Abstract:[Objective] A study of soil and water loss was conducted on three typical geomorphic styles(karst plateau mountain, basin and canyon) in Guizhou Province in order to reveal the effects of landform factors(gradient, slope length, slope shape, slope position, slope exposure and micro topography) on the loss of regional soil and water, and to provide a theoretical basis for integrated prevention of soil and water loss in karst area. [Methods] Using the flow monitoring in standard runoff fields and erosion baseline method, many years' data of soil and water loss of 3 types of geomorphic style were obtained. Data were analyzed by Excel and SPSS software. [Results] Slope gradient was the leading direct trend factor that can influence the slope loss of soil and water. Soil erosion increased with the increase of slope degree and 25 degrees was the critical gradient. Slope length of karst slope was not an obvious affecting factor on soil and water loss. Slope shape exerted indirect impaction on soil and water loss by slope position and slope direction. The influence rank of slope position on soil and water loss was that down slope > middle slope > upper slope. Soil erosion occurred on sunny slope was greater than that on the shady slope. It was very obvious that micro topography can obviously affect soil and water loss, erosion occurred easily on protuberant section, and deposit was often observed in slope hollows. [Conclusion] Soil and water loss in karst area was a result of many factors. Terrain factors influenced each other and they controlled together the occurrence and trend of soil and water loss on karst slope.

Abstract:[Objective] The distribution pattern of sand-driven wind regimes, drift potentials, sand flux and particle size along the desert oasis transitional zone in the Dunhuang oasis adjacent to Mingsha Mountain was investigate in order to provide a theoretical basis for clarifying the process of aeolian sand in desert and oasis regions. [Methods] Based on the data from the synchronous wind velocity, sand flux and the size of sand grains, the characteristics of aeolian sand environments were calculated along the desert oasis transitional zone. [Results] Because of the differences of the material composition, spatial structure and hydrothermal conditions, wind velocity gradient and cumulative time of sand-driven wind existed significant differences. By the interaction of the desert and oasis, two dominant winds existed desert-oasis transitional zone. From the point of near surface granularity characteristics along the distribution, coarse sand content gradually reduced and silt and clay content increased relatively from the desert to the oasis. Desert-oasis transitional zone was the important part of the ecosystem, and had significance in maintaining a stable transition. [Conclusion] For the oasis sand hazard prevention and control, we should give full consideration to the role of regulation and buffering of desert-oasis transitional zone in view of atmospheric circulation.

Abstract:[Objective] To reveal the key factor of soil anti-erodibility in filed of moso bamboo in order to provide references for further studing influence mechanism of soil anti-erodibility. [Methods] Using the method of field investigation and laboratory analysis, changes and influences of soil anti-erodibility under moso bamaboo with different mixture patterns were examined. The forest types included the forest Ⅰ(evergreen broad-leaved forest), Ⅱ(ratio of moso bamboo to broadleaf trees was 8:2), Ⅲ(ratio of moso bamboo to broadleaf trees was 6:4), Ⅳ(pure-moso bamboo forest), Ⅴ(ratio of Chinese fir to moso bamboo was 8:2), and Ⅵ(Chinese fir). [Results] The soil anti-erodibility was the strongest for evergreen broad-leaved forest and the poorest for Chinese fir. The soil anti-erodibility of mixed-moso bamboo forests was better than pure-moso bamboo's. Among those mixed-moso bamboo forests, the forest Ⅲ was the best one, followed by the forest Ⅱ and forest Ⅳ. The changes of soil disintegration rate of those forests were different from the trend of the soil anti-erodibility. The soil disintegration rate was slowest for evergreen broad-leaved forest and fastest for forest Ⅲ. The forest Ⅱ, Ⅴ, and Ⅵ were better than the pure-moso bamboo forest. With regard to the different forest types of soil anti-erodibility and disintegration rate, the forest Ⅱ was regarded as the better forest type. [Conclusion] There was a significant correlation(p<0.05) between the soil anti-erodibility and organic matter content, non-capillary porosity, total porosity, soil bulk density, rhizome biomass, and foliage biomass based on correlation analysis. The soil anti-erodibility was affected by change of soil and vegetation structure. The changes of soil anti-erodibility credited biomass distribution and change of soil structure.

Abstract:[Objective] The influence of rainfall and temperature in semiarid loess region on runoff of Beichuan River was studied in order to provide reference for the analysis of the reasons for the change in upper reaches of Sanchuan River basin and the runoff in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. [Methods] The data from Qiandong station was analyzed by regression analysis model, accumulative anomaly model and multiple-linear regression model. [Results] Great changes existed in Beichuan drainage basin from 1989 to 2009, totally expressing an inconspicuous decreasing trend. The highest and the lowest temperature appeared in 2003, on the contrary, latent evapotranspiration presented the declining trend. The annual runoff of Beichuan river had great diversity, qualified certain degree of phased nature and mutation, showing an inconspicuous decreasing trend as a whole. [Conclusion] It is indicated that annual precipitation and temperature are the main factors influencing the runoff volume of Beichuan River, and the rainfall of flood reason plays the leading role in precipitation of this basin.

Abstract:[Objective] The effect of macropore tortuosity on infiltrition was examined in order to provide theoretical basis for how tortuosity influenced preferential flow transport. [Methods] The laboratory soil column infiltration experiments were conducted with man-made macropore in Heilu soils under different initial tortuosity. The effects of macropore tortuosity on wetting front migration, cumulative infiltration and penetration time were determined. [Results] The macropore tortuosity considerably influenced the shape of the wetting front migration and its movement in vertical and lateral directions; the decrease of macropore tortuosity could accelerate the migration of wetting front and increase the cumulative infiltration; the time for water to penetrate the soil column increased with the rise of macropore tortuosity; the depth of wetting front migration and the amount of cumulative infiltration had the exponential relationship with time. The parameters in these functions depended on the macropore tortuosity. The relationship between penetration time and macropore tortuosity could be described by a logarithmic function. [Conclusion] The macropore tortuosity extensively impacted some factors of infiltrition, and was one of the most important factors in studying preferential flow.

Abstract:[Objective] Studying the characteristics of motion and evolution parameters of debris flow induced by glacier lake outburst floods(GLOFs) in order to provide countermeasures for debris flows prevention of this type. [Methods] Base on flume tests, the formation and evolution of debris flow due to moraine lake outburst floods were studied. [Results] The debris flow evolved from GLOFs was attributed to hydraulic reasons, the forming process could be divided into 5 phases. According to unit weight of water-sediment flow, the evolution process of debris flow could be summarized by successive sediment-laden flow, debris flow, sediment-laden flow. Correspondingly, The grain sizes of debris flow evolved from silts to gravels, and to silts in sequence. The outcomes from different sets of the test also showed that the grain sizes of the debris flow positively correlated to the unit weigh of the debris flow. [Conclusion] The motion processes of debris flow depend both on the hydraulic power of the GLOFs and on the grain sizes of bed materials.

Abstract:[Objective] The changes of landscape pattern and relations among landscape index and runoff in Chaohe River watershed were examined in order to provide theoretical basis for the basin ecological environment construction. [Methods] The hydrometeorological data of Chaohe watershed over 50 years, ArcGIS and Fragstats software, landscape index from the remote sensing images(1979, 1987, 1991, 2009) of Chaohe River watershed were used. [Results] Precipitation and runoff decreased over time, and the temperature increased at 0.215℃/10 a. The runoff of Chaohe River decreased significantly with the 28-year cycle of wet and dry conversion; a steady increasing patches number with decreasing area with more simplicity caused Chaohe River watershed become weak. [Conclusion] Runoff decreased with increase of landscape shape index. When the mean patches perimeter was 1 050 m, the number of patches was 110 000 with Shannon's diversity index of about 1.33. Therefore, the comprehensive intercepting ability of patches was the strongest and the watershed runoff capacity was the weakest.

Abstract:[Objective] The changes of soil physical and chemical properties in three levels of degraded grasslands(light degradation grasslands, middle degradation grasslands and heavy degradation grasslands) in alpine grassland in the Qilian Mountain were studied to provide references for the restoration of grasslands in analogous area. [Methods] Vegetation investigation and soil sampling were conducted and the samples were assayed. [Results] Obvious differences were observed in community composition and species diversity. The soil physical and chemical properties under different degraded grasslands were affected by degradation level. The soil bulk density in the heavy degraded grassland was significantly higher(p<0.05) than that of light degraded grassland. The content of soil total porosity of 0-10 cm layer in light degradation grassland was significantly higher than that of heavy degraded grassland. The contents of organic matter, total K, total P and available K in heavy degraded grassland were obviously lower(p<0.05) than those of lighter degraded grassland, but there were no significant differences in the content of pH value and available N. [Conclusion] Soil physical and chemical characteristics were significantly affected by vegetation degraded succession in alpine grassland.

Abstract:[Objective] Field experiments were conducted to study effects of different treatments of fertilization and irrigation on rice yield, soil nutrient and enzyme activity under straw amendment, and to provide theoretical support for the development of high quality, highly effective ecoagriculture. [Methods] Through field experiment, we designed three kinds of irrigation patterns and three nitrogen levels, total of nine experimental treatments, and set up three no straw treatments as a control. [Results] The application rate of nitrogen fertilizer was 225 kg/hm², the shallow wetland regulation irrigation mode can help control the tiller, reduce plant height, form a reasonable population structure. Different treatments of fertilization and irrigation had no significant effect on rice per panicle, seed setting rate, shallow wetlands regulation irrigation mode can effectively improve rice panicles and grain weight, thus improving rice yield. The rate of fertilizer was 225 kg/hm², the shallow wetlands regulation irrigation mode can effectively improve the amount of SOM(soil organic matter), TN(tatl N), AP(availale P), AK(available K). Straw amendment can significantly improve soil invertase activity, reduce soil urease activity, while the soil catalase activity had no significant change. In straw amendment field, rate of nitrogen fertilizer was 225 kg/hm², the shallow wetlands regulation irrigation mode improved the most signifycantly on soil invertase activity, but different treatments of fertilization and irrigation did not significantly reduce the soil urease activity. [Conclusion] In straw amendment field, when the rate of fertilizer was 225 kg/hm², shallow wetlands regulation irrigation mode can effectively improve rice yield and soil fertility.

Abstract:[Objective] A case research in a black soil sloping farmland was conducted to illustrate the spatial correlations among productivity, organic matter and total nitrogen content, in order to provide some hints for controlling of soil and water loss and improving of agricultural production in simliar slope farmlands. [Methods] Spatial correlations among productivity, organic matter and total nitrogen content were analyzed by classical statistics and geostatistics methods. [Results] There was no significant correlations of soil productivity with organic matter content and total nitrogen content. A insignificant negative correlation(p<0.05) between soil productivity and altitude was found. There existed a significant correlation between soil organic matter content and total nitrogen content(p<0.01). [Conclusion] The productivity of the sloping farmland was greatly affected by soil structure factors, such as terrain, groundwater level and soil forming process; about sixty-seven percent of the variance of productivity can be explained by them.Other thirty-three percent variance was affected by cultivation, fertilizer application and planting. Soil erosion was thought to be the dominated process that lead to the reduction of the black soil productivity on sloping farmland.

Abstract:[Objective] The mechanism and effects of red soil degradation were elucidated in order to provide scientific basis to soil and water conservation and rocky desertification effect of the east Yunnan Platean. [Methods] This study examined the mountainous red soil based on the analysis of soil profile aggregates associated with different vegetation types, as well as the distribution of organic matter. Particularly, soil samples were taken from area covered with pine, shrubland, grassland or unvegetated red soils respectively in the karst area of east Yunnan Province. [Results] The degraded soils were characterized by large aggregates after dry sieving, the contents of which generally decreased with depth. The highest content was micro-aggregates after wet sieving and samples from vegetation-covered area showed a similar trend as that with dry sieving, while the red bare soil showed the a trend of 0-90 cm (B layer) > 90-100 cm (C layer). Degree of stability and content of organic matter displayed a trend of shrub lands > pineland > grassland > red bare soil during the degradation process. Soil aggregate stability and physical properties of soils from shrubland, pineland and grassland gradually decreased and soil organic matter(SOM) deteriorated with increase of depth. On the contrary, all the proxies of red bare soil showed an opposite trend. In contrast to A and B layers, the structural property became inferior, and the content of SOM of C layer decreased significantly. [Conclusion] There was a significant and positive correlation between the content of SOM and mean weight diameter, geometric mean diameter and >2 mm size aggregate content, but a significant negative correlation between SOM and fractal dimension. All these suggest the possible and viable way to improve the structural condition of red bare soil by increasing the content of SOM.

Abstract:[Objective] The temporal and spatial variation of soil moisture was revealed under different bamboo forest stands in order to provide the scientific basis for the sustainable management of Phyllostachys edulis forests. [Methods] Based on the field test, three typical P. edulis forests(P. edulis and Cunninghamia lanceolata mixed forest, P. edulis pure forest and P. edulis and broad-leaved tree mixed forest) in northern Fujian Province were investigated in comparison with C. lanceolata pure forest and evergreen broadleaved forest. [Results] The seasonal changes of soil moisture content were consistent with the rainfall and evaporation. Monthly average soil moisture content ranged from 22.98% to 37.88%, and broad-leaved tree mixed forest had the largest mean annual soil moisture content of 31.95%, and followed by P. edulis and C. lanceolata mixed forest, P. edulis and broad-leaved tree mixed forest, C. lanceolata pure forest and P. edulis pure forest(30.46%, 30.10%, 29.78, and 29.31%, respectively). The moisture contents of different soil layers of evergreen broadleaved forest had significant differences(p<0.01) in the soil profiles, and the soil moisture contents decreased with soil depth, however, the moisture contents of other forest types had no significant differences in the soil profile. [Conclusion] The impacts of forest types and soil depth on soil moisture contents were different, but did not reach significant levels, and the precipitation in the forest canopy was the direct factor influencing soil moisture contents.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to determine the optimal plant configuration of slope ecological protection, we designed a washout test by control the velocity and flow of water in runoff plots of different surface type. [Methods] Based on experimental data, we studied the effect of different surface types on both surface roughness coefficient and hydraulics characteristic parameters. [Results] (1) The effect of herbaceous vegetation on the velocity of the block is better than shrub tree species. Populus tomentosa promote the surface velocity. (2) The largest average roughness coefficient is in the lawn plot, the smallest is bare plot. Laying litter in bare ground can effectively increase the surface roughness coefficient value and there is no significantly change by laying gravel. (3) Reynolds coefficient(R_e) is 21.34~23.49 and the largest is the litter surface, the smallest is Populus tomentosa surface. Water flow is laminar flow, the turbulence is weak, Froude coefficient(F_r) is 0.35~2.55, Darcy-Weisbach resistance coefficient(f) is 1.03~54.43. [Conclusion] The bare land with litters and grassland surface can effectively resist runoff scour and the Populus tomentosa underlying surface has the potential to cause the most amount of soil erosion.

Abstract:[Objective] The effect of fertilization patterns on losses of soil, water and nitrogen, phosphorus from tea garden in eastern Fujian Province was studied in order to provide a scientific basis for evaluation and prevention and control of soil and water loss in this region. [Methods] The experiment contained six treatments: no fertilization(CK), chemical fertilizers(NPK), half-organic manure plus half-chemical fertilizers(1/2 NPKOM), organic manure(OM), legume stover returned plus chemical fertilizers(NPKL), half-organic manure plus legume stover returned plus half-chemical fertilizers(1/2 NPKOM+L). [Results] Among all the treatments, water losses were ranked as OM > 1/2 NPKOM > NPKL > CK > NPK > 1/2 NPKOM+L, and soil losses followed the orders of OM > 1/2 NPKOM > NPKL > CK > NPK > 1/2 NPKOM+L. Furthermore, the OM treatment had maximum concentrations of soil nutrients including total N (TN), dissolved N (DN), NO₃-N, NH₄⁺-N, total P(TP) and dissolved P(DP) losses in runoff, while the 1/2 NPKOM+L treatment had minimum concentrations of those nitrogen and phosphorus fractions compared to other fertilizer treatments. Similarly, the contents of TN, TP in sediment were the highest in OM treatment, but the lowest in 1/2 NPKOM+L treatment. [Conclusion] The 1/2 NPKOM+L treatment could be considered as a better choice of fertilization practice with respect to reducing soil, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus nutrient losses from tea soils in the region.

Abstract:[Objective] The effects of two ecotypes(farmland and mining) of accumulator plants intercropping with cherry seedlings on soil enzyme activity under cadmium stress were examined in order to provide the reference for cherry production in cadmium pollution area. [Methods] Tianxin cherry and Naweng cherry were intercropped with two ecotypes of cadmium accumulator Conyza canadensis, Solanum nigrum and Digitaria sanguinalis, respectively, and the soil catalase, urease and invertase activities were determined. [Results] When Tianxin cherry intercropped with mining ecotype of D. sanguinalis, the soil catalase and urease activities reached to the highest values, which were improved by 41.07% and 57.53% than monoculture of Tianxin cherry, respectively. When Naweng cherry intercropped with farmland ecotype of C. canadensis, the soil catalase activity reached to the highest value, and the soil urease activity reached to the highest value when intercropped with mining ecotype of D. sanguinalis. When cherry seedlings intercropped with two ecotypes of accumulator plants, only Tianxin cherry intercropping with farmland ecotype of C. canadensis, Naweng cherry intercropping with mining ecotype of D. sanguinalis and Naweng cherry intercropping with farmland ecotype of D. sanguinalis improved the soil invertase activity. [Conclusion] Under cadmium stress, the soil enzyme activity of cherry could be improved by intercropping, and the best material was mining ecotype of D. sanguinalis, and followed by farmland ecotype of C. canadensis.

Abstract:[Objective] Effects of precipitation on shrub community structure and diversity in Ulanbuh Desert were researched to provide theoretical basis for vegetation conservation and sustainable use of plant resources. [Methods] The relationships between precipitation & community structure, and precipitation & plant species diversity were analyzed using quadrat and precipitation data collected from 2011 to 2013. [Results] Rainfall could significantly affect the numbers of community species and families for three typical shrub communities of Ceratoides latens, Sarcozygium xanthoxylon and Tetraena mongolica. The increases of species and families in the three communities listed as follows as precipitation increased. The numbers of newly emerged species and families in the three communities were: 5 species and 2 families in the first communties, 12 species and 2 families in the second communties and 12 species and 6 families in the third communties. For the obvious effects of precipitation on annual herb and perennial herb were observed in three communities of Ceratoides latens, Sarcozygium xanthoxylon, Tetraena mongolica, the effect on shrub and half shrub was observed far small. The increase of rainfall could improve the species richness and diversity of three typical shrub communities. And rainfall increment could homogenize the structures and habitats of Tetraena mongolica and Ceratoides latens. For the three typical shrub community, precipitation had positive correlations with species number, coverage, richness index, evenness index, diversity index, and all coefficients were greater than 0.600 0. [Conclusion] Rainfall had significant impacts on species numbers, coverage, richness, evenness, diversity of the three typical shrub communities.

Abstract:[Objective] The litter storage and the water-holding capacities in the main forest types in Xiaoxingan Mountains were studied to provide important data and theoretical basis for the evaluation of forest ecological service function in Xiaoxingan Mountains. [Methods] 6 kinds of typical forest types were selected to set sample plot and measure the litter reserves, and the soaking method was adopted to measure the water-holding characteristics of litters, then the maximum interception and effective interception were calculated. [Results] the litter biomass of main forest types ranged from 13.53 t/hm² to 29.48 t/hm², and the biomass of the half-decomposed litter of the majority of forest types was higher than that of non-decomposed litters. The rate of water-holding capacity and water-holding capacity of litter layer in different forest types were different. The ratio of maximum water-holding capacity varied from 243.19% to 524.0%, while the maximum water-holding capacity ranged from 56.81 t/hm² to 106.90 t/hm². The performance between maximum interception and maximum effective interception of litter layer in different forest types was also slightly different. The maximum interception varied from 33.43 t/hm² to 64.42 t/hm², while the effective interception ranged from 24.91 t/hm² to 48.38 t/hm². The relationships between water-holding rate of litters and soak time in different forest types could be significantly fitted by Logarithmic equation, and the relationships between water absorption rate and soak time were significantly described by power function. [Conclusion] The litter reserves and its water characteristics in different forest types were obviously different due to the tree species characteristics, litter reserves, decomposition rate and forest ages.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to provide the theoretical reference for the practice of deficient irrigation in sandy soil, the responses of photosynthesis characteristic and matter accumulation of maize to water deficit at the elongation stage was studied. [Methods] A field experiment was conducted in a newly reclaimed sandy farmland in middle reaches of Heihe River Basin. [Results] Compared with the SW(sufficient water supply), deficient water supply(DW) at the elongation stage significantly decreased the soil moisture in 0-40 cm soil layer of newly reclaimed sandy farmland, CO₂ concentration increased 0.5%, relative humidity decrease 6%, and leaf temperature increase 8%. The net photosynthetic rate in DW was 74% lower than that in SW. The transpiration rate in DW was 79% lower than that in SW. The dry matters in stem, leaf, and root in maize in DW were 63%, 47% and 51% lower than those in SD, and the total dry matter in DW was 53% lower than that in SW. [Conclusion] Crop was more sensitive to the fluctuation of soil moisture in sandy farmland, and slight decrease in soil moisture could cause substantial decrease of photosynthetic capacity, and thus could cause negative influence on matter accumulation and distribution in maize.

Abstract:[Objective] The effect of tourist trampling on the enzyme activity of Dongtai meadow in Wutai Mountain was investigated to provide a scientific basis for the development, protection, management of Wutai tourism resources. [Methods] Based on the combination of field sampling investigation and indoor analysis method. [Results] (1) Under the different levels of different altitudes, tourist trampling had the significant inhibitory effect on the soil urease activity and invertase activity, and they showed the sequence of no stampede areas > trampling slight areas > trampling serious areas; soil urease activity and invertase activity in the surface layer(0-20 cm) > soil urease activity and invertase activity in the subsurface layer(20-40 cm); (2) At the different altitudes, the soil urease activity and invertase activity in two layers of the trampling serious areas were different prominently from the no stamped areas, but invertase activity in trampling slight areas showed no significant difference compared with no stamped areas; (3) At different altitudes, catalase activity, phosphatase activity of stampede serious soil surface layer(0-20 cm) and the subsurface layer(20-40 cm) were significantly lower than those without trampling zone(p<0.05); soil catalase activity, phosphatase activity of trampling slight soil surface layer(0-20 cm) had no significant difference compared with those in the no stamped areas. [Conclusion] The soil enzyme activity of Dongtai meadow in Wutai Mountain had been destroyed, and it is necessary to take measures to protect Dongtai meadow of Wutai Mountain from being destroyed.

Abstract:[Objective] The effects of vermicompost co-applied with inorganic fertilizer were measured in a watermelon field to provide some references for soil improvement and watermelon plantation. [Methods] Five treatments with different mixture ratios of nitrogen(supplied from urea) and vermicomppost were set in a field experiment they were CK(neither urea nor vermicompost was applied), N₁₀₀(100% of nitrogen), M₁₀N₉₀(10% vermicompos and 90% of nitrogen), M₃₀N₇₀(30% vermicompost and 70% nitrogen), and M₅₀N₅₀(50% vermicompost and 50% nitrogen). Soil labile organic carbon, carbon pool management index(CPMI), enzyme activity and yield of watermelon were measured. [Results] The contents of highly labile organic carbon, mid-labile organic carbon and labile organic carbon significantly increased under M₁₀N₉₀, M₃₀N₇₀ and M₅₀N₅₀ treatments in comparison with N₁₀₀ treatment. The labile organic carbon content and CPMI in M₃₀N₇₀ treatment were obviously higher than that of other treatments, increased 30.10% and 37.28% as compared with N₁₀₀ treatment, respectively. At the same time, the M₃₀N₇₀ treatment markedly increased in urease and invertase activities in comparison with other treatments, showing 84.66%, 62.33%, 47.26% and 22.46% increments in invertase activities over the values of CK, N₁₀₀, M₁₀N₉₀ and M₅₀N₅₀, respectively. In addition, the yield and fertilizer productivity of watermelon also achieved the highest value in M₃₀N₇₀ treatment and had significant differences with other treatments, obtained 26.49%, 13.34%, 6.27% and 166.50%, 54.11%, 21.37% increments as compared with the treatments of N₁₀₀, M₁₀N₉₀ and M₅₀N₅₀, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that soil labile organic carbon and carbon pool management index may be better indicators than soil total organic carbon in reflecting the changes of soil enzyme activities, yield and fertilizer productivity of watermelon. [Conclusion] The application of vermicompost co-applied with inorganic fertilizer, especially the M₃₀N₇₀ treatment, had remarkable promotion effect in watermelon plantation.

Abstract:[Objective] The reductions of runoff and sediment by the soil and water conservation measures in Beijing mentougou district were evaluated in order to provide some references for soil erosion prediction and environmental effects evaluation upon soil and water conservation. [Metheds] The benefits produced by different measures of soil and water conservation on reducing runoff and sediments were analyzed with the data from runoff plots(2005-2009) in the synthetic science demonstration park of soil and water conservation. [Results] There existed significant differences of runoff depth and soil erosion modulus among the runoff plots with different length; The benefits of terrace and tree disk mensure had good effects of soil and water conservation, they reduced runoff about 77.6% and 81.0%, respectively; and reduced sediment about 84.3% and 77.4%, respectively. The biological impacting factors of terrace and tree disk mensure were 0.17 and 0.23, respectively; the engineering factors of corn, soybean and developing pear were 0.97, 0.35 and 0.85, respectively. [Conclusion] As compared with biological measures, the benefits of engineering measures behaved better, and the combined benefits of the two measures would be the best in the study area.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper aimed to reveal the driving factors of impervious surface(IS) expansion in Panlong River basin, and to quantize the expansive responses of IS to the values of these factors. Upon these, a simulation of the expansion in the Panlong River basin was conducted to provide some bases for ecological improvement scheme. [Methods] Dempster-Shafer(D-S) evidence theory was used to described the spatial data and to integrate it into the basic probability assignment function based on the quantitive relationship between the existing IS information and the multiple spatial data by data-driven way. With the basic probability assignment functions, the belief, disbelief, ignorance, plausibility functions were obtained by merging multiple spatial data. [Results] Panlongjiang River basin was taken as an example to verify the validity with D-S evidence theory for the research on IS expansion properties, and the simulation accuracy reached 78.04%. [Conclusion] In predicting IS expansion, the D-S evidence theory to describe and integrate multiple spatial data was better than the traditional logistic regression model.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to select excellent afforestation species for forest system oasis region of Ulan Buh sandy land, initial growth adaptability of poplar varieties in the oasis region of Ulan Buh sandy land was evaluated. [Methods] About 20 poplar varieties including Beikang, 08 and Zhonglin series were introduced as research objects and the Xinjiang Populous that is the current main afforestation species were taken as a reference. The initial growth adaptability of these poplar species in the oasis region of Ulan Buh sandy land were comprehensively evaluated with systematic cluster analysis and multi-factor fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. [Results] The growth rate, survival status and pest resistibility of varieties 08-01, innovation, Zhonglin 2005, Beikang 16-22, Beikang 08-02, Beikang 08-03, Zhonglin 315, 08-07, Dark, Jing 2 were better than that of Xinjiang Populous. All evaluation index of Jing 6, Beikang 16-27, Simplot 08-09, 08-08, 08-14 were similar to the indices of Xinjiang Populous. Comparing to Xinjiang Populous, varieties of Liaoning poplar, Beikang 16-8, 08-04, DN-34 were assessed with weaker integrated growth adaptability. [Conclusion] Among the 20 varieties, ten varieties(08-01, etc.) are able to growth vigorously in the Ulan Buh sandy land and can serve as an alternative species for afforestation and plant resources reserves in this area, six varieties(Jing 6, etc.) were assessed at medium adaptability, other four varieties(Liaoning poplar, etc.) belong to poor adaptability group that are unable to grow normally in the Ulan Buh sandy land.

Abstract:[Objective] The virtual cropland value of ubran areas of Gansu Province was accounted; and the spatial characteristics of invisible compensation loss rate was presented in order to definite two issues concered with the comppensation criterion of land expropriation and the situation of invisable compensation carried out at present around ubran areas of Gansu Province. [Methods] Income estimation approach, alternative method and ArcGIS10-based natural breakpoint method were utilized to compute and visualize the virtual cropland value and invisible compensation loss rate in Gansu Province in 2012. [Results] (1) Districts estimated with low and middle unit virtual value(per hectare) croplands covered the most parts of Gansu Province. The coverage were 35.71% and 42.86%, respectively; (2) Invisible compensation loss rate was mainly conducted at districts with high virtual value. The districts taked up 50.00% of the invisable compensation area; (3) Most districts with low, middle and high virtual values overlapped with the low, middle and high loss rates of invisible compensation. The overlapped areas were 66.67%, 33.33% and 42.86%, respectively. The high overlap showed that the distribution of them was positive correlated; (4) Districts of productivity, resource and ecology accounted with low and high unit virtual value(per hectare) covered largely in Gansu Province. The low valued districts coverged 42.86%, 35.71% and 42.86%; the high valued districts were 35.71%, 28.57% and 42.86%, respectively. [Conclusion] The total virtual ecology values conducted at presnet was small so that it need to be replenished and subsequently the invisible compensation loss rate was relativly high; districts of the unit virtual values of productivity, resource and cropland had the low value at east and high value at the west aorund the province.

Abstract:[Objective] The overall scheme of soil and water conservation for plain river district was put forward to refine the regulation scheme of soil and water conservation. [Methods] Using numerical models, we analyzed the features of soil and water loss of Shanghai City qualitatively and quantitatively by studying the situations of soil and water conservation and found out the problems needed to be corrected in similar district. [Results] In terms of soil and water conservation, Shanghai City could be sub-zoned into key prevention sub-areas(ten units in four parts), key control sub-areas(including main waterways and stream channels with quick current ), and erodible sub-areas(including key prevention sections, key control sections and developing and constructing sections). Beside that, some suggestions on how to reinforce the conservation regulation and some regulation works needed to be carried out in the future were proposed. [Conclusion] Policy of ecological civilization promotion in Shanghai City should be conducted well to improve the municipal management of soil and water conservation.

Abstract:[Objective] With respect to the phenomenon of single governance object of the comprehensive control for soil and water loss, the ideas and ways of the planning and design of soil and water conservation and ecological landscape were discussed in order to provide reference for comprehensive control of soil erosion in small watershed, and obtain higher ecological, economic and social benefits. [Methods] The planning and design of soil and water conservation and ecological landscape of Meilinwan small watershed in Danyang City, Jiangsu Province was taken as an example, based on the investigation and analysis of the current conditions, the ways of the planning and design were examined. [Results] The ideas were put forward that to combine the soil and water conservation functions with the ecological landscape construction, tourism in the process of comprehensive control for soil and water loss. The relevant ideas of soil and water conservation ecological landscape were defined. [Conclusion] When plan and design the comprehensive control for the small watershed, we should make overall plans and take all factors into consideration, and combine soil and water conservation with ecological landscape, tourism and other functions.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper aimed to elucidate the feasibility of using municipal wastewater as the sources of water and fertilizer for the growth of cultivated plant, in order to combating desertification and purifying the pollutants in the taste water. [Methods] Extremely shallow subsurface flow constructed wetlands (SSFCWs) were used to cultivate plants. In the wetlands, fine sand was selected as the substrate. Plants had Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne, Cynodon dactylon, Phragmites australis and Typha orientalis. [Results] After four months' cultivation using waste water in the wetlands, some indices differed significantly with that of original sand(p<0.05). For example, fine sand bulk density reduced by 20%~23%; organic matter increased over 3.9 times; available P, pH value, electrical conductivity and porosity increased by 16%~103%, 3%~5%, 1.7~2.6 times and 16%~25%, respectively. No significant differences of available N, total phosphorus among the original fine sand and substrates of different SSFCWs(p>0.05). [Conclusion] As significant improvements in nutrient contents and physi-chemical characteristics of fine sand were observed, the result demonstrated that it is feasible to restore desertification land using the extremely SSFCWs. It indicated that F. arundinacea and L. perenne could be used as the preferential plants for combating desertification.

Abstract:[Objective] Assessing the effects of salt-isolation materials on soil water and salt movements in saline soil and on the growth of forestation four species(Robinia pseudoacacia, Sophora japonica, Robinia pseudoacacia cv. Idaho, Ailanthus altissima) in the coastal regions of Tianjin City. [Methods] We used four salt-isolation materials to restrict the water and salt movements in the saline soil: zeolite(FS), ceramsite(TL), vermiculite(ZS) and river sand(HS). The research was conducted from 2010 to 2013 at the Coastal Salt-tolerant Plant Science and Technology Park, Dagang, Tianjin City. One-way ANOVA and multiple comparison were used in the data analysis. [Results] (1) Salt-isolation interlayers could significantly reduce soil salt content and increase soil water content of tree planting site. FS treatment performed better than other treatments in reducing salt content and had the lowest salt content. The significant effect of TL treatment on salt content was only observed in the 40-80 cm soil layer, and it performed worse than FS. Relative to the control, ZS had no significant effects on salt content in the 0-40 cm and 60-80 cm layers. HS treatment also had no significant effects on salt content for the investigated soil profile. (2) Salt-isolation materials could significantly reduce soil salt content. FS performed best in reducing the major three salt ions of Na⁺, Cl^- and SO₄^2-, followed by TL, ZS and HS. (3) Salt-isolation materials could also effectively improve soil physical structure of the planting sites, increase tree planting survival rate and preserving rate, and enhance tree growth. On these points, FS was the best performer among the four salt-isolation materials. [Conclusion] Selecting FS as the salt-isolation materials is the best option in controlling soil water and salt movement and improving tree growth in coastal regions.

Abstract:[Objective] The feasibility of plantation establishment with extra-deep planting in a sandy soil was studied in order to provide support on increase of the survival rate of seedlings in arid and semi-arid sandy soil. [Methods] The experiments were conducted in the lower reaches of Yongding River characterized by large areas of sandy soils. The seedlings were 2-year old Ulmus pumila L., some of which were cultivated with long roots(long-root seedlings). Others were raised with normal roots. The depths of planting were 1 m(extra-deep), 0.6 m(deep) and 0.3 m(usual). Soil water contents of different layers were measured monthly. [Results] (1) Water content in deeper soil layers was higher and remained constant compared with that in shallower layers; (2) Extra-deep planting significantly increased the survival rate of seedlings by more than 40%. With extra-deep planting, the long-root seedlings showed reasonable survival rate and growth after transplanting(the survival rate was 94%), even without watering; (3) Extra-deep planting significantly increased seedling height, but significant increases in diameter at breast height were observed only for long-root seedlings. Extra-deep planting, especially with long-root seedlings, significantly increased seedling survival and growth. [Conclusion] Extra-deep planting is suitable for plantation establishment in the sandy soils in arid and semi-arid areas, and should be applied.

Abstract:[Objective] We attempts to expound the really important function of farmer's human capital in terms of improving land output from the angle of farmer's human capital stock for the first time in order to provide a theoretical basis for reasonable and effective utilization of land resources. [Methods] We analyzed the contribution of farmer's human capital stock in terms of improving land output by using the analyzing tools: revenue model and Lucas Spillover model, SPSS 20.0 software, time-series data(statistical data of Gansu Province in 2002-2012). [Results] In Gansu Province, the rates of the contribution and the influence of the farmer's human capital to land output were 89.46% and 10.98%, and these of material capital to land output were 8.26% and 1.01%, which meant that the contribution rate of human capital to land output was far higher than that of material capital. [Conclusion] Properly developing and employing human capital will make a great difference on improving land output.

Abstract:[Objective] Calculation of ecological and social benefits of cultivated land resource utilization can provide reliable basis for the standard economic compensation at the expense of land protection. [Methods] Based on the data of 2000, 2005 and 2010, this paper calculated the theoretical ecological and social benefits using the methods of equivalent factor method and shadow price. The realistic ecological and social values of the cultivated lands were amended by social developmental phase coefficient of different grades of the cultivated lands. [Results] The results showed that the theoretical value of ecological and social benefits per hectare were 25 032.31 RMB in 2000, 34 879.15 RMB in 2005, 43 700.38 RMB in 2010, respectively. In which proportion of social benefit increased from 15.53 % in 2000 to 21.10% in 2010, while the proportion of social benefit decreased from 84.47% in 2000 to 79.90% in 2010.The low, medium and high qualities of cultivated lands had realistic values per hectare of ecological and social benefit were 7 219.69, 1 1130.42 and 18 039.25 RMB in 2005, respectively. [Conclusion] There exists a gap between the real ecological and social benefit of unit area of arable land and the theoretical value. Whereas, the formulation of compensation standard of ecological social benefit from per unit area of arable land should comprehensively consider the economic and social development, the quality grade of regional cultivated land and the local people's willingness to pay.

Abstract:[Objective] The influence of brackish water drip irrigation on soil salt and alkali in Manasi River Basin was investigated in order to provide theoretical basis for the scientific utilization of brackish water and saline-alkali land management in arid areas of Xinjiang area. [Methods] The experiment was conducted in Manasi River Basin in Xinjiang area, and the influence of brackish water irrigation on soil salt movement regularity and soil pH value were analyzed under the condition of strong evapotranspiration. [Results] Drip irrigation reduced the salt in top layer(0-30 cm) soil, leading to soil salt cluster distribution at the bottom; periodical change of soil salt was significant with the variation coefficient ranging from 48.2% to 48.2%, therefore, the top layer soil(0-30 cm) have the risk of salt accumulation on the surface soil; pH value was negatively correlated with salt movement, soil pH value showed the trend of fluctuation rise after irrigation.[Conclusion] Plough layer soil salt reduced, while the risk of basicity(pH value) rise occurred at the same time.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper aimed to explore the influences of common herbicides and its concentration on soil microbial populations and enzyme activities in order to provide a reference basis for evaluating its soil ecology effect in paddy field. [Methods] A paddy field experiment treated with low, medium and high concentrations of two herbicides was conducted. The two herbicides were sensulfuron-methyl+scetochlor, W.P and butachlor. [Results] (1) Herbicides with low or medium concentration had little effects on the numbers of microorganisms. Though short term inhibition existed, microorganisms can recovered quickly; (2) High concentration of herbicides had obvious inhibition, it can last about 20 days, and after that, the numbers of microbe recovered to the control background level; (3) These two herbicides had inhibition effects both on soil urease and invertase to a certain extent, and this inhibition was enhanced when concentration increased. As time went on, the inhibition effect declined gradually, and the activity returned to the control level; (4) The two herbicides showed a certain stimulation to catalase activity, this is different from that on soil urease and invertase. [Conclusion] The effects of the two herbicides on soil microbial populations and enzyme activities varied with concentrations and the lasting time after application. The low and medium concentrations had little impacts on either microbial numbers or enzyme activities, and they can recover to the control level in a short term. Therefore, medium concentration of herbicide or low was relatively safe for soil ecosystem in paddy field.

Abstract:[Objective] The relationship between low carbon economy development and land intensive utilization was studied to provide theoretical reference for the development of low carbon economy and land intensive utilization of Zhengzhou City. [Methods] Based on the data from 2002 to 2011 in Zhengzhou City, Tapio elastic analysis method was used to build the evaluation index system of decoupling. [Results] Integrated carbon consumption was strongly decoupled with land intensive utilization in 2002-2004. They were in expansive negative decoupling state in 2004-2005, in weak decoupling state from 2005 to 2010 and in strong decoupling state in 2010-2011. [Conclusion] There exists a significant positive correlation between low carbon economy and land intensive utilization, the growth of low carbon economic effectively promotes the improvement of intensive land use level.

Abstract:[Objective] The research on massion pine forest as superior tree species in East Dongting Lake area can provide the reference in scientific management for the regional forest, and improve regional environment and ecological environment construction. [Methods] The data about masson pine forest were gained through typical sublot survey, the second-class investigation of Yueyang forest resources and forest resources management information system in Hu'nan Province. The 14 indexes were selected and the index weight was ensured according to variance contribution rate. Then the score of sublots was determined by calculating represent 329 sublots compared with the existing health grade index. [Results] The evaluation results showed that the number of high quality sbulots was 14, healthy sublots was 76, sub-healthy sublots was 221, unhealthy sublots 18, possessing total area of the selected samples 7.33%,24.62%,61.34%,6.71%, respectively. [Conclusion] The masson pine forest in studied area was between sub-health and unhealthy in general; the natural forest health was much better than the plantation; the health situation of masson pine forest in high altitude, slope, remote area was significantly better than that in low altitude, dense population area.

Abstract:[Objective] This study aimed at revealing the relationship between thermal environment and land use changes in time and space in Qingdao area, in order to provide the basis for environmental planning and management. [Method] The Landsat TM/ETM⁺ data were used to inverse the surface temperature and to interpret the land use types. The mean and standard deviation of temperature of different land use types were compared, the impact indies of heat environment were calculated and the GIS trajectory was analyzed.[Results] The type of unused land, urban, industrial, residential lands had the highest surface temperature among all the types of land use while water type had the lowest temperature from 1990 to 2010; cultivated land contributed most to the thermal effect; unused land, urban, industrial, residential lands had the most plots with higher temperature than the average; cultivated land plots in which temperature was higher than the average temperature, accounted for the most proportion of the total area; the proportion of urban, rural areas, industrial, residential lands which had higher temperature than the average increased obviously over time; the area of urban heat island migrated to northeast from 1990 to 2010, and from 2000 to 2010, urban heat island center and the city center migrated to the same direction.[Conclusion] Thermal environment and land use change of Qingdao area have a close relationship, and urban expansion has gradually become the main reason for the formation of the heat island effect.

Abstract:[Objective] The purpose of the ecological risk assessment of the ecological barrier belt in Three Gorges Reservoir area was to provide a reasonable theoretical basis for ecological risk management and land use optimization of the reservoir area. [Methods] Based on remote sensing data, using RS and GIS technology, the land use relative rationality index was calculated and the ecological risk assessment model was built so as to evaluate the ecological risk of ecological barrier belt located in different altitude and slope quantificationally according to the ecological risk levels and spatial autocorrelation analysis. [Results] The results showed that the proportion of lower ecological risk area was maximum, covering an area of 36.77% of the total study area. Area assessed with great or more ecological risk distribute in both sides of the Yangtze River, where construction lands and farmlands are concentrated. The relative rationality index of land use increased gradually with the increase of elevation, decreased when slope gradient increases. The spatial autocorrelation analysis of ecological risk indicated that there was a significant partial correlation in the study area. [Conclusion] The ecological risk in the research area is generally at a low level, but optimization of land use in the areas with high risk still needs to be done preferentially.

Abstract:[Objective] The spatial distribution of vegetation on both annual and seasonal scale was illustrated, and the correlations between NDVI and climate factors, including air temperature, precipitation and the lag of NDVI were analyzed. Upon these, we aimed to provide some references for the monitoring and protection of eco-environment and sustainable development of vegetation.[Methods] MODIS13Q1 data published by NASA in 2000-2013 and the meteorological data monitored by sites of Jiangsu Province in 1999-2013 were used. Methods of maximum value synthesis, trend line analysis and Pearson correlation analysis on seasonal and annual scale were applied. [Results] (1) As a whole, vegetation NDVI in the 14 year long interval in Jiangsu Province showed a declining tendency on different tempo-spatial scales. (2) Due to the influence of the climate events, like El Nino or La Nina events and so on, NDVI fluctuated on seasonal and annual scale. (3) NDVI showed a one-month lag of response to precipitation change, while the changes of NDVI and temperature synchronized largely, only a 1-month lag was observed in summer. [Conclusion] From temporal scale, decreasing tendencies of NDVI were observed on the annual scale and in the seasonal periode of autumn. while on the seasonal scale of spring and summer it tended to go high. From the spatial scales, the vegetation coverage in the west of Jiangsu Province was significantly better than those in the eastern coastal plain and in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. NDVI showed significant correlations with climate factors on the seasonal and annual scale, especially with air temperature.

Abstract:[Objective] The characteristics of spatial distribution of PM_2.5 in China and the influence factors were studied to provide scientific basis for environment monitoring. [Methods] This paper collected hourly concentrations of PM_2.5 pollutant at 9:00 on February 25 th and 9:00 on March 23 th, 2014. Consequentially, the countrywide spatial distribution of PM_2.5 concentration was simulated within national boundaries using bicubic B-spline method in GIS. The concentration distribution was compared with that of USA spatially atdifferent standard. [Results] The most serious polluted region is Beijing and Tianjin-centered north China, and another is Pearl River Delta. The western provinces, including Tibet, Xinjiang and Guizhou area are good-air regions with low concentration. [Conclusion] There is a stable relationship between economic growth and PM_2.5 concentration.

Abstract:[Objective] Under the condition of sandy afforestation, change of soil chemical properties under Haloxylon ammodendron forest with different planting year was examined in order to provide theoretical basis for construction of shelter forest ecological engineering. [Methods] The soil chemical property of non-irrigated conditions shelter forest land surface was investigated in the Gurbantunggut Desert. Dynamic variation of soil crusts, 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm layer soil salt and nutrient were analyzed and compared. [Results] The soil pH value and total salt content were higher than those in sand land after establishment of Haloxylon ammodendron forest. The soil alkalization trend is quite evident. The soil pH value and the total salt content increased firstly and then decreased with shelterbelt ages. 8 ion content was increased with shelterbelt ages. The soil pH value and the total salt content and eight ions reduced from the top to deeper layer. Soil organic matter content increased firstly and then decreased with the shelterbelt ages. Soil total nitrogen, phosphorus and available phosphorus, potassium increased with shelterbelt ages, while soil total potassium decreased and available nitrogen increased firstly and then decreased with shelterbelt ages. [Conclusion] The construction of the shelter forest is conducive to the development of sandy soil, and soil quality has been improved.

Abstract:[Objective] Through revealing the effects of drip irrigation under mulch(MG), drip irrigation without mulch(DG), furrow irrigation(GA), alternate furrow irrigation(JG) and flood irrigation(CK) on the growth and yield of spring maize, we aimed to find out the most effective irrigation method which was suitable for the sandy area of Yulin City in order to provide theoretical support for the development of agricultural water-saving irrigation technology. [Methods] Based on the field experiment data in 2014, statistical analysis and calculation method of water productivity were used. [Results] (1) Under the treatment of MG, the growth and development of spring maize were better than that in other irrigation methods. During whole growth period, plant height, stem diameter and leaf SPAD value in the treatment of MG were higher than that in the treatment of DG, GA and JG, and were significantly higher than that in CK(p<0.05); (2) Under the treatment of MG, the photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and water use efficiency of spring maize leaf were greater than the corresponding values in other irrigation methods during whole growth period, and were significantly higher than that in the treatment of CK(p<0.05); (3) Drip irrigation under mulch had significant effects on yield and water use efficiency, the two items were significantly higher than that in other treatments(p<0.05). [Conclusion] Compared with other irrigation methods, the drip irrigation under mulch is the most effective irrigation method for maize in sandy area of Yulin City.

Abstract:[Objective] For the purpose of finding a well-behaved soil improvement method in degraded drought mountain lands, the influences of different soil and water conversation measures on soil physical and chemical properties were illustrated. [Methods] Coneventional planting(contrast) and combined mulching treatments of water retention agent, maize straw and plastic film were designed in a newly planted walnut orchard in the drought gneiss area in Hebei Taihang Mountain in order to research their effects on soil nutrients and microorganisms. [Results] Soil nutrient content and microorganism population increased significantly under straw mulch as compared with the contrast. Amounts of soil bacteria and actinomycetes, soil organic matter content, soil total N, total P, total K, effective P and available K increased by 14.04%,17.42%,25.53%,60.29%,25.90%,15.31%,143.67% and 51.44% respectively. Soil nutrient content and microorganism population declined slightly under water retention agent treatment. As compared with the contrast, the quantities of soil bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, cellulose decomposing bacteria and the contents of soil organic matter, total N, total P decreased under plastic film mulching decreased by 27.19%, 21.0%, 10.11%, 31.07%, 1.11%, 22.06% and 6.06%; the contents of total K, effective P and available K, increased by 12.6%, 9.65% and 8.09%, respectively. The effects of combined treatments on soil nutrient contents and microorganism population were differently greatly. The most effective treatment on soil nutrients and soil microorganism amounts was not the combined treatment of water retention agent, straw and plastic film were as expected. The best measure was the combined mulching of water retention agent and maize straw. As compared with the contrast, the quantities of soil bacteria and actinomycetes, and the contents of soil organic matter, total N, total P, total K, effective P and available K, increased by 16.67%, 3.37%, 6.63%, 92.64%, 12.67%, 1.8%,94.25%, and 105.76%, respectively. [Conclusion] Soil nutrient and microorganism population closely interacted with soil moisture, heat, air condition. Soil and water conversation measures can change moisture, heat, and air condition of soil. Through this, mulching can indirectly change soil nutrient and microorganism population.

Abstract:[Objective] Investigating the temporal-spatial difference features of urban land economic density of the blue economic zone in Shandong Peninsula in order to provide a sensible planning for land use pattern. [Methods] Data was collected from urban land economic density of blue economic zone(thirty-six country-level cities) in Shandong Peninsula during 2005-2011. Coefficient of spatial variation and autocorrelation were used. [Results] (1) The average density of urban land economy showed a rising trend, increasing from 546 million yuan/km² to 972 million yuan/km². Urban land economic density among cities had significant differences, the higher values of land economic density located in Penglai, Longkou and Zhaoyuan City; (2) Regional differences of land economic density dwindled, comparatively there were significant differences in relative development efficiency for all cities. The highest relative development efficiency was in Longkou City; Penglai was the lowest and it also showed a negative development as compared with others; (3) The spatial differences of land economic density reduced gradually, and the spatial centralization had converted from Rongcheng and Wendeng City to Penglai, Longkong and Zhaoyuan City. [Conclusion] It showed the distributional pattern was uneven, and the trend was increasing on the urban land economic density of blue economic zone in Shandong Peninsula, and the value was comparatively higher in the east than that in the west.

Abstract:[Objective] Air anion concentration in different ecological functional zones in southern margin of Junggar Basin was monitored in summer in order to provide a reference for rating regional air quality. [Methods] The concentrations of negative air ion in different ecological function areas (water body, forest area, parking lot, populated districts)by AIC-1000 type instrument. SPSS 17.0 was used for statistical analysis. [Results] (1) The concentrations in different regional areas ranked as: Jinghe > Hami > Tianchi > Baerluke. And the difference between the concentrations of Jinghe and Tianchi and values of Hami and Baerluke was significant (p<0.05); (2) In local ecological function areas, water body and forest area had higher concentration of negative air ions; and the daily concentration showed that it was higher in the morning and evening, and lower in the noon; (3) The rank of air quality levels(CI): Tianchi (level A, 1.28±0.42 ind/cm³) > Jinghe (level A, 1.16±0.08 ind/cm³) > Hami (level D, 0.33±0.14 ind/cm³) > Baerluke (level D, 0.32±0.03 ind/cm³); (4) Weather conditions could also influence the concentration of negative air ions, a rank was measured as: rainy(699 ind/cm³) > dust(507 ind/cm³) > sunny(428 ind/cm³) > cloudy(395 ind/cm³). [Conclusion] Changes in air quality and the concentration of negative air ions were basically synchronized in different ecological function areas. Air quality along the southern Junggar Basin showed an inferior-superior-inferior trend graphically form east to west.

Abstract:[Objective] Farmers' environmental awareness and influence factors in the ecological fragile areas of Northern Shaanxi Province were analyzed in order to promote farmers to participate in ecological environment protection and to provide a support for solving the ecological degradation problem of ecological fragile areas. [Methods] Data of livelihood capital from 288 households were collected in interviewing with farmers. Their environmental perception and the possible influence factors were analyzed using the structure equation model(SEM). [Results] The 3 endogenous variables used in the models had significant path coefficients. The path coefficient from awareness to consciousness was 0.50(t=3.31), from perception to behavior was 0.59(t=3.35), from consciousness to behavior was 0.59(t=2.82). [Conclusion] Farmers' perception of environmental change is high, while their satisfaction at regional environmental conditions is low. Residence time, education level, social capital and human capital were the main factors that can influence farmers' perception, awareness and behavior of environment.

Abstract:[Objective] Studying the variation of ecological services value in Anhui Province in order to provide a support for regional sustainable development. [Methods] Three phases of land use data of Anhui Province were used to calculate the ecological service value per unit area of different land use types and their areas. Ecological services value, contribution rate of ecological services value of different land use types resulted from their changes, and ecological service value of each function in different years were respectively analyzed from 2000 to 2010. [Results] The main land use types were forest land and cultivated land, and the following types were construction land and unused land. In 2000, 2005, 2010, the total values of ecosystem services were 53.231, 53.759, 53.135 billion yuan, respectively. The contribution of six types of land use ranked as: forest land > cultivated land > water area > grassland > unused land > construction land. Forest land and construction land contributed mostly to the changes of ecosystem services value. Functions of ecological service value were ordered as follows: maintaining biodiversity > keeping soil > climate regulation > gas regulation > raw materials production > providing aesthetic landscape > food production > waste treatment > hydrology regulation. [Conclusion] The ecosystem services value in the study area was stable largely, of which the forest lands had the largest contribution to the ecological services value, and the construction land was the main holdback force of the growth of the ecological services value in the study area.

Abstract:[Objective] Studying the salt-tolerant capacity of tree species in the riparian zones in order to provide a support for the selection of afforestation species suitable for this zone. [Methods] Based on the previous investigation of survival rate of planted species in the riparian zones, five species(Locust, P. betulaefolia, pagoda tree, velvet ash and Ailanthus) were selected for the experiment in salinized soil. We studied the responses of germination and growing indexes of five species to salt stressed soils with different slat concentrations(CK, 1.5‰, 3‰, 6‰, 8‰, 11‰). [Results] With the increasing of salinity, the seed germination rate and emergence index decreased significantly. Pagoda tree showed the most serious symptom under salt stress, followed by P. betulaefolia, locust, Ailanthus and velvet ash. Membrane permeability and MDA contents of the five species increased remarkably. The contents of chlorophyll showed a decreased tendency with the increasing of salt concentration. The content of proline increased under low level of salt stress and decreased under high level of salt stress. [Conclusion] Subordinate function analysis showed that the salt-tolerance of velvet ash is the best, followed by Ailanthus, P. betulaefolia, locust and pagoda tree.

Abstract:[Objective] The spatial structural of use types of water source lands in basin area of Yunnan Plateau was analyzed to provide bases for the transformation of land use types. [Methods] Lorentz curve and fractal method were used to analyze the spatial structural of urban water-source land use in basin area of Yunnan Plateau. [Results] The results showed that, currently, the water-source land use in basin area of Yunnan Plateau with respect to construction land, grass land and unutilized land was uneven and unreasonable. Moreover, the unutilized lands mosaicked messily with aquatorium and they were unstable. [Conclusion] The current land-use in basin area lacked a well-designed plan and an elaborative scheme regarding with water source protection should be conducted.

Abstract:[Objective] Study on the coupling of water conservancy construction, ecological construction, rocky desertification which are the trinity planning was carried out in Guizhou Province to promote the project integration between the three aspects, and to achieve the maximum benefit. [Methods] According to the system theory, the trinity as the three subsystem, evaluation index system was established using principal component analysis method, the SPSS software and the coupling degree model were used to calculate. [Results] The coupled system in the coupling of the three planning periods(2006-2010,2011-2015,2016-2020) were 0.68, 0.86, 0.89, respectively, indicating that the coupled system was in the run-in period before the trinity planning, and it had the good resonance coupling after the trinity planning. [Conclusion] The trinity planning can effectively break the bottleneck restriction of the development, and promote social, economic and ecological sustainable development in Guizhou Province. It is proposed to continue to strengthen the construction of the projects with these three aspects.

Abstract:[Objective] We took Laishui County in Baoding City of Hebei Province as an example, where local peoples' livelihood capital before and after converting farmland to forestland program was compared firstly. The impacting of the program implementation on the livelihood capital was illustrated, and moreover, the impacting of livelihood capital on people' income was analyzed. Upon these, the mechanism of reverting program upon rural households' sustainable livelihood ability was discussed. [Methods] Theory of sustainable livelihoods analysis was used and a linear model of farmers' capital was fitted. [Results] For all the factors that might affect livelihood capitals converting program had obvious effects on natural capital and physical capital, and small effect on financial capital, and no obvious effects were observed on human capital and social capital. Household's livelihood mainly depends on natural environment, i.e., farmers' development is still at a lower level, their livelihood was affected by how many arable lands they own, and how big the gap between the owed cash and the needed amount is, and so on. [Conclusion] Where reverting program is implemented, a careful production planning and proofing should be carried out, which include how to strengthen the households' ability to resist risk and how to diversify livelihood. In the transformation of household to non-agricultural industries, the government should give positive and effective financial support and guide.

Abstract:[Objective] Population growth, reproduction of Limonium and soil moisture were measured to test the differences under different site conditions in order to improve the management of Limonium planataion. [Methods] Four different types of dunes were selected to research the growth, reproduction and moisture of Limonium. [Results] (1) Limonium growth and reproductive characteristics had significant differences under different types of sand dune in above ground biomass, height,crown width and density; (2) For all types of dune, reproductive tillers per plant and flower numbers had significantly correlation; (3) Soil moistures planted with Limonium in different types of sand dune were different obviously, but no significant differences in profile were found, and soil moistures among inter-dunes were also insignificant. [Conclusion] The inter-dune ground is suitable for Limonium growth in desert habitats.

Abstract:[Objective] Quantitative assessing the spatial difference of ecological vulnerability in Shenmu County of Northern Shaanxi Province in order to provide a support for land use planning and environmental protection. [Methods] Using landscape fractal dimension, fragmentation, dominance, connectivity, human disturbance intensity and topographic index, assessment model was developed from the aspects of ecological supporting pressure, ecosystem sensitivity, and ecological resilience, and entropy weight method was used. [Results] Among the various types of ecosystems, woodland had the highest ecological vulnerability, the grassland and farmland, while the water body and unused land had the lowest one. In the entire 22 towns, Dianta and Yongxing had the highest ecological vulnerability, while Dabaodang and Erlintu had the lowest one. [Conclusion] Ecological vulnerability showed gradually increasing trend from west to east, and from south to north. Moreover, land use pattern, topography, mining and settlement distribution were the major factors affecting the spatial pattern.

Abstract:[Objective] Analyzing the effects of two common plants' root system on improving soil shear resistance quantitively in order to provide some theoretical bases for the evaluation of soil enhancement effect of plant's root system. [Methods] Direct shear and two kinds of model(Wu model, the fiber bundle model) were conducted to compare the shear strengths of root-soil composites with different RAR(root area ratio) of Pinus tabulaeformis and Acer truncatum with that of plain soil. A universal testing machine was used to measure the root's pull-out strength and tensile strength. [Results] (1) Mainly through enhancing soil cohesion, roots could enhance soil shear strength; (2) The relationship between root strength(include tensile strength and pull-out strength) and root diameter agreed with power funnnction. When root diameter D > 2 mm, pull-out strength was less than tensile strength, and vice versa; (3) The Wu model overestimated the shear strength of root-soil composite at an average of 26.81%, and the fiber bundle model also overestimated with an average of 9.82%. [Conclusion] As comparing to the Wu model, the fiber bundle model is more accurate in describing the effect of root's soil enhancement.

Abstract:[Objective] The carbon source and sink of farmland ecosystem were illustrated to provide a reference for the crop types and cropping patterns of oasis farmland. [Methods] Based on the collected data of main crop production, arable land, crop cultivated area and agricultural inputs data in Zhangye City during 2001-2010, the carbon absorption, carbon emissions and carbon sinks of farmland ecosystem of each county were estimated using models of agricultural carbon sequestration, and carbon emission, and the temporal and spatial distribution of these indices were analyzed. [Results] There were obvious temporal and spatial differences in carbon absorption, carbon emission and carbon sink. The carbon absorption intensity was found only positively relevant to crop yield per unit area. The per unit change of cotton among the economic crops, and the soybean among grain crops had the maximum contributions to carbon absorption. The total carbon emission was a function of the chemical fertilizers, crop cultivated area, the total power of agricultural machinery and irrigation area. The unit volume change of chemical fertilizers had the maximum contribution rate to carbon emissions, and the carbon emissions showed an increasing trend. The contribution of irrigated area followed and it had a decreasing trend year by year. Agricultural machinery had the minimal proportional contribution, with a less than 5% of total carbon emissions. [Conclusion] In recent 10 years, the total carbon absorption showed a significant increasing trend, while the carbon emissions showed a decreasing trend, all of which indicated that the farmland ecosystem of Zhangye City had a strong capacity of carbon sink.

Abstract:[Objective] Exploration and utilizaton Study on the law of wind erosion and accumulated sand in different parts of mobile dune can provide the support for sand fixation technical measures on the desert combat.[Methods] Three instruments of photoelectron snow retention depth-sounder were set up in the typical crescent dune to determinate the wind erosion and accumulated sand process in different positions of mobile dune.[Results] The accumulated sand depth ranged form 1 cm to 12 cm gradually on sand falling slopes with the change of sand-driving wind velocity under the certain wind velocity scope. And the strong sand deposition process was observed when sand-driving wind velocity declined. Windward slope erosion was in the largest state at the sand-driving wind velocity. And the transition process from strong to weak wind erosion formed with the change of sand-driving wind velocity. The top of the dune was erosion process at the near sand-driving wind velocity. And accumulated sand process was found at the top of the dune with the gradual increase of sand-driving wind velocity. In addition, the monthly mean of net wind erosion depth on windward slope of mobile dune was 29.85 cm from December to next May. The monthly mean net increase of accumulated sand depth on the sand falling slope of mobile dune was 139.5 cm from December to next June. But the erosion occurrence at the top of the dune was found from March to November, and the change value of the average erosion depth was 27.3 cm. The accumulated sand occurrence was found at the top of dune from November to next March, and the change value of the average accumulated sand depth was 29.47 cm.[Conclusion] Wind velocity has the important influence on wind erosion and deposition characteristic change in different positions of mobile dune, and wind erosion and accumulating sand were obvious difference in different parts of mobile dune.

Abstract:[Objective] The aims of this study are to increase the efficiency and accuracy of the potential evaluation of newly-increased cultivated land from farmland consolidation on the scale of county(city), reduce the cost of the evaluation, and to provide reference for the overall planning of land use and land remediation planning. [Methods] A new technical system based on the GIS spatial analysis method was used. Based on data from the second investigation of land-use and the general land use planning, combined with the experience from land consolidation, we first developed new principles and perspectives for the potential evaluation, then determined the scale of agriculture land to be processed, then measured the area of the newly-increased farmland, and then calculated the coefficient of newly-increased farmland, finally delineated the fivepotential zones. [Results] The potential of newly-increased cultivated land from farmland consolidation in Wenzhou City is reasonable and more practical. [Conclusion] The empirical study showed that the technical system could provide a proceeding operation of inputting the basic data, measuring and evaluating the potential, and outputting the results. Such technical system not only has the advantages of improving the efficiency and reducing the cost of the potential evaluation at the same time, but also well adjusts the current land management practice, which presents considerable promotional value.

Abstract:[Objective] The agricultural water utilization efficiency of Jiangsu Province from 2002 to 2011 was investigated in order to provide the basis for improving the utilization efficiency of agricultural water resources in the province. [Methods] Both C²R and BC² models of data envelopment analysis(DEA) were used. The input indicators included crop planting area, farmland irrigation volume, water consumption of farmland irrigation and the numbers of employed staff engaging in agriculture. The output indicators included effective irrigation area, agricultural per capita income of rural resident, gross agricultural production and crop yield. [Results] (1) The agricultural water utilization efficiency of Jiangsu Province is at a higher level during the periods from 2002 to 2011, the effective years of DEA accounted for 50%. (2) Reasons were both technology and scale in the invalid years of DEA. The invalid years of DEA had shown the input redundancy and output deficiency. (3) With the development of times, the trend of input redundancy and output deficiency in agricultural water utilization is slowing down in Jiangsu Province. [Conclusion] The utilization of agricultural water resources in Jiangsu Province had been improved.

Abstract:[Objective] The effects of the enclosing on vegetation composition and community complexity were examined in grassland of Yanchi County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, in order to provide the theoretical basis for vegetation restoration and grassland management in semi-arid area. [Methods] By quadrat method, the vegetation was investigated from 2003 to 2013 with respect to the impacts of different fencing time on vegetation composition and three kinds of complexity index(total complexity, disorder-based complexity, and structural complexity). Three processing methods of study region were adopted: old enclosure area, new enclosure area and control area. [Results] Artemisia ordosica and Salsola ruthenica communities gradually converted into Heteropappus altaicus community in the old enclosure area, and Artemisia ordosica was dominant species in new enclosure and control area. The biomass and coverage in the old enclosure area were less than those in the new enclosure area and control area; enclosure increased disorder-based complexity and structural complexity, thus which made the total community complexity increase. [Conclusion] The long-term enclosure is not conducive to vegetation recovery. The high peak and low peak values of each complexity index appeared regularly with the cycle of five-year. So, 5-year is appropriate enclosure period for grassland in the semi-arid area.

Abstract:[Objective] The ecological benefit of returning farmland to forestry projects in Danzhou City, Hainan Pvovince was to evaluated in order to provide a basis for eco-benefit assessment of returning farmland to forestland project in China. [Methods] Based on the achievements of returning farmland to forestland project in Danzhou City that finished in 2012, the following six aspects of the water conservation, soil and water conservation, carbon sequestration oxygen, purifying environment, improving the microclimate and protecting the biodiversity of Danzhou City project on returning farmland to forest vegetation were evaluated. The shadow engineering method and the market price method were used to carry on the physical and value assessment, analyze the forest ecological benefit of returning farmland in nearly nine years, and combine the Engel coefficient with the Pearson curve together to modify the evaluation results. [Results] By 2012, the ecological value of returning farmland to forestland project of Danzhou City was up to 2.22 billion yuan. The most important value is protection of water resources, 1.76 billion yuan, accounting for 79.5% of total ecological value. The following is carbon sequestration oxygen, 238 million yuan, accounting for 10.7% of total ecological value. [Conclusion] The ecological benefit brought by the implementation of returning farmland to forestland project of Danzhou City is very significant, and effectively control soil and water loss in Danzhou City.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper elucidated the impacts from climate change to flood and drought in Northeast China in order to make full use of climatic resources, and to provide scientific basis for agricultural countermeasures to climate change. [Methods] Data of monthly temperature and precipitation of 50 stations in Northeast China from 1956 to 2012 were used to illustrate the spatiotemporal features of droughts and floods in this area by Spline interpolation, Mann-Kendall test and Z Index. [Results] (1) The area appeared a trend of warming and drying as a whole in recent 57 years. (2) Temperature in sub-humid area increased by 0.34℃/10 a. In humid area, it was relatively low as 0.25℃/10 a. Precipitation in sub-humid area decreased obviously as high as -8.82 mm/10 a. (3) Z indexes in the whole area, semi-arid and sub-humid area showed an evolutionary features as "flood-drought-flood-drought". (4) The centers attacked by high frequency of large floods were Sanjiang Plain, North of Lesser Khingan Mountains and Nenjiang River Valley, and so on. While, the western area was much more frequently to suffer severe drought. [Conclusion] The ecological environment of this area is fragile, in order to offset the negative influences of drying-warming trend to farming and animal husbandry in drought-attacked areas, emergency works should be planned as early as possible to relief drought timely.

Abstract:[Objective] Quantitative evaluation of soil quality under different land use patterns of the Weigan-Kuqa river delta oasis was carried out in order to serve the rational use and the planning of regional land resources, as well as the management and control of soil quality. [Methods] Based on the sampling data of different land use types in the Weigan-Kuqa river delta oasis, the spatial distribution of soil quality in the study area was evaluated quantitatively using soil quality evaluation index and the integrated evaluation method of soil quality index(SQI) with the support of ArcGIS 9.3. [Results] There were significant differences in the averaged soil quality index between different land use patterns(p<0.05). The soil qualities of different land use types ranked as: forest > cultivated land > desert shrub > alkaline grassland. The averaged soil quality index of forest and alkaline grassland were 0.48 and 0.24, respectively. [Conclusion] The overall soil quality of the Weigan-Kuqa river delta oasis was evaluated as middle or low level, except a little high level was observed at the central region of the study area. The differences of soil quality were significant among different land use patterns.

Abstract:[Objective] The research explored the degradation degree and vegetation characteristics of subalpine meadow in Dongling mountain in order to provide scientific basis and technological guide for ecosystem protection and sustainable use of resources. [Methods] Quadrat survey method was used. Based on the degree of vegetation degradation, the vegetation characteristics of subalpine meadow with different degradation degree were compared and analyzed according to the surveyed variables including the variation of dominant species, species diversity and the aboveground biomass, etc. [Results] Human activity was the main influence factor of the meadow degradation, and the most serious degraded area was at altitude of 2 100~2 200 m. According to the degree of human interference and vegetation coverage, subalpine meadow could be divided into four levels: severe degradation, moderate degradation, mild degradation and non-obvious degradation. [Conclusion] With the aggravation of degradation, species showed a decrease trend, so did the Shannon-Weiner index, Pielou index and Simpson's index, and the above ground biomass also reduced accordingly. In non-obvious degradation subalpine meadow, the number of species was 28, the dominant species were mainly Carex duriuscula, Sanguisorba officinalis, Polygonum viviparum, Iris tectorum, Saussurea iodostegia etc., the aboveground biomass was 516.4 g/m²; while in severely degraded meadow, the number of species reduced to 14, the aboveground biomass was 58.3 g/m², the dominant species were Plantago depressa and Taraxacum mongolicum.