed.[Results] The throughfall, stemflow and canopy interception changed from 94.7%, 5.1% and 0.3% in the sugarcane seedling stage to 49.4%, 47.3% and 3.4% in the mature stage, respectively. [Conclusion] The sugarcane leaf area index had a significant negative linear correlation with throughfall, and a significantly positive linear correlation with the stemflow and canopy interception.

Abstract:[Objective] To explore the response of Carpinus betulus to salt stress and its salt tolerance. [Methods] Using two year seedlings of C. betulus as experimental material, the growth, physiological and biochemical responses of C. Betulus were studied under different concentrations of NaCl(0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%). [Results] (1) With salt stress increasing, the damage of plant gradually increased, relative height, and relative diameter and dry weight tended to decline, but root/shoot ratio was increased. (2) Relative water content decreased as salt stress increasing, and the ranges were greater as the salt degrees became higher. (3) The variation trends of total chlorophyll content, SOD activities, POD activities, soluble sugar content and soluble protein content were increased at first then decreased. (4) With the period of salt stress continued, MDA content, relative conductivity and proline content increased, and reached a maximum at last. [Conclusion] C. betulus seedings can improve the characteristics of resistance to salt stress by increasing the activities of protective enzyme system and osmotic adjustment substance under NaCl concentration of 0.1%~0.2%, but its self-regulation ability will be affected under 0.3% NaCl concentration, severe salt stress(0.4%~0.5%) will cause serious damage to the plants. It indicated that C. betulus is vulnerable to salt conditions, and it can not grow well in coastal areas.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to clarify the effect of restoration on soil physicochemical properties and distribution of soil inorganic phosphorus at Dianchi lake catchment, to assess the effects of restoration on soil recover and environment. [Methods] The way of space-time substitution was used. Soil physicochemical properties and phosphorus fractions were compared between vegetable field and riparian buffer in soil profile at Dianchi lake catchment. Three areas with similar restoration type were used to compare with each other in the Dianchi riparian. [Results] After the 3 years since restored from field, shallow groundwater level was shallower in Niulian buffer than in Niulian field. The content of soil organic carbon and nitrogen were more in Niulian buffer than in Niulian field, the content of total phosphorus, Olsen-P, Al-P and Fe-P were less in Niulian buffer than in Niulian field, the content of O-P was more in Niulian buffer than in Niulian field. The shallow groundwater level in Haigeng buffer was similar to shallow groundwater level in Haigeng field, but compared with Haigeng field, soil physicochemical properties and soil inorganic phosphorus fractions had no significant change in Haigeng buffer. Compared with Xinglong field, content of soil organic carbon and nitrogen decreased significantly in Xinglong buffer. The restoration had no significant effect on soil restoration and soil inorganic phosphorus fractions directly in 3 years. But changing shallow groundwater level had a significant effect on soil physicochemical properties and distribution of soil inorganic phosphorus directly in 3 years. [Conclusion] Buffer and vegetable field had risk of phosphorus leaching loss in the Dianchi riparian. Restoration enhanced the speed of phosphorus leaching and reduced potential leaching risk through raising shallow groundwater level.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to provide references for the selection of suitible crops for black soil areas, to analyze the rill erosion characteristics of different cropland.[Methods] The study of surface runoff and soil erosion characteristics under three different cropland planting of corn, soybean and soybean-corn belt cropping, was carried out in the runoff plot of Hongxing State Farm in Heilongjiang Province located in the northeast typical black soil belt in 2013. [Results] For the performances of runoff retaining and sediment yield control, corn performed the best, while the intercropping of soybean-corn followed it, and soybean took the last. Compared to soybean, the surface runoff decreased 15.8% and 10.7% under the cultivation modes of corn and intercropping of soybean-corn; in corresponding to the soil loss, decreased 10.47% and 5.35%, respectively. [Conclusion] The control of surface runoff and soil loss between corn and soybean-corn belt cropping was not significant under the relatively low-intensity rainfall conditions. Whereas the control of surface runoff and soil loss under soybean-corn belt cropping was much better than that under soybean in the high-intensity rainfall condition.

Abstract:[Objective] To analyze the effects of litter layer on forest ecosystem moisture cycle. [Methods] Using stable isotope techniques to measure the moisture in Quercus xylem in dry and wet seasons, and the isotopic characteristics of the litter layer and different soil moisture layers. By contrasting the changes of the composition of litter layer and soil moisture isotopes under different environmental conditions which including before and after periods of drought and rainfall, and based on the differences between the changes and the isotopic characteristics of plant stem moisture, the differences in different seasons of cork oak were estimated. [Results] Firstly, as the drought continues, due to evaporation fractionation gradually, the isotopic characteristics of moisture in surface soil of 0-30 cm become enriched for the average thickness of the litter layer, and the isotopic characteristics of soil moisture almost did not change for the thick undecomposed litter layer caused by special topography. The moisture source of cork oak concentrated mainly in the surface water, and did not change with the drought. Secondly, after extreme rainfall during the rainy season, soil isotopic characteristics indicated litter interception rainfall effect was obvious, the rainwater which was trapped by litter infiltrated to soil in the form of plug flow continuously, the main source of moisture of Quercus come from the surface 0-10 cm layer of soil litter decomposition layer. Thirdly, moisture gradient isotopic characteristics of the soil profile was related to the structure of the soil layer. [Conclusion] There are differences in the effects of litter layers' thickness on soil moisture isotopic characteristics, especially which of undecomposed layer. The hydrological effects of litter in cork oak stands change the plant water use indirectly.

Abstract:[Objective] To analyze the decontamination condition of urban rainwater in soil and the effect of rainwater runoff pollutants on soil environmental. [Methods] Based on full understand of soil properties and the quality of runoff in Xi'an City of Shaanxi Province, the urban soil system and rainwater runoff device were simulated to analyze the reducting functions of topsoil on rainwater runoff pollutants in the process of infiltration, and the change of the basic physical and chemical properties of soil. [Results] As the soil layer thickness was 20 cm, total rainwater penetration was 6 000 ml, and the runoff time was 3 h, the removal rate achieved above 40% both in bare soil and green fields systems on simulated rainwater pollutants. The soil density and pH value did not changed. But for the content of nitrogen, effective phosphorus, and soil organic matter, from in the original soil to green fields and bare soil, they changed from 54.95 mg/kg to 65.10 mg/kg and 68.60 mg/kg, 59.23 mg/kg to 82.39 mg/kg and 39.93 mg/kg, 18.32 mg/kg to 19.28 mg/kg and 14.04 mg/kg, respectively. [Conclusion] The effect of green fields on runoff water treatment is significant. In the process of infiltration, soil present significant effect on removal of ammonia nitrogen, and soil basic physical properties show little change within a short time.

Abstract:[Objective] To summarize the characteristics of soil and water loss in production and construction projects in order to propose the specific suggestions on the classification of management by analyzing the current situation of management and problems. [Methods] The practice and effect of the management of production and construction projects were investigated in the national level and provincial and typical county levels in different regions of soil and water loss. The experiences in classifying management were also analysed. [Results] According to the characteristics of soil and water loss effect, the degree of influence, the topographic characteristics of the project locations and the sensitivity of soil and water conservation, the classifying management of production and construction projects were put forward. [Conclusion] According to the classification results, soil and water conservation program can be divided into three levels as followings: the report, report form and report table. The different procedures and requirements were proposed in the different steps such as reviewing, approval, publicity and change of the soil and water conservation program management, and also in the different steps of supervision and inspection, supervision and monitoring of soil and water conservation in the implementation procedure of the soil and water conservation program and the step of acceptance check of soil and water conservation.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper aimed to study the classifing management on soil and water conservation programs of production and construction projects in order to manage these programs detailedly and meet the requirements of decentralization and to improve the administrative efficiency in the new period. [Methods] By using the fuzzy clustering methods, 31 categories of production and construction projects were divided into 5 soil erosion degree as followings: very serious, serious, moderate, gentle and slight degree. [Results] According to the analysis result of the project area sensitivity and location sensitivity, production and construction projects can be divided into 3 soil and water conservation sensitivity levels as followings: very sensitive, sensitive and mildly sensitive. Based to the comprehensive situation of soil erosion degree, soil and water conservation sensitivity and the scale of production and constuuchon projects, 31 categories of projects can be divided into A, B, C levels of soil and water conservation management. [Conclusion] The most strict management measures should be taken for the production and construction projects of class A in each steps in the program designing of soil and water conservation, the follow-up design and their approval. The second strict management measures should be taken for projects of class B, which is very serious and serious degree in soil erosion. For the projects of class C, some programs should be simplified.

Abstract:[Objective] To strengthen the classifying management of soil and water conservation program of production and construction projects in serious soil and water loss areas; ecological fragility areas; key prevention and key management areas for soil erosion; collapse, landslide hazard zone and debris flow-prone areas. [Methoeds] To develop technical requirements to prevent and control soil and water loss in management of production and construction projects based on characteristics of soil and water loss and control measures in the special regions, and according to the laws, regulations and technical standards for soil and water conservation. [Results] We proposed the requirements of technicals to prevent and control soil and water loss resulted by production and construction projects in special regions, such as improving the soil erosion control standards, and soil and water conservation engineering level; strictly controlling the boundaries of surface disturbance; and minimizing the regional impact, etc. [Conlusion] Production and construction projects in different regions should take specific soil erosion control standards, and engineering level, as well as comprehensive measures and corresponding technical requirements of soil and water conservation.

Abstract:[Objective] This study aimed to put forward some new ideas and methods for identifying the grade of control standards for soil and water loss resulted by poroduction and construction projects, which can be used to revise the current national standards, in order to provide references for the implementation of scientific management. [Methods] This research identified the grade of control standards by evaluating the influence of soil erosion and the soil and water conservation sensibility of projects.[Results] It suggested that various soil and water conservation factors in those projects should be considered to determine the grade of control standard, such as regionalization, key areas, ecological functional importance, influence degree and the regional sensibility. The higher control standard grades are for the higher influence and sensibility. [Conlusion] The numbers of projects which perform different standard grade show an ideal "pyramid" shape distribution pattern. It can fully reflect the differences in variety projects, and is easy to be handled and judged.

Abstract:[Objective] To develop a comprehensive index for the evaluation of soil and water loss in production and construction projects in order to provide a basis for the classification of management strategies. [Methods] The 2 227 projects were selected from 31 production and construction projects types at national, provincial, and prefecture levels in eigth first class national soil and water conservation zones. Then the information on 13 indexes such as disturbed surface soil area, damaged vegetation area, cubic meter of earth and stone, permanent discarded earth and stone, etc. were collected in every project. The index system of production and construction projects were divided into 4 grades as the destination layer(influencing on soil water erosion), criterion layer(the types of production and construction projects), constraints layer( the first class soil water conservation divisions), index layer( the index about soil and water loss) based on the consultation with specialist and the analytic hierarchy process(AHP) method. [Results] The index of the linear works showed a trend as the southwestern karst area>the northwestern Loess Plateau area and Tibetan Plateau area>the southern red soil area, northern earth and rock area and northeastern black earth area>the northern sand wind area. The index of soil and water loss of the point works was higher in the southwestern karst area and southwestern purple soil area, and low in the north sand wind area. [Conclusion] The gradation system is reasonable in the index system of soil and water loss in a production and construction projects. Comprehensive index calculated by AHP method can be used as evaluation index of soil and water loss, reflecting potential influence of soil and water loss in a production and construction projects.

Abstract:[Objective] To analyzed the grades of the influence of production and constuuction projects on soil and water loss in order to provide a basis for developing an innovation management mode. [Methods] The 2 227 projects were selected from 31 production and constuuction project types. The projects were divided into 5 grades such as the 1st grade(milder soil and water loss), the 2nd grade(mild soil and water loss), the 3rd grade(moderate soil and water loss), the 4th grade(severe soil and water loss) and the 5th grade(extremely severe soil and water loss) according to the consultation with specialists and fuzzy cluster analysis. [Results] The category of the industry involved showed different grades: highway, railway, strip mine project, forest-paper integration project belongs to the 5th grade; airport engineering, nuclear power plant engineering, hydro-junction projects, water conservancy hub project, hydropower engineering, industrial park project belongs to the 4th grade; water-transportation industry, wind power industry, water diversion engineering, mining engineering, oil and gas exploitation engineering, rail transit engineering, development engineering in agriculture, forestry, thermal power industry belongs to the 3rd grade; irrigation projects, embankment engineering, storage-flood area, other small water conservancy engineering, oil and gas storage and processing engineering, network engineering, manufacturing industry, power transmission and transformation project belongs to the 2nd grade; real estate project, other urban construction, social undertakings, information industry and other industry belongs to the 1st grade. [Conclusion] Because the data collection of the influence of projects on soil and water loss is reliable, the divided influence grades of soil and water loss can accurately reflect the potential risk of soil and water loss for different industries.

Abstract:[objective] To research the issue which soil and water conservation facilities technical evaluation of development and construction projects are faced in order to provide technical support for the administrative acceptance. [Methods] Based on long-term technology assessment practice, the technology assessment work standardization, efficiency and accuracy were put forward to the development direction in the future. Water administrative departments, technology assessment departments and construction project owners applying for acceptance were investigated by forensic analysis. [Results] At the present stage, there were some problems in soil and water conservation facilities technical evaluation works. For example, construction departments applying for acceptance were not enthusiastic; evaluation departments were not accuracy. In addition, the technology assessment departments lacked of strict management on qualification, and there lacked of communication between the departments, and so on. [Conclusion] It is recommended to strengthen the preparatory work, gracefully position, improve service levels and strengthening inter-departmental communication. These will make the assessment of soil and water conservation facilities really play the role of gatekeeper for administrative inspection technology.

Abstract:[Objective] To provide technical support for measuring the overland flow depth rapiclly and accurately. [Methods] The overland flow depth was measured with ultrasonic method under different slope gradients and flow rates. At the same time the flow depth was measured with the digital display probe method and dye tracing method. Based on the measurement results of digital display probe method or dye tracing method, four indexes including mean absolute error(MAE), mean relative error(MRE), the relative mean square error(RRMSE ), and Nash-Sultcliffe efficiency coefficient(NSE) were calculated to analyze the similarity of the three methods. [Results] The depths measured by ultrasonic method were closer to the reference values and had a high degree of correlation with other two methods. [Conclusion] The ultrasonic method could be used to measure the depth of overland flow quickly and effectively in un-eroding bed experiments in laboratory for the studies of hydrodynamics properties of overland flow and soil erosion mechanism.

Abstract:[Objective] To establish the comprehensive evaluation model for the slope stability ultimately in loess region along the railways and to evaluate the loess slope stability of the channel DK29 + 860 in Mid-southern Shanxi Province. [Methods] Based on the comprehensive analysis of various influence factors about loess slope along the railway, seven assessment factors were selected. According to the classification criteria of slope stability(stable, less stable, unstable and extremely unstable), the principle of information diffusion was adopted to compare the seven factors with the results calculated by of the FLACR numerical simulation. [Results] The slope was in a steady state evaluated with fuzzy judgment method, the slope stability coefficient was 1.18 with the FLACR numerical simulation software. The two conclusions were basically identical. [Conclusion] Fuzzy evaluation method was reliable, it can evaluate the slope stability accurately in loess region along railways.

Abstract:[Objective] To analyze the driving mechanism of environmental pollution, and privide support for economic derelopment and enviromental planning in Henan Province. [Methods] To interpret the dynamic changes in the environmental pollution of He'nan Province and its relationships with some driving forces based on co-integration analysis, error-correct model, impulse response function, and variance decomposition. [Results] Over all, environmental pollution had long-term co-integration relationship with GDP per capita, proportion of secondary industry, total population, foreign direct investment and government regulation, and the error correction mechanism existed. The impulse response analysis showed that GDP per capita, proportion of secondary industry and total population aggravated environmental pollution, while foreign direct investment had slightly positive impacts and government regulation has insignificant effects. According to the results of variance decomposition, total population was the most important factor for environmental pollution, followed by proportion of secondary industry and GDP per capita. [Conclusion] Rationalizing the population distribution and optimizing industrial structure is the future development orientation for environment pollution control.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to improve the accuracy of saturated hydraulic conductivity in the Mualem model. [Methods] The modification of the saturated hydraulic conductivity k_s in the Mualem model was studied by theoretical method combined with data statistics. Based on the Brooks-Corey soil-water characteristic curve(SWCC) of unsaturated soil, a theoretical relationship between modified hydraulic conductivity and SWCC was presented, in which the correlation parameter was solved by regression analysis. [Results] Experimental data of undisturbed loess were used to evaluate the prediction outcomes of the Mualem model considering modified hydraulic conductivity k_o, which showed satisfactory result. [Conclusion] This theoretical model can be used to determine unsaturated hydraulic conductivity directly from SWCC, which possesses some references for further research on the prediction of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity.

Abstract:[Objective] To reduce the side effects of noises for remote sensing data and improve the accuracy of spatial information of traditional stand type classification. [Methods] Minimum noise fraction(MNF) was used to deal with the image. Then a kind of classification method with the combination of spatial and spectral information was applied to complete the stand type classification in study area based on remote sensing information. [Results] This identification method can effectively restrain the phenomenon of "hard spots". The average accuracy of all stand types information was 83.6% and 11.6% higher than the maximum likelihood method. [Conclusion] The stand type classification method of combining spatial information can effectively weaken the noises to a certain extent and improve classification accuracy. This method could provide references for other related researchs on remote sensing information extraction of stand types based on spatial information.

Abstract:[Objective] To analyze the regulatory effect of grassed swales on road surface runoff in order to provide reference for managing rainfall flood in Beijing City. [Methods] The grassed swales were constructed, and the volume and quality of water flowing was designed based on the data of the average rainfall situation and water quality of road surface runoff in Beijing City recorded during 2010-2012. [Results] (1) The effect on reducing the volume of surface runoff was stronger under rain events with short durations and low intensities. When the duration of the simulated rain event was set to three hours and the return period of rainfall was set as 0.33 year, the 50 m² grassed swales can reduce 66% of the total volume of surface runoff generated from a 50 m² road section. The intensity of a rain event has stronger influence on reducing the volume of surface runoff than the duration; (2) The grassed swales could improve the water quality but could not remove the pollutants entirely. The removal rates of ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, and chemical oxygen demand(COD) was 20%, 35%, and 22%, respectively; (3) The vegetation cover had an impact on the effectiveness of the grassed swales. When the vegetation cover increased by 60%, the volume of infiltrated water increased by 8% for a simulated rain event with 0.33-year return period and one hour of duration. (4) If two-meter wide grassed swales can be built along all roads in the six urban districts, they can reduce the road surface runoff resulted from rain events with one-year and two-year return period in 24 hours by 96.3% and 56%, respectively. However, for extreme precipitation such as rain events with 50-year return period, the reduction of road surface runoff is only 13%. [Conclusion] The grassed swales had certain effects on reducing the peak flow, delaying the time of runoff, and improving the water quality of runoff in Beijing City, but it is not an effective management measure to control the urban road surface runoff water, when used alone.

Abstract:[Objective] To analyze the effect of soil moisture content of the raspberries and its soil and water conservation and economic benefits in order to provide a new kind of economic plant used in soil and water conservation for farmland comprehensive control of soil and water loss in the Northeast China. [Methods] The field experiment both in terrace and earth bank was carried out in the black soil region in Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China. [Results] The raspberries had good adaptability and capability of soil and water conservation. At the third year after raspberries were planted, the soil erosion was lower than 200 t/(km²·a), the soil erosion tolerance in the black soil region of Northeast China. At the same time, the water-retention rate was as high as 86.6%, and the economic income of raspberries in terrace and earth bank respectively reached 17 200 yuan/hm² and 16 800 yuan/hm². [Conclusion] The raspberries had great benefit of soil and water conservation and should be recommended to plant in terrace and earth bank in the black soil region of Northeast China.

Abstract:[Objective] To achieve the field scale fertilization decision-making and precise fertilization and attain fertilizer digital extension of the soil testing.[Methods] Practical application with the examples of Paofang village, Dingwen town, Jianwei county as an example by the method of ArcEngine module of GIS to integrate GIS, RS, GPS with agriculture experts technology, with remote sensing image as the index, village scale farmland fertilization expert system of touching screen was developed. By using the experimental data of "3414" in Sichuan Province from 2005 to 2009, on the basis of the facts, fertilization recommendation model of the main grain and oil crops was established for the expert system. [Results] The system not only realized the fertilization decision-making and nutrient management of field scale, but had inquiry function such as the basic farmland information, deficiency diagnosis, pest control, policies and regulations and safety common sense et al.[Conclusion] The fertilization information system achieved the precise fertilization on the field scale, which has the characteristics of friendly interface and simple operation, finally attained fertilizer digital extension for the field scale of villages.

Abstract:[Objective] To analyze the characteristics of eco-enviroment evolution in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in order to provide theoretical basis for eco-environment construction.[Methods] By building the eco-environmental evaluation system based on the press-state-response model, the characteristics of the eco-environment in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region from 1986 to 2012 were evaluated.[Results] (1) The pressure of eco-environment trended to increase in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region during 1986 to 2012, so it should strengthen the implementation of industrial restructuring, energy conservation and emission reduction, recycling economy and other measures. (2) The ecological environment showed a trend of increased volatility, and the ecological environment improved gradually. (3) The ecological response scores of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region tended to increase, it indicated that the investment of govern and protection level increased in eco-environment in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. In the implementation of the relevant eco-building measures, the pressure of human activities on the environment decreased, the quality of ecological environment improved gradually. (4) The ecological environment comprehensive score of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region showed a fluctuated upward trend. [Conclusion] During the past 27 years, the quality of ecological environment is increasing in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.

Abstract:[Objective] To evaluate the urban ecosystem health of Jiaozuo City in order to further improve the level of the city ecosystem health, optimize the economic structure, ensure the continuous reduction of pollutants emissions. [Methods] Considering indices's completeness, representativeness, comparability, maneuverability, as well as the new situation of emissions reduction and ecological civilization, the assessment indices system of urban ecosystem health of Jiaozuo City was put forward, which contains five aspects: vigor, organizational structure, resilience, ecosystem service and population health of urban ecosystem. The health state of Jiaozuo city during 2006-2012 was evaluated with the entropy-weight method. [Results] The health state of urban ecosystem of Jiaozuo City kept improving during 2006-2012, and the indices of vigor and population health of Jiaozuo City increased steadly. Although the indices of resilience and ecosystem service of urban ecosystem had fluctuated, that increased significantly during the study period. The variation of economic structure caused in a small fluctuation of organizational structure. The changes of pollutant emissions and utilization rate of solid waste were the main reasons to cause the variety of resilience and ecosystem service of Jiaozuo City. [Conclusion] To improve the level of urban ecosystem health of Jiaozuo City, it should optimize economic structure and ensure the continous reduction of pollutants emissions.

Abstract:[Objective] To solve difficulties of saline-alkali land improvement in the Yellow River Delta area.[Methods] The Yellow River delta saline-alkaline soil resource characteristics were analyzed and the present situation of saline-alkali soil improvement and afforestation in the Yellow River delta were expounded. [Results] On the basis of former saline-alkali soil research and the author's practice, the key technique and method for saline-alkali land afforestation in the Yellow River delta were proposed: (1) Using traditional methods of afforestation to improve saline-alkali land; (2) Paying attention to application of the new techniques and new achievements. [Conclusion] It is feasible to realize saline-alkali land improvement in the Yellow River Delta area by using the key techniques.

Abstract:[Objective] To discuss land finance division due to regional differences during the urbanization process of Shandong Province in order to provide references for local government in taking feasible land policies and selecting targeted urbanization ways. [Methods] The main research method of clustering analysis was adopt in land finance division. [Results] The seventeen cities were classified into four land finance categories: high land price regions including Jinan, Qingdao, Jining and Zaozhuang City; high land tax scale regions including Zibo, Yantai, Taian and Heze City; low land finance scale regions including Dongying, Binzhou, Laiwu and Liaocheng City; and high land finance scale regions including Weihai, Weifang, Rizhao, Linyi and Dezhou City. [Conclusion] Different categories of land finance division have different characters. Therefore, some appropriate measures should be taken according to local conditions in intensively using land, developing the real economy, and avoiding blindly following to rely on land finance.

Abstract:[Objective] To measure the effect of EN-1 soil stabilizer on soil anti-collapse ability in order to provide the theoretical basis for immobilizing the bank slope. [Methods] By utilizing indoor disintegration experiments in static water, disintegration amount and disintegration rate were studied under certain conditions which included the proportion of EN-1 soil stabilizer at 0(pure soil), 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15%, 0.20%, and 0.30%, the compactness at 0.85, 0.90, and 0.95, and the maintaining period during 3 d, 7 d, 15 d, respectively. [Results] Solidified soil disintegration amount decreased significantly compared with pure soil along with the increasing amount of EN-1 stabilizer and maintaining period which were designed in experimental scheme. [Conclusion] With the view of the effective utilization rate and economy, soil-reinforcement is significant when the appropriate proportion of stabilizer was 0.20%, the maintaining period was at least 7 days, and the compactness was no less than 0.90.

Abstract:[objective] The conceptual semi-distributed rainfall-runoff model, HBV, was examined in the Bailong river basin upstream the Wudu hydrological station, and it was applied to simulate the daily runoff in order to evaluate the applicability of the model in the area. [Methods] The parameters of HBV were calibrated and validated on the basis of sensitivity analysis, and the annual variation characteristics of the runoff and precipitation were analyzed. [Results] During the calibration period, the E_ns was 0.65, and the R² was 0.74; and during the verification period, the E_ns was 0.60 and R² was 0.70. Both of these indicated that the model could be successfully applied to simulate the daily runoff. Beside, the response of flooding to precipitation can be simulated better to HBV model. [Conclusion] The HBV model can be used for further studies of the impacts of climate changes on water resources.

Abstract:[Objective] To overcome defects on index of "interception rate" and "actual interception" in study of intercepting rainfall of forest canopy. [Methods] The conception on interception capacity of forest canopy and approximate determination way were posed. Through the actual data, approximate determination way and mutual comparison of two stands were introduced further for interception capacity. [Results] The conception of interception capacity can better reflect effect and degree of forest canopy intercepting rainfall. The comparison of interception impact between different stands (or tree kinds) not only was made by means of interception capacity, but also was not restricted by regions. [Conclusion] The interception capacity is an effective and rational index on comparing the interception impact of rainfalls among different stands.

Abstract:[Objective] To analyze the spatiotemporal evolution regulation of eco-efficiency of land utilization in order to put forward an optimization scheme on land utilization in Jilin Province. [Methods] The eco-efficiency of land utilization of the nine cities and areas in Jilin Province during 2002 to 2011 were evaluated based on the CCR-1 model of the data envelopment analysis(DEA). [Results] (1) In terms of DEA, the eco-efficiency of land utilization in Songyuan, Baicheng, Yanbian of Jilin Province are all effective, while the data in Changchun, Siping, Jilin, Liaoyuan, Tonghua and Baishan cities of Jilin Province were fluctuant. (2) The eco-efficiency of land utilization in the center area of Jilin Province is low while the efficiency in the east and west area is relatively high. [Conclusion] The emissions of ammonia nitrogen, COD, sulfur dioxide, waste water and dust are the main influencing factors related to the eco-efficiency of land utilization.

Abstract:[Objective] To provide a decision basis for low-carbon strategy of land use and land cover change. [Methods] Based on RS and GIS, taking the data source of NDVI and Landsat, the carbon of vegetation and soil system in Shaanxi Loess platform region during 1990-2010 was calculated by the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach(CASA) model. [Results] Large part in the research area was carbon source, however, the carbon sink area were small and mainly distributed in the northern part in Weinan loess platform. During the research period, the carbon source degree in Xianyang loess platform, Baoji loess platform and Xi'an loess platform decreased, whereas, of which in Weinan loess platform and Tongchuan platform increased in some degree. From 1990 to 2010, the high degree carbon source area decreased from 38.22% to 21.13%, middle degree carbon source area were the largest and improved from 57.40% to 67.71%, and the area of low degree carbon source increased from 3.43% to 7.76%.At the same period, the area of carbon sink enlarged from 0.96% to 3.40%. [Conclusion] Cultivated land, forest land and grass land were changed into built-up land were not benefit to the carbon sink, and the enhancing of cropping index benefit to the carbon sink of vegetation and soil system.

Abstract:[Objective] To found a new approach to estimate soil erosion modulus, and achieve predictions of spatial distribution of soil erosion based on GIS. [Methods] Taking soil erosion modulus as discriminant conditions, each applicability of soil erosion prediction model built based on Logistic regression and RBF neural network was validated, and then the improved model(soil erosion prediction model) based on LOG-RBF neural network was built and validated. [Results] (1) There was obvious advantage for Logistic regression model to discriminant the occurrence of soil erosion, and the accuracy of prediction for un-occurring and occurring was 77.4% and 97.9%, respectively, the total predictive accuracy was 94.9%. (2) RBF neural network model had the stronger ability to estimate soil erosion modulus, the relative error and error sum of squares of the simulation results was 0.612% and 13.292, respectively, and R² was 0.57. (3) Relative error and error sum of squares of the simulation results was decreased by 0.157% and 2.601, respectively based on LOG-RBF neural network model than RBF neural network model, and R² was 0.82, so LOG-RBF neural network model had a better fitting degree, and with the soil erosion modulus increase, misjudge phenomenon showed a trend of gradual reduction. Determined by receiver operating characteristic curve, the value of area under curve based on LOG-RBF neural network model was 0.063 larger than RBF neural network model, and the accuracy was higher. [Conclusion] LOG-RBF neural network model could be used to estimate soil erosion modulus, and predict spatial distribution of soil erosion based on GIS.

Abstract:[Objective] To explore the impact of land use change on ecosystem services, and provide theoretical basis and decision-making methods for researching the socio-economic development and the ecological environment stable, and sustainable land use and development. [Method] By using the remote sensing image data of Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province in 2000 and 2010, the two phases of land use type maps were interpreted, and the velocity, internal transfer matrix, spatial overlay of two phase of the land use map changes were analyzed to understand land use characteristics of the study area in recent 10 years. Based on the research experience of Xie Gaodi and Costanza, combining with the reality of the study area, the ecological service function value and its sensitivity was calculated and analyzed. The respones of ecological service function on land use change were studied, based on the individua's ecological service function value, ecological service value impact of each land use type on the ecosystem service function value, and ecological service value flow. [Results] The changes in the value of the services of ecosystems was caused by land use change, in which, the ecosystem of forest, low shrubs and grassland enhanced the value of ecosystem services significantly. [Conclusion] The change of land use in the study area was very obvious from 2000 to 2010, and the land use overall trend was in balance and reasonable. The effect of land use change on ecosystem service was significant, and as the main land use type, forest land was the critical factor of ecosystem affecting land use change.

Abstract:[Objective] To find out the running and damaged condition of check dams in the five heavy rainfalls with wide range, long duration and large magnitude in July 2013 in the Yanhe river basin. [Methods] Field survey of 45 check dams in 15 small basins of 3 counties in the Yanhe river basin was conducted. [Results] It was found that 35 check dams could withstand the storm and flood struck. While only one new dam and 9 old check dams transformed to cultivated land were destroyed. The dams, which was still not full of silt and the dam system of the new dam combined with the old dam, worked very well. [Conclusion] The direct cause of the destroy of check dams was the over-standard rainstorms and floods caused by intense and concentrated rainfall. Meanwhile, there are many problems in the construction, operation and management of check dams in the Yanhe river Basin.

Abstract:[Objective] To reveal the spatial-temporal changes of the ecosystem services in the key ecological functional reservoir of the Three Gorges area in Chongqing from 2000 to 2010, in order to provide basis for the sustainable management of ecological environment in the Three Gorges area. [Methods] Based on RS and GIS techniques, four major ecosystem services including biodiversity maintenance, soil conservation, water conversation and carbon fixation were used to establish the evaluation models. [Results] (1) During the decade, the high level area of the functional ecosystem services in the research area increased by 386.14 km². (2) For each single ecosystem service function, the high level of the water conservation increased by 4 016.4 km²; the high, relatively high and medium level of the soil conservation increased by 516.2 km², 2 825.9 km² and 2 493.8 km² respectively. (3) From the spatial distribution, the better functional areas of the ecosystem services were mostly distributed in the north of Kaixian County, the north of Wushan County, the South of Fengjie County, and both sides of the tributaries of the Yangtze River and the region of the strap shaped ridge covered with better vegetation. The poorer functional regions of the ecosystem services were mostly distributed in Changshou County, Dianjiang County, the flat terrain areas of Liangping, steep terrain and ecological disaster-prone areas of Kaixian, Yunyang, Fengjie, Wushan Counties. [Conclusion] During the decade, the biodiversity maintenance function and the water conservation trend to rise; the soil conservation and the carbon fixation function are generally poor, but both are on the rise trend; the area of improvement is distributed in the new wetlands on both sides of the trunk stream of the Yangtze River formed by seasonal water inundation.

Abstract:[objective] To master the spatial pattern and trends of snow disaster in Western Sichuan Plateau so as to provide desision basis for management department of disaster.[Methods] By using methods of linear regression, inverse distance weighted spatial interpolation, natural disaster risk index method, the spatial-temporal characteristics and risk of snow disaster were analyzed based on daily temperature and rainfall data of 16 meteorological stations from 1961 to 2012 in Western Sichuan Plateau.[Results] (1) The days of heavy snow and blizzard increased over the last 52 years in Western Sichuan Plateau, the change rates were 0.93 d/10 a and 0.51 d/10 a respectively. (2) The snow disaster had a distinct spatial difference in Western Sichuan Plateau, the days of snow disaster were more in north of Western Sichuan Plateau, and less in south of Western Sichuan Plateau. (3) Shiqu, Seda, Ganzi, Hongyuan, Ruoergai, and Kangding had the highest risk of snow disaster, Songpan and Litang were moderate-risk areas, Dege, XiaoJin, Ma'erkan, Xinlong, Daofu, Batang, Daocheng and Jiulong were low-risk areas.[Conclusion] The frequency and extent of snow disaster were increasing in Western Sichuan Plateau, it should take more effective measures to strengthen the prevention and management of snow disaster.

Abstract:[Objective] To analyze the development characteristics and formation mechanism of geological disasters in order to improve the prevention and control of geological disasters in Jian'ou City, Fujian Province. [Methods] Based on the detailed investigation on geological disasters, through the analysis of the geological disaster development type, scale, distribution and damage features of Jian'ou City, the development rule of geological disasters was summarized in the area. According to the formation conditions and inducing factors of geological hazards, with the analysis of typical disaster, the formation mechanism and different shear strength characteristics were identified. [Results] (1) The characteristics of the disaster which developed in a large numbers of small scale landslide were summarized, and general performance of the soil collapsed along the bedrock surface; (2) The causes of geological disaster include the following points: firstly, the frequent tectonic movements resulted in a broken rock mass in the area which contained unstable structural plane combinations. Secondly, due to the low shear strength of soil on the surface of the slope, slope destruction would be easily induced under artificial cut slope and rainfall conditions. [Conclusion] The condition of geological environment in Jianou City is poor, and unreasonable cutting slope is easy to induce landslide.

Abstract:[Objective] Ecological compensation mechanism of water source area was established to improve the ecological environment and promote the sustainable development of the water source area and intake area. [Methods] Ecological compensation theoretical framework of inter-basin water transfer project was investigated based on the analysis of the definition, necessity and principles of ecological compensation, which included the connotations, the identification of behavior subjects, the calculation of ecological compensation quantity, ecological compensation models and approaches for ecological compensation. [Results] The core of inter-basin water transfer project for ecological compensation of water source area was to answer the questions: (1) Why to compensate? (2) Who compensate to whom? (3) What was the content of compensation? (4) How to compensate? Main forest ecological compensation ways mainly include physical and financial compensation, projects and industrial assist, policy and technical support, and intelligence serivices. [Conclusion] The ecological compensation mechanism of inter-basin water transfer project is of great importance to coordinate the relationships between water source area and intake area, to promote ecological protection mechanism and sustainable development, which should be beneficial to ecological civilization construction.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to better explore the interaction between land use and regional economic development, and coordinate the regional development. [Methods] Using the function of spatial and statistical analysis, the township level administrative units were taken as the study unit, the relationship between the two variables of the space structure of Langfang City, Hebei Province in 2010 economic indicators and land use was analyzed. [Results] The main economic indicators spatial autocorrelation coefficient were in 0.39 to 0.72. There were complex spatial autocorrelations between land use structure and economic indexes, and they were descripted as follows: (1) Rural per capita net income was in negative correlation to agricultural land, and in positive correlation to construction land and waters. (2) The per capita income was negative related with garden land and woodland, and positive related with construction land and waters. (3) The current agricultural production unit area value was in negative correlation to forest land, traffic land, other land, and in positive correlation to construction land; (4) The yield of grain was in negative correlation to garden land, forest land, traffic land and waters, and in positive correlation to construction land. [Conclusion] Taking similar area as the study area with natural endowment can better reflect the relationship between land use and economic development. Land utilization and economic indicators in Langfang City have significant spatial correlation. The economic development in the north is obviously superior to that of the south, and obviously influenced by the Beijing-Tianjin region. Regulating the construction land structure plays an important role to balance differences in the economic development of Langfang City.

Abstract:[Objective] To analyze the relation between water resource consumption and industrial structure quantitatively in Wuwei City, Gansu Province in order to provide references for making development policies for cities in arid areas. [Methods] The IGT model deduced by IPAT and optimized modeling software LINGO 10.0 were used. [Results] The economic growth of Wuwei City depended heavily on water consumption under the condition of unrestraint water supply during 1998-2004. After the water restriction policy came into force, the degree of economic growth dependence on water consumption began to fell sharply in 2005 and was in a state of relatively steady decline after 2008. Meanwhile, the best model for reducing the demand of water consumption by setting scenarios was found. The water consumption in 2015 was 1.67×10⁹ m³ and the GDP was 4.40×10¹⁰ yuan. [Conclusion] Under the condition of accelerating economic growth, adjusting the industrial structure reasonably and strengthening the weak water control of water saving, it would be best for Wuwei City to achieve economic and water consumption steady development.

Abstract:[Objective] To investigate the carbon storage of different forest restoration patterns in order to provide theoretical basis for the construction of regional forest carbon sinks. [Methods] The storage and distribution was calculated based on different forest restoration patterns that widely distributed in limestone mountains of Xuzhou City. [Results] The carbon storage of different forest restoration patterns was in the range of 28.379~46.561 t/hm², followed a sequence of Platyclatdus orientalis×Firmiana simplex > P. orientalis×Ligustrum lucidum > P. orientalis×Liquidambar formosana > P. orientalis > P. orientalis×Koelreuteria paniculata > P. orientalis×Cotinus coggygria. The carbon storage of soil occupied 54.333%~78.290% of the total carbon storage. The carbon storage of vegetation occupied 20.213%~44.414% of the total carbon storage, and the carbon storage of litter only occupied 0.582%~3.897% in total carbon storage. [Conclusion] Soil carbon storage is an important component of the total carbon storage. It is an effective way to maintain soil carbon storage by protecting surface soil, controlling soil and water losses, and reducing artificial disturbance on limestone mountains. Furthermore, strengthening maintenance for Platyclatdus orientalis and selecting the suitable broadleaved tree species can effectively increase the carbon sequestration potential.

Abstract:[Objective] To explore impacts of tourism disturbance on biological diversity and soil properties of typical steppe in Helan Mountain scenic area in order to further understand the ecological effect and mechanism of tourism disturbance, and to provide the reference for the protection of scenic resources and environment management. [Methods] Sample investigation was conducted to different intensity of tourism disturbance (LD, lower tourism disturbance; MD, middle tourism disturbance; HD, high tourism disturbance) on biological diversity and soil properties in Helan Mountain scenic areas. [Results] (1) Tourism disturbance significantly reduced the vegetation coverage, litters, and the index of diversity, richness and evenness(p<0.05). (2) Tourism disturbance had a large influence on soil physical and chemical properties, as the interference intensity increasing, soil bulk density increased, and water content, electrical conductivity decreased. (3) Soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen had a larger range ability which was the most sensitive to tourism disturbance. (4) There was a marked effect on soil nutrients, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzale nitrogen, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were significantly reduced with the interference intensity increasing, potassium and available potassium increased; (5) The basic correlation of soil nutrients factors of tourism disturbance was consistent with CK, on the whole, the total soil nutrient was significantly positive correlation to the soil available nutrients(p<0.01). [Conclusion] Moderate tourism disturbance had no effect on vegetation properties. Tourism disturbance had effects on soil properties, and the effects did not change the interactions of soil nutrient factors.

Abstract:[Objective] To explore the quality of the Lonicerae flos flower in different levels of soil trace elements in order to confirm the optimum planting years of Lonicerae flos in Suiyang County, Guizhou Province. [Methods] Field investigation and laboratory analysis of a combination of methods were used. [Results] In the soil, pH value was from 4.67 to 6.01, and the average contents of Cu, Mo, Mn, and Zn were from 17.17 to 37.50 mg/kg, 1.52 to 2.24 mg/kg, 444.6 to 544.26 mg/kg, 102.06 to 114.39 mg/kg, respectively. And in the buds of Lonicerae flos, the average content was from 6.91 to 14.52 mg/kg, 0.16 to 0.24 mg/kg, 30.06 to 79.36 mg/kg, 12.73 to 23.54 mg/kg for Cu, Mo, Mn, and Zn, respectively. At the same time, the chlorogenic acid content was from 2.988% to 7.840% for Lonicerae flos planted in different years. [Conclusion] The contents of Zn and Cu in soil increase along with the increasing of planting years, but the contents of Mo and Mn decrease. The content of chlorogenic acid is at a higher level and the plants are growing well in 11 to 15 planting years. Trace elements contents in flowers show an upward tendency as a whole in the course of their planting years. The growth of stem and leaf of Lonicerae flos is greatly favored by Mn in soil with an additional favor from Cu and Zn, which helps the botanic growth and promotes the synthesis of chlorogenic acid.

Abstract:[Objective] To protect Shengjin Lake national nature reserve, in Anhui Province, effectively. [Methods] On the basis of three periods of TM remote sensing images of Shengjin Lake national nature reserve in 1986, 2002 and 2011, by using ERDAS and ArcGIS tools, in consideration of the current land use in Shengjin Lake nature reserve for supervision classification, the Shengjin Lake nature reserve was classified into three function areas, such as experimental area, core area and buffer area. The nature reserve area was divided into eight parts of construction land, grassland, cultivated land, forest land, waters, unused land, traffic land and garden plot, and the land use area was summarized. By using the hierarchical analysis and fuzzy mathematics method of land use to build ecological risk assessment model, the ecological risk index of land use was draw up. [Results] The overall risk value of Shengjin Lake was intermediate, and the ecological risk index increased gradually from 1986 to 2011. Among them, the core area of ecological risk was lower, but it also trended to increase gradually. At the same time, experimental area of ecological risk value was higher than that of the core area, and the buffer area ecological risk value variation was obvious and ecological risk of land use was serious. [Conclusion] The ecological risk of Shengjin Lake nature reserve tends to rise. Some measures should be taken to build early warning mechanism to control the ecological risk of Shengjin Lake nature reserve.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to provide useful technical support for performance evaluation of irrigation and fertilization in jujube plantations, a jujube shoot biomass estimation method without damaging trees was explored. [Methods] Based on a large number of measurements, both linear models and non-linear models were used to estimate the biomass of branches, hangings, fruits and leaves for jujube. In addition, these models were evaluated and compared according to the correlation coefficient(R²), fit index(W), Standard error(SEE), coefficient of variation(C_V) and forecast accuracy(p). [Results] The linear models exhibited a superior performance for branch biomass modeling with R² ranged from 0.980 to 0.984, p ranged from 0.909 to 0.926. While, non-linear models were more suitable for hanging and leaf biomass modeling(R² was between 0.880 and 0.943, p ranged from 0.897 to 0.976). The optimal fruit biomass model is the dual non-linear model (the R² is 0.999 and p is 0.998). The ratio of fresh and dry weight for branch, hanging and leaf was 2.085, 2.675 and 2.854, respectively. A good linear relationship was showed between the length of a single jujube hanging and the number of leaves on it (R² reaches 0.88).[Conclusion] In this reserch, the simulation precision of the jujube tree biomass model was higher.

Abstract:[Objective] To study behaviors of peasant households from the view of microeconomics specifically, the present situation, existing problems and influencing factors were analyzed in order to put forward some countermeasures and advices for optimizing and perfecting the protection of cultivated land quality. [Methods] Taking Dantu District in Zhenjiang City of Jiangsu Province as the subject, questionnaire investigation, case interview, "pressure-state-response" framework and Logistic regression were adopt. [Results] There was certain difference in behaviors of peasant household participate in protection of cultivated land quality. Some peasant households were positive, and others were passive. The binary logistic regression model fit the overall result very well, and the regression results were higher credibility [Conclusion] The enthusiasm of peasant households in the study area to participate in the protection of cultivated land quality is not high. The factors such as the age of peasant households, the dosage of the fertilizers, the farmer's judgment about the importance and prospects of the protection of cultivated land quality significantly affect the willingness of peasant households to participate in the protection of cultivated land quality.

Abstract:[Objective] To study the characteristics of soil seed bank(SSB) in Baxian Mountain in Jingxian County of Tianjin City in order to provide reference for vegetation restoration using SSB.[Methods] As a new correspondence analysis method, the detrended canonical correspondence analysis(DCCA) method can overcome the arch effect and give better explanation between plant communities and environmental factors. [Results] (1) Compared with other plots of Tianjin City, the species richness of SSB was very high, reaching to 42 species, but the density of SSB was the lowest. The bare rock, thin soil and obvious animal feeding effect were main reasons for the low density. (2) The Sorensen similarity index was very low, but the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, the Simpson index and the Pielow index were very high. (3) With the increase of the altitude, the community structure changed rapidly, the number of woody plants increased. With the slope exposing to the sun, the type of plants changed from shade plants to light plants.[Conclusion] By DCCA analysis, three obvious clusterings were presented. Organic matter, pH value and total phosphorus were main soil factors which affected the distribution of SSB.

Abstract:[Objective] To promote public participate in water resources management and improve management effect.[Methods] Taking farmers living in Gaotai County, Gansu Province as the case, by using participatory research data, the structure equation model(SEM) was built, and famer's cognition and response to participatory water resources were analyzed. [Results] The path coefficients of farmer's cognition to its satisfaction and willingness were 0.18(t=4.08) and 0.42(t=7.03), while the path coefficient of satisfaction to willingness was 0.45(t=3.86). (1) Farmer's cognition of water resources management had positively relationships with its satisfaction and willingness to participate the water users association(WUA), and the satisfaction positively effects willingness too. (2) The main exogenous structural variables affecting farmer's cognition was personal factor, and the main exogenous observation variables were self-confidence and education level. (3) The main exogenous structural variables effect farmer's satisfaction was agriculture production status, and the main exogenous observation variables were arable land, the proportion of agriculture income and household per capital net income. (4) The main exogenous structural variables affecting farmer's willingness to participate in WUA is household status, and the main exogenous observation variable is households per capital net income. [Conclusion] We should promote propaganda and training to improve farmers' knowledge and cognition of water resources usage and management. The water resources management efficiency must be improved in order to increase farmers' income and satisfaction degree. At last, management system should be built to create opportunity and condition for farmers' participation.

Abstract:[Objective] To analyze the drought variation characteristics of the Huaihe River basin in recent 60 years, and provide a reference for the later drought-resisting disaster. [Methods] The weight average of precipitation(WAP) index, space Kriging method, and wavelet analysis methods were used to study the drought variation of the Huaihe River basin. [Results] The spring WAP index declined greatly in the early 21st century, it is prone to drought in spring. Meanwhile the winter WAP index increased significantly after 1980 and the winter drought has reduced, and the average index of WAP representation the main cycle of drought was 2~3 years and secondary was 6~7 years. Furthermore, the WAP index of Huaihe river basin showed a progressive decrease from the southeast to the northwest while the degree of drought increases from the southeast to the northwest as a whole in space. [Conclusion] The WAP index can represent time and space characteristics of drought in the Huaihe River basin.

Abstract:[Objective] To explore the carbon storage characteristics of arbor layer, herb layer and litter layer of six different trees of grain for green project in Pingguo County in order to provide the data support for evaluation of forest ecological benefit further. [Methods] Based on the survey of sample plots and mathematical analysis, combining with the basic statistical method, the characteristics of carbon storage were analyzed. [Results] The difference of carbon content between different arbor layers was little. In addition to the Amygdalus persica, the average carbon rates of other species on the ground ranged from 0.49 to 0.52. There were large differences between the various organs of the same stand, and the same situation for different stands. The decreasing order of carbon densities in different stands was followed as: Illicium verum 26.864 t/hm², Castanea mollissima 23.120 t/hm², Eucalyptus 22.863 t/hm², Pinus massoniana 16.686 t/hm², Amygdalus persica 15.393 t/hm², Zenia insignis Chun 9.956 t/hm². The total carbon storage of vegetation layer was 1.4374×10⁵ t. [Conclusion] The average carbon density of arbor layer in Pingguo County was far less than the estimated value in China and other countries.

Abstract:[Objective] To acquire the characteristics of debris flow in alpine mountain in order to analyze the mechanism and the harm degree. [Methods] Based on the field investigation, the "three high" distribution of debris flow (cold, high-altitude, high-intensity) along Sino-Pakistan highway, the inducing mechanism were researched. [Results] At this area, tectonic movement was active, rock mass structure was broken, joint fracture was developed, besides located in the alpine mountains, and affected by climate and the rock thaw to spall, thus created conditions for the outbreak of the debris flows. In addition, because of the unique structural characteristics of Tianshan Mountain, there were several hundred meters thick of sand and gravel layer to ensure the replenishment rate. High and steep terrain provided sufficient movement potential. Thereby concentrating rainfall and snowmelt role were the direct causes of the outbreak of debris flow. Erosion, collapse blocked and outburst came into being debris flow. [Conclusion] The debris flow in alpine mountain was mainly affected by climate, terrain, hydraulic power and geological conditions. With the greater difference from rainfall debris flow, it has obvious plateau characteristics, reflected in the source material, water and terrain conditions.

Abstract:[Objective] To analyze the carbon density of Pinus tabulaeformis and its influence factors in Longdong area in order to provide theoretical basis for the evaluation of the ecological environment of the loess hilly region. [Methods] The carbon density of Pinus tabulaeformis was estimated and the influence of ecological factors on carbon density was discussed by the methods of plot investigation and biomass measurement. [Results] The carbon content in different organs of P. tabulaeformis ranged from 48.58% to 53.54%, and the average carbon density decreased in the order of stem > branch > root > leaf > cone. The carbon content of leaf, branch, and root in shrub was 43.93%, 45.62% and 42.38%, respectively. The carbon content of above-ground and below-ground in herb was 43.04% and 39.77%. The carbon content of fresh litter and decomposing litter was 43.79% and 38.83%. The carbon density of vegetation layer decreased in the order of tree layer > herb layer > shrub layer. The average carbon content in the soil layer (0-100 cm) decreased gradually with the increase of soil depth, and the carbon density had significant difference in different layers, and that in 50-100 cm soil was the highest layer. The total carbon density of P. tabulaeformis ecosystem was 52.86 t/hm², and the vertical distribution were: soil layer(75.15%) > vegetation layer(24.14%) > litter layer(0.71%). [Conclusion] Ecological factors including average tree height, average diameter at breast height and canopy density showed highly significant correlation with the carbon density of different layers of P. tabulaeformis plantation, and undecomposed litter dry mass showed significant correlation with it. The average tree height, average diameter at breast height, canopy density, and undecomposed litter dry mass were primary factors on the carbon density of P. tabulaeformis ecosystem.