Abstract:[Objective] Ecological effects of different measures of revegetation and sand fixation on soil-vegetation system were evaluated to provide some theoretical bases for sand fixation and desertification control, grassland management and utilization.[Methods] In desert land of Yanchi County in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, a naturally restored grassland and a manually afforested shrub land were selected as sampling sites, the adjacent shifting sand land was taken as control for comparison. Soil properties and vegetation characteristics were sampled and measured.[Results] (1) In addition to herbaceous plant richness, density and height(p<0.05), soil clay plus silt content, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen content(p<0.001) were markedly increased by the both measures. Whereas soil temperature, bulk density and soil moisture decreased(p<0.05).(2) Soil clay plus silt content, herbaceous richness and density in naturally restored grassland were 2.1, 2.8, 1.4 times greater than those of manually afforested shrub land, respectively. The decreasing rate of soil moisture in naturally restored grassland was 1.7 times more than that of manually afforested shrub land. Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen content, and herbaceous height in manually afforested shrub land were 2.1, 2.0 and 2.2 times greater than those in naturally restored grassland, respectively. The decreasing magnitude of soil bulk density in manually afforested shrub land was 2.5 times more than that in naturally restored grassland.(3) Along with the succession and stabilization of shifting sand land, some annual herbaceous plants were gradually replaced by perennial plants. Herbaceous individual numbers and species richness of both annual and perennial plants were remarkably high in naturally restored grassland in comparison with the corresponding values of manually afforested shrub land.[Conclusion] Naturally restored management overmatched manually afforested management on the stability recovery of vegetation-soil system. The manually afforested management could be considered as an important supplementary way with efficient fertility improvement in desert ecosystems of Yanchi County in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.

Abstract:[Objective] The change regularity of soil water and salt in the farming period was analyzed to improve the present irrigation method in order to provide scientific guidance for salinization control, and to test the impacts of water-saving irrigation on ecological environment.[Methods] Observation sites and test points were selected according to indices of soil texture, irrigation method, crop cultivation and other factors. After two years of observation and test, changes of soil salinity in profiles were calculated and analyzed, and the regularity patterns of desalination and salinization were identified(normal, inverted, even and concussion type). The correlations among the impacting factors of movement regularity as ground water level, preliminary salinity and rainfall were analyzed.[Results] Trend of normal accumulation strengthened in unirrigation or less irrigation area. Surface soil salinity changed as early as in the preliminary stage of irrigation, for example, 10 days after irrigation, soil salinity was observed beginning to rise. Soil salinity had greater than that before irrigation activities(or before rain). Soil in survey area(except of wasteland) were observed in desalination state during cultivation period, and the soil salinity decreased regularly with time.[Conclusion] Soil in wasteland was observed in a normal salinity state, and enhanced surface accumulation of salinity was observed at sections with no or less irrigation. Rates of desalination in districts where were irrigated using well with low ground water level were faster than those in canal irrigation areas with high groundwater level.

Abstract:[Objective] The influences of environmental factors on sap flow rate of Populus euphratica were analyzed to provid method data base for the calculation of water consumption by natural vegetation in arid area.[Methods] The trunk sap flow of Populous euphratica at the lower reaches of Tarim River was measured continuously during the whole growth season in 2012 and its responses to environmental factors were analyzed.[Results] The sap flow of Populus euphratica presented an unimodal curve, with obvious day and night variation rhythm. During the growth season, the relations between sap flow rate and environmental factors depended upon the temporal scales. Regress analysis showed that when observed at less hour scale, sap flow were associated closely with air temperature and soil temperature at depth of 10 cm. However, on daily scale, solar radiation was the major influencing factors; and on monthly scale solar radiation and air temperature were the major influencing factors.[Conclusion] The major factors assocated with sap flow of Populus euphratica are air temperature and solar net radiation, and the regressions of them with the sap flow rate were fitted wells.

Abstract:[Objective] Soil physical and chemical properties that might affect the distribution of Cordyceps sinensis in Xiahe area of Gansu Province were investigated. To provide supports for habitat preservation and sustainable exploitation of Cordyceps sinensis.[Methods] Quadrate method was used to study the effects of soil physical and chemical properties on the distribution of Cordyceps sinensis population.[Results] The results showed pH value, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus and available potassium in all investigated soil depths had no significant effects on the distribution of Cordyceps sinensis population, whereas the effects of water content, organic matter, soil hydrolyzable nitrogen and total potassium were significant different. In the depth of 5-10 cm, water content, pH and total phosphorus had significant effects on the presence number of Cordyceps Sinensis. In this layer, its number was relatively great and the shape looked well. Principal component analysis showed that, total phosphorus was an important factor that affect the population distribution of Cordyceps sinensis presented in the first principal component; pH value was another important factor in the second principal component; and water content was also an important factor in the third principal.[Conclusion] Cordyceps sinensis had strict habitat requirements, especially water content, soil pH and total phosphorus can limit its distribution, effect of soil physic and chemical factors on distribution of Cordyceps sinensis in order:AP >pH >WC(water content) >TK >TN >OM(organic matter) >HN(hydrolyzable niteogen) >TP >AK.

Abstract:[Objective] We selected the cucumber to study the coupling effect of surface coverage with plastic film and maize straw on root growth and rhizosphere nutrients during fruiting period in greenhouse in order to provide the theoretical and technical support for the sustainable production of facility agriculture in cold and arid regions of North China.[Methods] Greenhouse experiment and laboratory test were used in this study.[Results] Treatments of combined coverage with plastic film and maize straw improved the content of organic matter, N, P and K in soil, and promoted root growth of cucumber. Compared with the control treatment in later fruiting period in the experiment, the treatment with 0.72 kg/m² of straw and covered with film produced the best effect, and the content of organic matter, total P, total K, nitrogen and root factor, root-shoot ratio, total root length, total root surface area, root activity were increased respectively by 20.83%, 22.83%, 5.16%, 5.53%, 73.24%, 32.76%, 65.42%, 45.94% and 10.41%.[Conclusion] The double coverage of straw and plastic film produced coupling effect and was better than coverage with single straw or plastic film.

Abstract:[Objective] Soil quality improvement by recycling of fungus waste was researched to provide theoretical basis for the utilization of solid wastes produced by farming.[Methods] Field experiments were carried out in a rice-wheat rotation field in the Chengdu plain for one year. Of which five levels were designed including regular fertilizer(CF), 50% fungus waste recycling(T₁), 100% fungus waste recycling(T₂), 150% fungus waste recycling(T₃) and 200% fungus waste recycling(T₄). Soil samples from 0-15 cm, 15-30 cm, 30-50 cm soil layers were collected and soil nutrients were measured.[Results] (1) Either for fungus waste or regular fertilizer, full amount nutrients in 0-15 cm soil layer were significantly greater than that in 15-30 cm(p<0.05);(2) As compared with the regular fertilizer of no fungus recycling(CF), the rice field experiment showed that TK and TN contents were improved in level T₄; TP content was improved in the levels of T₂, T₃ and T₄. The wheat field showed that, TN content and TP content were increased under T₄ level; Levels of T₁, T₂, T₃, T₄ had higher but not significant TK content in contrast with the values of regular fertilizer(p<0.05);(3) Soil nutrients content increased as the fungus waste recycling levels increased(T₁, T₂, T₃, T₄).[Conclusion] Contents of TN, TP and TK can be improved when high level of fungus is recycled as fertilizer; TP content can be increased when medium level of fungus is recycled.

Abstract:[Objective] The contents of soil organic matter(SOM) and nutrients in the growth zones of Lithocarpus polystachyus in Chongqing City were investigated in order to guide the soil nutrition management for sugar-beet plantation.[Methods] Soil samples in the growth fields of Lithocarpus polystachyus were sampled and the soil nutrients were assayed.[Results] (1) Growth zone of Huaji County was observed with the biggest SOM content of 3.95 g/kg.(2) Significant differences in soil nutrients in growth zones of Lithocarpus polystachyus were found and soil total nitrogen content between top layer and deep horizons was significant different.(3) Both soil total nitrogen and available potassium had its maximum contents at Longsheng County, with the values of 0.94 g/kg and 115 mg/kg, respectively. Zone with the maximum soil available phosphorus appeared at Ailu County, had the content of 4.7 mg/kg.[Conclusion] Soil fertility in Longsheng County zone is as best as Lithocarpus polystachyus grow in the investigated zones of Chongqing City.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to provide a scientific basis for prevention of soil erosion on slope farmlands in mountainous area of Yunnan Province, the effects of reverse-slope level terraces on soil and water conservation and soil carbon stock of slope farmland were studied.[Methods] A comparative experiment was conducted in a fixed 1 year run-off observation plot located in Yizhe watershed of Kunming Songhuaba reservoir under natural rainfall condition. Surface runoff, sediment quantity and the loss of soil organic carbon from slope farmland with and without reverse-slope level terraces(act as control) were measured.[Results] (1) As an important carrier of soil organic carbon, the loss of sediment-bonded soil organic carbon accounted for over 85% of the total organic carbon lost with runoff, and the maximum bonded loss proportion could reach 95.38%.(2) The reverse-slope level terrace performed significant effects on promoting soil and water conservation and on reducing runoff and sediment. The reduction rates of runoff and sediment by the reverse-slope level terrace were 5.56%~53.91% and 18.84%~83.11%, respectively, showing that the sediment reducing effect of reverse-slope level terrace was more prominent than that of carbon reducing effect.(3) The reduction rate of soil carbon storage of slope farmland with reverse-slope level terrace was 3.99% during the rainy season, which was significantly less than that of the control of 9.90% reduction.(4) Correlation analysis by the observations from treatment with reverse-slope level terrace and the control showed that the loss rate of soil organic carbon from slope farmland was not significantly correlated with rainfall, it was significantly correlated with erosion capacity of the rainfall(p<0.05). The runoff and sediment quantities were significantly and positively correlated with the loss rate of soil organic carbon in both of the two observation plots(p<0.05).[Conclusion] Mainly by changing micro-topography of land surface, reverse-slope level terrace had remarkable effect on reducing the output of soil organic carbon from slope farmland.

Abstract:[Objective] Soil moisture under conservation agriculture measures during winter wheat fallow period in southern mountain area of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region was investigated in order to provide a theoretical basis for the effective utilization of precipitation resources.[Methods] Soil moisture storages of more than one field trials at different phases were assessed.[Results] (1) Soil moisture in the soil surface(0-20 cm) increased with stubble retention and no tillage under drought conditions.(2) Under the measure of no-till, soil moisture showed an increasing trend with the increase of straw stubble height.(3) When large or consecutive rainfall event happened, soil moisture increased at depths of 20-80 cm under the measure of no-tillage; whereas, an increase occurred at top layer of 0-20 cm under conventional tillage.(4) Plantation of cover crop(chickpea) during the fallow period of winter wheat could decreased soil moisture(0-60 cm). The decrement mainly depended upon precipitation amount and planting density.[Conclusion] Measures of no-till and stubble retention can improve soil moisture in winter wheat fallow period; while cover crop can potentially reduce soil moisture.

Abstract:[Objection] Differences of soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and soil enzyme activities in different patterns of fruit and grass intercropping were compared in order to provide a support for soil fertility melioration and agriculture modernization.[Methods] Top soil layer(0-10 cm) from four patterns of fruit and grass intercropping was sampled in sites of Dashankou comprehensive agriculture demonstration zone, which located at Chaotian watershed of Guilin area. Variance and correlation analyses were used to compare the differences of soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and soil enzyme activities.[Result] Soil total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium and their available components, soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and soil enzyme activities behaved almost similar ranks as:Fortunella margarita+grass >Guicheng No.1+grass >Pyrus spp+grass >control plot. Pattern of Fortunella margarita+grass intercropping had significant effects on soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and soil enzyme activities(p<0.05). This pattern ameliorated soil better than other patterns did. There existed positive correlations between soil microbial biomass carbon, biomass nitrogen and soil enzyme activities.[Conclusion] Fruit and grass intercropping, especially the pattern of Fortunella margarita+grass, had significant effects on soil amelioration in hilly lands in the southern of China.

Abstract:[Objective] The research investigated the spatial patterns of soil moisture and the responses of vegetation in Artemisia ordosica community at different succession stages(shifting dunes, semi-fixed dunes and fixed dunes) in order to provide scientific basis for vegetation restoration in desert region.[Methods] The experiment was conducted in three Artemisia ordosica communities and the data were analyzed by classical statistical and geo-statistical method.[Results] (1) In the succession of shifting dunes to fixed dunes, soil moisture of Artemisia ordosica community was gradually getting worse. And the spatial distribution of soil moisture was obviously characterized by a strip-like or patchy structure; Meanwhile the spatial variability of soil moisture was increasing. The spatial autocorrelation of soil moisture gradually increased with the increase of soil depth in all three Artemisia ordosica communities.(2) In the revegetation process, community coverage, biomass and density gradually increased, while spatial variation of community characteristics decreased.(3) Community characteristics of Artemisia ordosica had significantly negative correlation with soil moisture in shifting dunes and fixed dunes.[Conclusion] Vegetation pattern of Artemisia ordosica largely influenced the spatial distribution and heterogeneity of soil moisture.

Abstract:[Objective] To provide some bases for nutrient regulation of high yield maize, the effects of potassium fertilization on root vitality of a high yield spring maize were investigated. Potassium fertilization had application level treatment with two levels of 150 and 300 kg/hm² and application method treatment with levels of once-and-base fertilizer and postponed application.[Methods] A maize cultivar, Jinshan 27, was used as the test material. Its dry root weight, root vigor, activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and peroxidase(POD), and malondialdehyde(MDA) content were measured at each stage; root number and root width were measured at mature stage.[Results] Root dry weight at 300 kg/hm² application level was greater than that at 150 kg/hm², especially it was obvious in 0-20 cm layer before silking stage. The percentage of root weight at 20-60 cm was contrary, especially in milking stage. Root number increased at high application level, and also the biggest root width increased and proliferated deeper. At high application level, vigor, SOD and POD activities of root in all growth period increased, while MDA content decreased. Root weight of postponed fertilization at 0-40 cm soil layer was less than that of once-and-base fertilization method; while, the percentage of root weight at 0-20 cm soil layer was relatively great. Root number, the biggest root width and the layer with the biggest root width of postponed application was lower than that of the once-and base application method, and the differences of these indices between the two methods increased with the increase of soil depth. Root vigor and activities of SOD and POD of postponed application decreased; MDA content increased.[Conclusion] Once-and-base K application could improve the root growth of maize and especially the proliferation at deep layer was promoted; It also delayed the senescence of root. These effects were not observed, and moreover the contrary effects it were for postponed application.

Abstract:[Objective] Changing trends of size hierarchy and stability of soil aggregates in solar greenhouse soils were illustrated along years of plantation to provide some theoretical bases for the change of soil structure in vegetable cultivation.[Methods] Soils with different plantation years in four vegetable greenhouses(with 2, 5, 8 and 16 years of plantation)in Xinmin City of Liaoning Province were selected as the research objects, and nearby soils in open fields outside of the greenhouses were selected for comparison. Indices of composition, mechanical stability, water stability and damage rate of soil aggregate were measured.[Results] Within 5 years of plantation, quantity of >0.25 mm, mechanical stability and water stability of soil aggregates showed a decreasing trend along plantation, and they were lower than that of the comparative soil in open fields; After 5 years of plantation, they all were elevated significantly. At the beginning of the cultivation of the tested soil, organic matter didn't play its role in the aggregate formation and stability maintenance; While, with the increase of planting time, organic matter began to promote the formation and maintain the stability of soil aggregates.[Conclusion] The stability of soil aggregate in the regional greenhouse decreased firstly and then increased with the increase of the planting years.

Abstract:[Objective] The responses of bryophytes' photosynthesis to nitrogen addition in the process of its dehydration were studied in order to demonstrate how it will respond to nitrogen deposition and to provide relevant theoretical knowledge for management of desert ecosystems in arid or semi-arid region.[Methods] The dominant bryophytes, Bryum pachytheca in Mu Us desert was selected to examine the responses of bryophytes' photosynthesis to nitrogen addition with eight levels.[Results] The net photosynthetic rates of bryophytes(P_n) increased when nitrogen addition was less than 0.2 g/(m²·a). When nitrogen addition was over 0.2 g/(m²·a), the responses of P_n varied under different water condition. It was enhanced under high levels of water content, and was suppressed under low levels. In terms of bryophytes' photosynthetic carbon sequestration capacity in tested site, the optimal adding amount of nitrogen was 0.2 g/(m²·a). At this addition amount, carbon fixed by bryophytes' photosynthesis was doubled as compared with that without adding nitrogen.[Conclusion] Nitrogen increment from deposition can strongly influence photosynthesis and carbon sequestration capacity of bryophytes in arid and semi-arid regions.

Abstract:[Objective] The impacts of biochar on the physicochemical properties and hydraulic characteristics were assessed in order to guide the improving of the red soil at uplands.[Methods] Soil bulk density and porosity were measured for samples of two different layers of undisturbed red soil treated with varying amount of biochar, and curve of soil water characteristics were studied by pressure membrane method.[Results] Application of biochar could significantly decrease bulk density as well as improve porosity and soil organic carbon content. With the increase of application amount, soil bulk density decreased; While porosity and soil carbon content increased gradually. Soil saturation moisture content, field capacity and available water content increased and wilting coefficient decreased with the increasing application of biochar. The saturated moisture content, field capacity and available water content were at their highest when the application biochar was 30 t/hm². The application amount of biochar was significantly and positively correlated with soil saturation moisture content, field capacity and available water content, and had significant negative correlation with wilting coefficient.[Conclusion] Application of biochar can significantly increase field capacity and available water content of red soil.

Abstract:[Objective] Pinus sylvestris is considered to be one of the preferred coniferous species in the Mu Us sandland afforestation. Studying the effect of stand density on the stand structure and understory vegetation development in order to provide important support for the stabilization of sands by afforestation in this region.[Methods] We selected the Pinus sylvestris plantations of 25 years old at different densities in Yulin City, and analyzed the changes in plantation structure and understory species diversity of Pinus sylvestris plantations with variations in stand density.[Results] The results showed the stand density and average diameter followed exponential relationship. And the height to diameter ratio showed a significant positive linear correlation with stand density. A total of 16 understory plant species were recorded, belonging to 13 genera and 8 families. Gramineae of foxtail grass was dominant species. Herbal species richness and diversity index showed an obvious increasing trend with decreasing density. The stand density was negatively correlated with the species richness and diversity index. Shannon diversity index was the most sensitive to changes in density.[Conclusion] In the management of Pinus sylvestris plantations in Mu Us sandland, the understory species diversity index can be seen as an indicator of the suitability of stand density.

Abstract:[Objective] Under the background of artificial interference, the effects of different land use types on soil physicochemical properties in the karst gorge area were investigated in order to provide some supports for the environment protection and sustainable development in karst mountainous area.[Methods] Huajiang Karst Gorge Demoustration Zone of Guizhou Province was selected as the research area. Where the soils from different land use types of rocky desertification area were sampled and the physicochemical properties were assayed.[Results] (1) Soil moisture content was relative high at deeper soil layer. Soil moistures sampled from different land use types had a layer averaged rank as:closed mountain land >runoff land >slope-transformed terrace land >shrub land >abandoned land.(2) Filed moisture capacity of slope-transformed terrace with Chinese prickly ash established on it was higher than that of abandoned land.(3) The rocky desertification usually had the properties of dispersed soil particle, damaged soil structure, and declined soil permeability ability. The rank of porosity is:forest land >slope-transformed terrace >natural shrub >arable land >abandoned land.(4) Total potassium content is higher and positively correlated with pH values. The nitrogen content is below the country-wide mean level, soil nutrients are insufficient.[Conclusion] Land use patterns which have different soil features are the synergetic effects of rocky desertification grades and land use measures. The water carrying capacity and nutrition in the soil of Huajiang area were evaluated to be at low level and the products on it are low. Where the lands are not appropriate to be cultivated. Hence, it is suggested that the present cultivated lands should be dwindled; And meanwhile economic forest lands and grasslands be enlarged; and again the natural forest lands should be preserved.

Abstract:[Objective] The pollution characteristics of rainfall runoff on different underlying surfaces in Taiyuan industrial area were investigated in order to provide some scientific bases for water conservation and ascertainment of industrial water pollution sources.[Methods] Based on the monitoring data of runoff water quality from two underlying surfaces, the mean pollutant concentrations of event rainfall(EMCs) were calculated. The monitoring ingredients including:COD_cr, NH₃-N, NO₃^--N, TN, TP, Cu and Zn.[Results] Concentrations of COD_cr, NH₃-N, NO₃^--N, TN and TP in Taiyuan industrial area were all above the surface water range of standard Ⅴ.No obvious pollution of heavy metal pollution was observed. There was a negative correlation between pollutant loads(EMCs) and the rainfall time, it conformed with an exponential equation.[Conclusion] There was a remarkable rainfall erosion effect on pollutants, and the pollutants concentration decreased with the increase of rainfall duration. In contrast with the cases of other domestic cities, the runoff water quality was in a lesser contamination degree for Taiyuan industrial area.

Abstract:[Objective] The anti-scourabilities of soils from different horizons in gully developed area of dry-hot valley region were compared in order to provide a scientific basis for gully erosion control.[Methods] Undisturbed soil sampled from six different horizons were eroded with scour trough in laboratory.[Results] (1) Except layers of Ⅳ and Ⅴ, the soil anti-scourability of other horizons increased in a power function with the scouring time. Resulted from the existence of fissure, the two layers exhibited a linear function at the scouring earlier stage.(2) There were significant differences in soil anti-scourability among each horizon with ranks as:layer Ⅰ >layer Ⅱ >layer Ⅵ >layer Ⅲ, layer Ⅳ>layer Ⅴ.[Conclusion] Soil anti-scourability decreased with the depth of each horizon in a gyratory way with ranks of layer Ⅰ >layer Ⅱ >layer Ⅲ, and layer Ⅳ >layer Ⅴ >layer Ⅵ.

Abstract:[Objective] We aimed to sort out condition of soil moisture which is fitted for the growth of Reaumuria soongorica seedlings in arid or semi-arid area, and further provide a support for the preservation and reestablishment of Reaumuria soongorica population, and for the restoration of its community.[Methods] Pot experiment was carried out to study the effects of soil water limited stress on the growth of Reaumuria soongorica seedlings and the regulation of osmotic substances.[Results] Stem and leaf biomasses of Reaumuria soongorica seedlings were significantly decreased with the increasing of soil water limited stress, and seedling height also decreased gradually. Whereas, root-shoot ratio, root length and root surface area gradually increased. Root biomass experienced a decrease at light stress, and began to increase at server stress. Proline contents of stem-leaf and root in Reaumuria soongorica seedlings significantly increased with the increasing of soil water stress. However, changes of soluble sugar and protein contents in Reaumuria soongorica seedlings were not obvious.[Conclusion] Reaumuria soongorica seedlings have its adaption ways to drought through employing seedling growth adjustment, biomass reallocation, increase of root-shoot ratio, and accumulation of proline.

Abstract:[Objective] The pull-out resistive properties of Ophiopogon japonicus and Indigofera amblyantha root were tested in order to provide guides for further research on the friction characteristics of the root soil interface.[Methods] Five levels of soil moisture content were designed to carry out single-root direct pull-out tests with vertical outward load.[Results] The maximum pull-out resistive force of the two plant root were both increased by nonlinear power function with root diameter as independent variable. Under the condition of constant soil bulk density, the maximum pull-out resistive force of root experienced an increases firstly and then declined as soil moisture content increased. The maximum pull-out resistive force of Indigofera amblyantha root was greater than that of Ophiopogon japonicus within a certain range of soil moisture content. While the maximum pull-out resistive force of Ophiopogon japonicus root was greater than that of Indigofera amblyantha under other conditions. Results also revealed that the pull-out resistive force of Ophiopogon japonicus root reached the maximum when the soil moisture content was close to 10.43%, while the pull-out resistive force of Indigofera amblyantha root reached the maximum when the soil moisture content was close to 13.00%.[Conclusion] Root diameter, soil moisture content and plants species have influences to some extent on the pull-out resistive force of root-soil interface.

Abstract:[Objective] Monitoring sites are the bases of soil and water conservation monitoring. Scientific and reasonable sites layout would directly impact on the accuracy of monitoring data as well as authority. Hence, the spatial localization optimization of monitoring sites was researched in order to provide some supports for effective operation of conservation system and reasonable decision of associated policy.[Methods] Through data collection of soil erosion, combined with GIS spatial analysis, soil erosion intensity classification in Hubei Province was accessed. The theory of scale space was used to optimize the location of soil and water conservation monitoring sites, after that the results were verified using the Thiessen polygon method.[Results] 86 monitoring sites were arranged in the whole province, including 12 monitoring sites at grade 1st scale, 26 monitoring sites at level 2nd scale, 48 monitoring sites at level 3rd. Thiessen polygon verification results showed that the optimized sites were reasonable.[Conclusion] The surrounding hills of Danjiangkou Reservoir, the farmland zone of Dahong Mountain and Nanyang basin, the water conservation districts of Hubei and Chongqing mountainous area were serious in soil erosion. More monitoring sties need to be settled in this area. The surrounding farmland area of Jianghan plain had less soil erosion, and where the amount of soil erosion monitoring sites can appropriately be reduced.

Abstract:[Objective] Designing an artificial rainfall simulator according to the rainfall characteristics required in surface-runoff water quality research in water environment field.[Methods] An artificial rainfall simulator was introduced, which has three specifications of nozzles in order to simulate different rainfall intensity by their open and close.[Results] By means of calibration, the rainfall intensity of this artificial rainfall simulator was 0.3~2.0 mm/min; and in that range of intensity, rainfall uniformity coefficients were all over 85%. The median diameter of raindrop was 1.09~2.25 mm; the maximum diameter was smaller than 6 mm; the raindrop terminal velocity was 2~2.9 mm/s.[Conclusion] The rainfall characteristics was similar to the natural rainfall. This device can be used to simulate the real rainfall.

Abstract:[Objective] The study aimed to find a new method calculating soil erosion modulus in order to provide basic data for planning of check dams and dam system, which could also provide important reference value to soil and water loss prevention.[Methods] Different levels of channel in loess hilly region has been chosen for research. Chose seventy-four different type of dam "check dam", which could also been seen as an aerated grit chamber. By the sediment information recorded of check dam, the amount of soil erosion of different levels of channel obtained. Meanwhile, combining field investigation and analysis calculation, try to explore a new method, which could get the accurate soil erosion modulus in loess region.[Results] (1) In complex terrain of loess hilly region, there is a negative correlation between soil erosion modulus and controlled area, which is corresponding to different channel silt dam;(2) Compared with the design value, the droop value of soil erosion modulus reduced significantly, which made silt dam can not be used, and makes silt dam holding negative effects in long-term.[Conclusion] Based on sedimentation volume of check dam, calculating the soil erosion modulus of controlled area is simple and reasonable. At the same time, a variety of methods could be used and comprehensive analysis, they confirm each other, so that we could calculate soil erosion modulus accurately.

Abstract:[Objective] Daily runoff and sediment process in Taoxi watershed in the Southeast of China were simulated to provide a support for soil and water conservation plan.[Methods] The annualized agricultural non-point source pollution model(AnnAGNPS) was adopted to simulate the daily runoff and sediment yield. Differential sensitivity analysis(DSA) methods were carried out to evaluate the sensitivity of input parameters.[Results] (1) Curve number, field capacity and Maning's-reach were the sensitive parameters for runoff simulation. K-factor, surface residue cover, root-mass, remained residue cover after cultivation, random roughness, Maning's-reach and disturbed area were the major sensitive parameters for sediment load estimation.(2) In the calibration and validation processes of both runoff and sediment simulation, R² and Ens had values above 0.66 for daily runoff and were above 0.62 for daily sediment load modeling.[Conclusion] AnnAGNPS model can simulate well for daily runoff and sediment process in the study area.

Abstract:[Objective] Jag S is a kind of new macromolecule polymers which can regulate water and soil loss. Studying Jag's chemical regulation effect on the rainfall infiltration can provide the scientific basis for the control of soil and water loss on loess slope.[Methods] A simulated rainfall experiment was conducted to study the regulating effect of Jag S on infiltration of loess slope.[Results] (1) Variation trend of the infiltration rate of the slope with the spreading of Jag S was similar to bare soil. It rapidly decreased at first and then stabilized with the increase of the rainfall duration.(2) Compared to the bare soil, the soil with spreading Jag S had greater reduction of infiltration rate, less initial runoff time and less time for the infiltration rate to be stable, and the infiltration rate in the soil with dry spreading Jag S was lower than bare soil, but its stable infiltration rate was higher than bare soil.(3) Infiltration amount of the soil with spreading Jag S was significantly higher than bare soil. With different doses, the infiltration capacity decreased with slope increase, and increased with the increasing rainfall intensity.[Conclusion] The dry spreading Jag S increased the infiltration capacity, the regulating effect of different doses was 1 g/m² >3 g/m² >5 g/m².

Abstract:[Objective] To evaluate the suitability of HEC-HMS model in flood warning forecast in data-insufficient mountain watersheds.[Methods] This paper established and validated HEC-HMS model for flood simulation in the mountainous watersheds of Urumqi River basin with limited hydro meteorological data.[Results] The established HEC-HMS model simulated thirteen typical historical flood streams in the watershed with relatively good performances of Urumqi River basin in 1957-2009. The determination coefficients of the simulation varied between 0.67~0.87 and the simulation error for each flood stream was less than 15.6%。[Conclusion] The calibration of HEC-HMS model parameters is reasonable and the model is of practical application in the data-scarce arid mountainous watersheds for flood stream simulation.

Abstract:[Objective] The effects of conservation tillage on soil respiration were researched to provide a theoretical basis for the development of conservation agriculture in arid area.[Methods] Soil respiration rate was carried out using multi-channel soil carbon flux measurement system instrument. Tillage treatments were:conventional tillage(T), conventional tillage with stubble retention(TS), no tillage(NT) and no tillage with stubble retention(NTS).[Results] Respiration rate in flowering period was 10.45%~45.09% higher than that in harvest period for all tillage measures. In comparison with TS, NT and T treatment, NTS treatment significantly reduced soil C emission with the percentages of 39.17%, 21.37% and 30.25%, respectively(p<0.01). Soil respiration at sunny day presented an stubble unimodal curve with the peak value at 14:00. The averaged daily soil respiration rates under the two tillage treatments were high but not insignificant than that under the two no-tillage treatments. Under tillage treatments(T, TS), a significant linear correlation was found between soil respiration rate and air temperature; under the no-tillage treatment(NT, NTS), they had a significant exponential relationship(p<0.01). Q₁₀ values, namely the atmospheric temperature sensitivity under the four tillage treatments had a rank of T(1.97) >NT(1.62) >TS(1.58) >NTS(1.52).[Conclusion] Conservation tillage as the no tillage with stubble retention(NTS) has its contribution to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

Abstract:[Objective] The empirical relationships between the occupation of cultivated land by construction in Liangzhou District of Wuwei City in Gansu Province and economic development were demonstrated to provide a reference for arable land protection in the process of economic development in liangzhou district.[Methods] Two indices including the occupation of cultivation land by construction and redefined non-agricultural GDP were used. And decoupling method was adopted.[Results] (1) In 2001-2010, the relationships between the occupation of cultivation land by construction and non-agricultural GDP mainly presented seven kinds of state, they were:strong negative decoupling, expansively negative decoupling, decoupling, and recessive association, weak decoupling and expansive association. Among of them, terms in the state of strong decoupling and weak decoupling covered 40% of the investigated period. Generally, two years were in the strong decoupling state.(2) The decoupling elastic curve generally looked like a M shape. It presented a "the ideal state-deformed state-ideal" cyclical change. And in recent years, development of liangzhou district was characterized by an ideal decoupling state. The economic development has deorbited the former economic growth route that is characterized by the expense of cultivation land resources.[Conclusion] The results elucidated by the improved decoupling method and redefined non-agricultural GDP were exactly the actual situation in liangzhou district.

Abstract:[Objective] Through the analysis and research for optimal point cloud density mico DEM, this paper aimed to select the best point cloud density from it to achieve efficient, rapid access to micro-surface topography observations purpose. Upon which the computational cost was expected to be reduced under the precondition of observation accuracy.[Methods] Previous research of point cloud data proved that the optimal level of resolution about the data was 4 mm. The raw data were compressed by 7 ratings:100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, 10%, 5% and 1% to generate the corresponding DEM. Three most common DEM accuracy indicators:average error, root mean square error, standard deviation were used to evaluate the accuracy of the DEM above.[Results] (1) When the point cloud compression level was set above 15%, the average error unchanged and maintained at a low value with the decrease of point cloud density, when it was compressed <15%, the average error increased rapidly with the decrease of point cloud density.(2) When the compression of the point cloud was >10%, standard deviation was in a flat status with the decrease of the point cloud density. When it was <10%, the standard deviation of point cloud density decreases rapidly with the increasing of point cloud density.(3) When point cloud was compressed over 20%, with the decrease of the point cloud density, root mean square error was in the flat segmentation; when it was <20%, the root mean square error rapidly increased with the decrease of point cloud density.[Conclusion] The comparison of different compression ratings verified that the optimal compression level to generate micro-topography DEM should be 20%.

Abstract:[Objective] Effects of different vegetation measures on red soil slope runoff were researched to provide a scientific basis for soil and water conservation and ecological restoration in the southern red soil region of China.[Methods] Monthly runoff and rainfall data from plots planted with Vetiver, Lespedeza, Neyraudia, Bahiasgrass during 2001 to 2010 were collected to analyze the above mentioned effects using statistical method. The plots were located at Changting County in Fujian Province.[Results] Vegetation measures could control slope runoff well, but due to the differences among vegetation structure, root and litter amount of the above measures, soil and water conservation benefits from the above measures were different. In the period of observation, the rank of annual runoff was:control plot with no vegetation measure >Bahiagrass >Neyraudia >Vetiver >Lespedeza. Water conservation benefit from Lespedeza measure performed best.[Conclusion] Vetiver, Lespedeza, Neyraudia, Bahiasgrass et al. vegetation could control slope runoff effectively and reduce soil erosion. Therefore, they can all be used as the excellent shrub/grass for soil and water conservation; and can be applied in the red soil region of Southern China, especially Lespedeza measure is recommended.

Abstract:[Objective] Landslide occurrence probability was calculated and verificated using three-dimensional model to provide a new way for quantitative evaluation of landslide stability.[Methods] Rosenblueth method was used to calculate the probability of three-dimensional landslide by FLAC 3D numerical simulation software. Its result was compared with the one calculated by two-dimensional probability model.[Results] Taking a slope in the three gorges reservoir area as an example, we calculated the landslide probability under two kinds of working condition using two and three dimensional models. According to the result form the three dimensional model, the probability were 13.57% and 21.77%, respectively, both belonging to low risk level. These probabilities were thought to be the actual situation. However, the calculated probabilities from two-dimensional model were as high as medium risk level.[Conclusion] Rosenblueth method performed more reliable than two-dimensional probability evaluation models do in evaluating landslide stability.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to provide useful information for widening the application scope of symbiotic nitrogen fixation, improving the efficiency of biological nitrogen fixation and managing of fertilizer, the rhizosphere effects of seed dressing and grain/soybean intercropping were studied.[Methods] Field experiment was conducted.[Results] Amount of pea rhizospheric microorganisms(3.63×10⁷ CFU/g) was higher than that of maize ones(3.1×10⁷ CFU/g) under the same plantation pattern. Rhizospheric microorganisms of pea and maize both increased significantly in intercropping mode. As compared with the corresponding values of their monoculture mode, rhizosphere microorganisms of maize obtained(55.39%) greater improvement than that of pea microorganisms obtained(33.12%). Under intercropping mode, significant increases of rhizospheric microorganisms in fertilizer seed dressing were both observed for the two crops. Increase of maize' rhizosphere microorganisms(23.03%) was lower than that of pea(46.09%). The amount of pea rhizosphere microorganisms was also more than that in mono-cropping mode(30.00%).[Conclusion] Intercropping and microbial fertilizer seed dressing can both significantly increase the quantity of crop rhizosphere microorganisms.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to increase the utilization efficiency of nitrogen, reduce the leaching pollution of nitrifying nitrogen, the study explored the effect of nitrification inhibitor DCD on nitrogen transformation in alkaline soils, which may provide a reference for rational and efficient use of nitrogen and increasing crop yields.[Methods] The laboratory artificial climate chamber culture was used to study the effects of DCD on pH value, ammonia volatilization, nitrifying nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen conversion of Jincheng City of Shaanxi Province(alkalinity) garden soils in different temperatures of 15℃, 25℃ and 35℃.[Results] The result indicated that the pH value with DCD was higher than the control, which increased with the temperature increasing. The ammonia volatilization increased with the temperature increasing in alkaline soil, so the temperature increase by 10℃, the increasing rate of nitrogen loss in the form of ammonia was about 6.90%. The nitrifying nitrogen content decreased with temperature increasing, whose variation was opposite with ammonia nitrogen content. Moreover, the peak time of ammonia nitrogen content with temperature increasing was about one week ahead with the increase of temperature by each 10℃. DCD reduced the conversion of ammonia nitrogen to nitrifying nitrogen.[Conclusion] DCD can reduce the leaching pollution problems by lowering the nitrogen conversion to nitrifying nitrogen, and the pH value, ammonia volatilization and ammonia nitrogen increase with the temperature increasing.

Abstract:[Objective] To study the influence of earthworm activities on soil nutrients in copper mine tailings in order to provide references for the ecological restoration by soil animals in copper tailings.[Methods] 8 treatments were designed and lasted for one month in laboratory(20℃).[Results] (1) The inoculation of earthworm affected the soil nutrients as following order:phosphorus >organic matter >K >available nitrogen. Soil nutrients content increased with the increase of earthworm density;(2) The inoculation of earthworm with the coverage of straw on copper tailings affected the soil nutrients as phosphorus >available nitrogen >K >organic matter, and soil nutrients content increased with the increase of the earthworm density;(3) Earthworm inoculation with coverage of straw showed higher impact on soil nutrients than earthworm inoculation only, and the affecting speed were as phosphorus >K >available nitrogen >organic matter.[Conclusion] Earthworms do have effect on soil nutrient restoration in copper mine tailings, the greater the earthworm density, the higher the impact.

Abstract:[Objective] It is necessary to study on the spatial and temporal process of urban overland runoff that could provide support decisions for waterlogging prevention and drainage emergency.[Methods] Because of the fragmentation of underlying surface and complexity of micro topology in urban environment, urban hydrology process is too complicated to present exactly characteristics, such as changeability of flow routes, spatial and temporal variation of flooding. Based on cellular automata, an urban surface flooding model(USFM) is built to simulate surface hydrologic process by defining cellular's state and its evolution rules. In this model, several processes were considered, including rainfall, vegetation intercept, depression storage, runoff generation, infiltration and inlet discharging. The runoff process was handled by Manning's equations and rules, and runoff volume and flow path were calculated respectively.[Results] Because the hydrologic response units(HRU) are treated as grids, USFM can be defined as a distributed model, which can deal with the spatial variability of urban space very well based on DEM and land use data. Moreover, by combining the cell rules with mathematical formula for urban space flow uncertainty, USFM has the capacity of determining the flow routing and volume of runoff automatically. The basic input data of USFM are DEM data, land use data and gutter inlet data, which are raster data format. The USFM output data is a spatial and temporal dataset, which contains surface runoff information of any given time and space. A basin in Guangzhou Panyu District was chosen as the experimental area to test the model.[Conclusion] Through parameter calibration and model validation, the proposed approach well reflects the urban surface flooding hydrological details with a small amount of input data and simple modeling working. The USFM is useful to forecast the flooded areas in urban areas.

Abstract:[Objectives] The objective of the study is to evaluate the water resources carrying capacity(WRCC) of all prefecture cities in Shaanxi Province, and to provide scientific basis for the reasonable utilization and allocation of water resources in this region.[Methods] Based on the introduction of entropy-weight method and the calculation of index weight, variable-weight method was used to improve the weight index. We then established a model with the improved TOPSIS according to the calculated weight, and used this model to evaluate the comprehensive WRCC in all prefecture cities in Shaanxi Province.[Results] We ranked WRCC in all prefecture cities in Shaanxi Province in the order as follows:Ankang >Baoji >Shangluo >Yanan >Hanzhong >Weinan >Yulin >Tongchuan >Xianyang >Xi'an, and found that the WRCC is extremely lower in Xi'an City.[Conclusion] Based on variable-weight and entropy-weight methods, the evaluation of WRCC with improved TOPSIS is easy and practical, so it will have great implication in this field.

Abstract:[Objective] The ecological restoration project for the river network of Taihu Lake basin and its effects were analyzed and compared in order to provid some bases for the environmental management and water quality improvement of the catchment.[Methods] Xiazhuang River, Luoxi River, Fenggou River of Taihu Lake basin were selected to carry out three projects as composite tower bio-filter treatment process, five-levels-load reduction treatment process and ecological landscape restoration process, respectively. After three rivers' operation, the effects of these three demonstration projects were compared.[Results] The three ecological restoration projects had a effectiveness rank of Xiazhuang River >Luoxi River >Fenggou River. Thus, the ability of remove pollutants of the three ecological restoration processes ranked as:composite tower bio-filter treatment process >five-levels-load reduction treatment process >ecological landscape restoration process.[Conclusion] The three technologies can all effectively remove nitrogen, phosphorus and other pollutants of watercourse; They also have good ecological landscape. Considered the room of design and use optimization in river network, they could formed the key technologies of water quality improvement for river network.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to provide some reliable bases for ecological restoration of quarry slopes, the comprehensive effects of ecological rod method on controlling the soil and water loss on slopes were investigated.[Methods] Large-scale artificial rainfall tests were conducted to collect information about the quantities of runoff and sediment from surface layer and debris flow, and upon which a comprehensive model was built.[Results] With the increase of slope degree, the quantities of runoff and sediment from surface increased while that from debris flow decreased. Total sediment did not change as significant as the total runoff did. The correlation of runoff and sediment from surface layer was higher than that from debris flow. Ecological rod protective measures built on <15°slopes had the highest benefits when rainfall intensities were 30 mm/h and 120 mm/h. Slope degree had little influence on runoff and sediment when rainfall intensity was 60 mm/h.[Conclusion] The ecological rod protective measure has significant effects on the control of soil and water loss by intercepting surface runoff and sediment.

Abstract:[Objective] Several morphological indicators of salt tolerance of different tree species were compared to provide both theoretical support and practical guidelines for choosing afforestation tree species for moderate saline-alkali lands in the Yellow River delta.[Methods] Twelve species had been planted in a moderate saline-alkali land for the comparison of salt-tolerance with indicators of survival rate, growth potential and the degree of salt(salt injury index).[Results] (1) Survival rates of the 12 tree species were significantly different, ranging from 19.3% to 96.7%.(2) Except of American red fraxinus and Dendranthema morifolium, growth performances(growth potential and salt injury degree) of each of the remaining ten species were positively correlated with their survival rate, i.e., better growth performance reflecting higher survival rate.(3) Cluster analysis based on survival rate, growth potential, and salt injury index categorised the 12 tree species into three classes according to their salt tolerance, namely, strong, medium and general.[Conclusion] Through the comparison of salt-tolerance related indices of different species in a moderate saline-alkali land, the salt tolerance rank of these tree species was objectively recognized.

Abstract:[Objective] Clarifying the relationship between physical properties and organic-mineral complexes of reclaimed soil was supposed to provide a support for ameliorating the reclaimed soil physical condition.[Methods] This study chose the soil under three patterns of typical artificial vegetation restoration for seven years in Datong Reclamation District of Huainan City, which had been back-filled with coal gangue. Soil physical indictors and formations of organic-mineral complexes were quantified using standard procedures, and their relationship was determined by multivariate statistical analysis.[Results] Soil organic-mineral status and the combined humus varied with different vegetation restoration patterns in the survey region. The stably-combined humus dominated, and it accounted for 41%~67% of combined humus. Vegetation restoration lowered oil bulk density and increased total porosity significantly in contrast with that of natural soil. These effects were more obvious in the mixed plantation pattern of Ailanthus altissima and grass. Soil non-capillary porosity had significantly positive correlations with the amount of organic-mineral complexes and the ratio of tightly-combined humus to combined humus; however, a negative correlation was found of it with the ratio of stably-combined humus to combined humus. Soil capillary porosity was negatively and significantly correlated with the amount of organic-mineral complexes and the ratio of tightly-combined humus to combined humus; and was positive and significantly correlated with the ratio of stably-combined humus to combined humus. Positive association existed between contents of three fractions of soil combined humus, and total porosity and negative correlation it was between the combined contents and low bulk density.[Conclusion] The physical condition showed strong correlations with organic-mineral complexes in reclaimed soils.

Abstract:[Objective] Using municipal solid waste and coarse gravels which were produced during quarrying process and were left in the abandoned mines can produce a new growth substrate for plants. The effects of different compaction degrees on that kind of soil moisture content and the plants growing on it were researched to find ways to improve the disadvantageous site condition.[Methods] Mixtures of gravels and municipal solid waste(8:2 by volume) were compacted to different extents and its effects on soil water content and plant growth were studied.[Results] Soil water content was significantly enhanced by compaction and the differences among soil layers decreased. The layers that plants consumed water from upper under severer compaction. Plants responded differently to compaction. Aboveground growths of Robinia pseudoacacia and Medicago sativa were significantly declined in compacted soils, but the growth of Platycladus orientalis showed a sign of increase. The growths of all three species in two moderately compacted soils implied that plants can acclimate themselves to habitant.[Conclusion] A certain degree of compaction is suitable for plant growth, and compaction can be applied during revegetation in abandoned quarries.

Abstract:[Objective] Liugou watershed in Maiji District of Tianshui City was taken as a case to study the impacts of comprehensive soil and water measures practiced mainly by economic forest plantation on the input-output efficiency and the change of internal structure of agricultural industry in order to provide a theoretical support for agriculture efficient and sustainable development.[Methods] Based on the data collected from Maiji District and Liugou watershed during 2002-2011, analysis approaches of the rural economic structure effect and static shift-share were used.[Results] From conservation practices on, the watershed economic increase rate achieved 103.63%, in which, land use restructure contributed 42.86% for the total output increment.[Conclusion] Watershed agricultural economic growth was relatively higher on an average than the one of Maiji district and displayed an increasing trend. However, a fact should be noted the escalation gap of economic forest might eventually narrow down as the watershed begins to be fully developed and the economy levels up. Hence, in the future, the cash forest for soil and water conservation should be kept a steady development; Beside, an overall improvement of watershed agricultural production technology should be stressed.

Abstract:[Objective] The comprehensive effects of land use change on eco-environment during 1995-2014 were assessed to provide a support for land use management and urban eco-environment governance.[Methods] Based on the TM image data of central district of Hangzhou City in 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2014, methods of ecosystem service value, carbon emission and landscape pattern assessment were used.[Results] The ecosystem service value in Hangzhou City was 3.24 billion Yuan in 1995 and 2.40 billion Yuan in 2014, which decreased by 26%. The ratio of ecosystem service value to GDP decreased from 8% in 1995 to 0.5% in 2014. The carbon emission increased from 4.26×10⁶ t in 1995 to 1.51×10⁷ t in 2014, and the carbon sink decreased from 7.22×10⁵ t in 1995 to 6.49×10⁵ t in 2014. The social cost of carbon emission was about 14.5 billion Yuan in 2014.Areas with low ecosystem service value spread its coverage from city center to periphery. Landscape pattern analysis showed that, in the past 20 years, land use had tendencies of decreasing fragmentation, increasing connectivity and decreasing diversify.[Conclusion] In the study area, the sharp decrease of ecosystem service value can be attributed to the decrease of forest land and water body, and the increase of construction land. The increase of carbon emission linked with land use change was a consequence of increased carbon emitted from construction land and decreased sink of forest land. Land use transformation caused the change of landscape pattern remarkably, and the spatial distribution of ecosystem service value was uneven.

Abstract:[Objective] The hydrological regulation by aboveground vegetation layer of two forest types, including secondary poplar-birch forest(13 a, 18 a, 28 a) and larch plantation(9 a, 13 a, 15 a, 20 a) in the northern mountainous region of Hebei Province, was compared in order to provide a support for evaluating how forests conversion influences the hydrological process in the region.[Methods] The litter stock, biomass of different forests and their water interceptions were measured by stardard sample and testing mothods.[Results] (1) Water interceptions of aboveground layers of larch plantations were significantly greater than those of secondary poplar-birch forests.(2) Layers of the two forests had different water interception abilities with a rank as:litter >canopy >shrub layer.(3) The canopy interceptions of the larch plantations with young and middle age were better than that of the secondary poplar-birch forests with the same ages, but the near-mature secondary poplar-birch forest performed better than the larch plantation because of the decreased stand density by thinning.(4) Litter water interceptions of larch plantations with different ages were greater than that of secondary poplar-birch forests, e.g. the litter water interceptions of 13 years larch plantation and secondary poplar-birch forests were 35.36±6.50 t/hm² and 15.79±4.85 t/hm², respectively.[Conclusion] It was concluded that the aboveground layer of larch plantations had remarkable hydrological regulation function, and sometime it was higher than that of the secondary poplar-birch forest in the northern mountainous region of Hebei Province. Forest thinning can lead to the decrease of hydrological regulation of aboveground vegetation layer to some extent.

Abstract:[Objective] Understanding the root distribution characteristics of artificial and natural restoration herbaceous plants are important to provide evidences for artificial revegetation in the Three Gorges riparian zone.[Methods] Three artificial herbs, including Hemarthria altissima, Hemarthria compressa, Paspalum paspaeoides, and one local natural herb from the riparian zone of Three Gorges Reservoir were selected to investigate their root characteristics using root analysis systems(WinRhizo Pro. 2009c). Their root distributions in soil profiles were compared.[Results] The results showed that roots mainly distributed in 0-10 cm soil. Root length density, root diameter(except for natural recovery grass), root surface area density, root bulk density and root tips density decreased exponentially with soil depth. Generally, throughout the investigated soil profiles(0-25 cm), root features of three artificial restoration herbs were considerably higher than that of the local natural grass.[Conclusion] The four investigated herbs have well-developed roots and adapted well to the habitat of long submerged stress.

Abstract:[Objective] The objective of the paper is to study the spatial-temporal changes and driving factors of fractional vegetation coverage(FVC) and its landscape pattern in He'nan Province in the past decade in order to provide a support for the regional sustainable development of society, economy and environment.[Methods] Based on dataset of MOD13 Q1 in 2000, 2003, 2006 and 2009, we did the quantitative analysis under ArcGIS 9.3 and Fragstas 3.3.[Results] At a time scale of 10 years, the regional FVC was dominated by high FVC grade. The overall FVC decreased firstly and then increased. The lowest FVC was 72.64% in 2003, and the highest was 76.48% in 2009. The areas with extreme high FVC distributed in forested areas of western He'nan Province. And the areas with the lowest FVC distributed in urban and built area, large reservoirs and the ecological conservation zone of Yellow River. The FVC declined in urban and built area, but increased in cropland and natural vegetation areas. The landscape pattern of cropland and natural vegetation areas was improved, but urban and built area was on the contrary. The areas with an obviously decreased FVC mainly distributed in urban and built area.[Conclusion] The main reasons for the change of fractional vegetation coverage and its landscape pattern in He'nan Province were the local changes in precipitation and temperature, rapid urbanization and the implementation of coordinated development strategy of urbanization, new-type industrialization and agricultural modernization.

Abstract:[Objective] The objective of this paper is to evaluate risk of the soil nitrogen loss around the Fenhe Reservoir in order to provide scientific support for the environmental management and pollution control in Fenhe River watershed.[Methods] Soil samples around the Fenhe Reservoir were collected in 2011, and soil total nitrogen contents were determined. Using the factors such as topography, climate, land use type, fertilizer use, population and distance to potential pollution source, we used the nitrogen index evaluation method and revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE) to evaluate the risk of soil nitrogen loss in the study area.[Results] The risk of soil nitrogen loss is low in the study area. The proportion of low, medium, high and higher risk level is 78.04%, 2.72%, 9.31% and 9.93%, respectively. The areas with high risk of nitrogen loss are mainly located in the southwest and northeast of the research area, and the land use type is mainly farmland. The medium risk areas are mostly located in mountainous area along the river and the land use types are forest, grassland and farmland. The low risk areas are mainly located in the river valley area and the land use types are grassland and farmland.[Conclusion] Nitrogen index assessment is an effective method to assess the nitrogen loss risk. Using the source and migration factor of soil nitrogen loss together, this study can provided scientific support for environmental management and pollution control for Fenhe Reservoir.

Abstract:[Objective] The objective of the study is to assess the impact of soil and water conservation on industrial development in source areas of the middle route of south-to-north water diversion project to provide the support for the conservation planning and industrial development strategy.[Methods] This paper selects the water source area in Shaanxi Province as a case study area, and used AHP(analytic hierarchy process) method to build an index system for the assessment of impact of soil and water conservation on the industrial development in Southern Shaanxi Province. Through constructing the interval judgment matrix of indexes and determining the relative weight of indexes at all levels, we evaluated the the impact of soil and water conservation of the south-to-north water diversion project on development of the main forest industries in Southern Shaanxi Province.[Results] The score of the regional industry follows an order as Liuba, Danfeng, Ningqiang, Baihe, Shangnan, Xunyang, Zhenan, Yangxian and Ningshan County.[Conclusion] Our study proves that in some typical areas of soil and water conservation industrial development and the soil and water conservation investment is positively related.

Abstract:[Objective] We take counties(city, area) of the western economic uprising belt in Shandong Province as evaluation units to study the intensity of cultivated land use and to analyze its spatial distribution in order to provide support for the cultivated land resources planning and the improvement of the intensity of cultivated land use to increase the output and the overall planning of regional agriculture development.[Methods] The intensity of cultivated land use and the spatial distribution of the western economic uprising belt in Shandong Province was analyzed with the entropy weight TOPSIS method and GIS spatial analysis.[Results] Taking Dongping County as a boundary, the intensity of cultivated land use is low in the south, and high in the north. With the north area, the intensity of cultivated land use is higher in northeast part, and lower in the southwest part. The middle area is in the average situation. There is a pattern of "club convergence" in the intensity of cultivated land use in counties(city, area), that is to say that cultivated land with the same land use intensity are usually distributed together. The number of counties(city, area) with different intensities of cultivated land use showed a "Pyramid" trend, namely, fewer counties are with highest intensity and the more counties with lower intensity; In the index layer, the primary indicators of the intensity of cultivated land use are fertilizer input, mechanical input, multiple cropping index, the rate of mechanization, food security, index of cultivated land security, grain yield per unit area and per capita grain production.[Conclusion] The intensity of cultivated land use of the western economic uprising belt in Shandong Province showed an obvious spatial differentiation trend.

Abstract:[Objective] From the perspective of stage division of industrialization and urbanization, the paper was to explore the econometrics analysis between the scales of cultivated land occupation by construction and industrialization & urbanization in Zhejiang Province.[Methods] Multiple stepwise regression analysis was used.[Result] (1) The industrialization process of Zhejiang Province had experienced three stages, namely the initial, middle and late stages. However, the urbanization process is still in its middle stage at present. The developments of the two processes are not fully coordinated.(2) During the study period, the scale of cultivated land in Zhejiang Province showed a significant downward trend with a quick-to-slow rate. While the area of cultivated land occupation by construction had no obvious change, in general, it showed a zigzag increase. From the initial stage to the middle and late stages of industrialization, the annual average area of cultivated land occupation by construction firstly increased then decreased in Zhejiang Province. And from the initial stage to the middle stage of urbanization, the annual average area of cultivated land occupation by construction gradually increased.(3) In the duration of our study, the development of urbanization resulted to the area increase of cultivated land occupation by construction in the province. But the development of industrialization did not lead to the area change of cultivated land occupation by construction. There might be other factors that resulted to the area changes of cultivated land occupation by construction.(4) During different stages of industrialization of Zhejiang Province, industrialization or urbanization had played different roles on the cultivated land occupation by construction. In the early and middle stage of urbanization, the development of industrialization and urbanization did not give rise to the area change of cultivated land occupation by construction.[Conclusion] The development of industrialization and urbanization does not result to the area increase of cultivated land occupation by construction all the time. On the contrary, industrialization and urbanization can contribute to the protection of cultivated land.

Abstract:[Objective] Land use change and its driving mechanism in Qinhuai River watershed during 1980-2010 were illustrated to provide a scientific basis for ecological economic sustainable development and watershed management.[Methods] Land use conditions of Qinhuai River watershed in 1980, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2008, 2010 were investigated by GIS thematic map and overlaying analysis. The characteristics of land use/cover change were acquired based on the conversion matrix of land-use change from 1980 to 2010. By social statistic data analysis, driving forces of land use change were further discussed in Qinhuai River watershed.[Results] Compared with the rapidly increasing of building area, the gross area of cropland, grasslands and forest lands were decreasing. There is an obvious temporal difference for land use change, and the greatest changes took place from 2005 to 2008. The increased area of building were conversed from croplands, forest lands and water bodies. The main driving forces of land use change in the study area were economic development, population growth and elevation of living standard.[Conclusion] Urbanization is the main driving force that result to the increasing of construction land and decreasing of arable land.

Abstract:[Objective] The relationship between the temporal and spatial variation of leaf area index(LAI) in Hailiutu River basin and some meteorological factors was analyzed after those meteorological factors were contrasted in order to provide theoretical bases for local reasonable development and the protection of ecological environment.[Methods] The time-space variation tendency of leaf area index in Hailiutu basin was analyzed using linear regression method based on image data of MODIS. And the correlations between LAI and different meteorological factors were analyzed.[Results] 90.87% of the research area's LAI value rised constantly, and only 8.77% of that declined. The annually averaged LAI was 0.0022/a.[Conclusions] Vegetation in the basin got better year by year. Precipitation was the most important impacting factor of vegetation growing under natural conditions. Mean temperature and relative humidity had little correlations with the leaf area index, implied that they had little effects on the vegetation growth of the Hailiutu River basin.

Abstract:[Objective] A survey was conducted by interviewing with the herdsmen in the Hoboksar County of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The policy of "transforming grazing lands to grasslands" was discussed to shed light on how to harmonize the development of social economy with the conservation of grasslands.[Methods] 150 herdsmen were interviewed by filling out the questionnaires focused on their participation in the policy of "transforming grazing lands to grasslands", and after that, the questionnaire data was analyzed through optimal scaling method.[Results] Herdsmen's cultural standard, their household income level, profits obtained from the policy and their cognition of grassland degradation had significant positive influence on herdsmen's acceptance of the policy. However, herdsmen's age and their family population size had significant negative impact on the acceptance of the policy.[Conclusion] Herdsmen who have high educational level and high household income, and also those who think they can benefit from the policy, have willingness to adjust their production structure, to adjust their production methods. Herdmen' enthusiasm for the policy mainly depends on whether they can benefit from the implementation of the policy and whether they can prevent the potential risk when the production methods were changed.

Abstract:[Objective] The land use benefits from grain-for-green project in Mudanjiang City were evaluated, and we expected to propose some scientific bases for rational land exploitation and structural adjustment of land use.[Methods] Based GIS spatial analysis, six natural indicators, including slope gradient, elevation, soil type, coefficient of water resource, precipitation, and ≥10℃ accumulated temperature were calculated. They were used as evaluation factors to assess the suitability of lands in Mudangjiang City for cultivated land and forestry land.[Results] The results showed that the land area assessed suitable to cultivation was about 9300 km², accounting for 22.9% of the study area. The slope gradient of these lands is below 5ånd the elevation is below 500 m. Lands assessed with forestry suitability grade had about 28000 km², covered 69.0% of the study area and mainly located at mountainous region, where both the elevation and slope gradient are great and the soil is vulnerable and erosive.[Conclusion] In forest-agriculture zone, present land use exists a phenomenon of overly returning farming land to forestry. This might cause the waste of suitable cultivation lands.

Abstract:[Objective] The relation between watershed type and soil erosion in hinterland was explored of Three Gorges Reservoir area to provide some bases for ecological security and flood control in this area.[Methods] Based on geographic information system(GIS) and remote sensing(RS), watersheds at five counties were taken as the research area to analysis the types of watersheds, characteristics of water system and synthesized soil erosion index. After that, the relation between watershed type and soil erosion was explored.[Results] Three types of watersheds were recognized in the research area according to the indices of altitude, soil types and the present applied management.(1) The first type was the one consisted of those catchments outside the first watersheds with dams constructed, mainly located in limestone region with altitude from 800 to 1200 m and slope gradient from 15°to 35°.(2) The second one was composed of the catchments within the first watershed that mainly located in the area with 300~800 m elevation, 15°~35°slope gradient of shale, mudstone soil.(3) The third one was consisted of the catchments outside the first watershed without dams, covered the most intense band of 800~1200 m elevation, 15°~35°slope section of shale, mudstone area.[Conclusion] The soil erosion synthesized index of catchments outside the first watershed with dams showed a downward trend. The soil erosion synthesized index of catchments within the first watershed in the study area gradually increased, hence, these catchments need to be pay close attention to control soil erosion. The catchments outside the first watershed without dams are the key area of soil erosion control because of serious soil erosion.

Abstract:[Objective] Taking Liushahe watershed in Xishuangbanna Dai Automomous Prefecture as a case study area, this study tries to investigate the relationship between land use and topography factors in order to provide scientific support for land use planning.[Methods] We extracted elevation, slope and aspect from DEM data, combined with distribution index, we then analyzed the relationships between land use distribution and topography factors from 1976 to 2010.[Results] Forest was dominant in higher elevations, steeper slope and north-facing aspects; Tea garden mainly distributed in elevation between 1200 and 1400 m on east and south-facing aspects, and the slope had weak effect on the distribution of tea garden; Rubber plantation mainly distributed at elevation of 600~1000 m on gentle slopes in east-facing and south-facing aspects with better hydrothermal conditions; Construction land was mainly located in the area at low altitude with flat and gentle slopes; Rotation land mainly distributed at elevation of 1000~1600 m, and had a maximum percentage in east-facing and south-facing slopes, and the slope had little restraints on the distribution of rotation land; Paddy field mainly distributed in the area with low altitude, flat and gentle slopes.[Conclusion] Forest and traditional tillage has been reclaimed for rubber plantation and tea garden, and rubber plantation continuously expands to higher and steeper areas and in north-facing aspect.As a result, the forest has been fragmented. Therefore, the expansion of rubber plantations into forest must be controlled to ensure the ecological stability of the watersheds in this region.

Abstract:[Objective] Effects of soil amendments with different addition amount on the amelioration of deicing salt damaged soil and its inflences on growth of petunia were observed to guide practical filed employment.[Methods] Three amendments, including spent Lentinula edodes substrate, Pleurotus ostreatus and gypsum were used in a soil column laboratory experiment. Soil pH value, EC, K⁺, Na⁺, Cl^-, bulk density and porosity were measured after the amendments were applied.[Results] pH values were observed significantly decreased in all amendment treatments. Shiitake mushroom(24 g/kg) had the best effect on decreasing soil EC. Pleurotus ostreatus effectively improved soil K⁺ concentration. Regarding the reducing of soil Na⁺, the amendments had a rank of Pleurotus ostreatus >Shiitake mushroom >Gypsum. Spent Lentinula edodes substrate(24 g/kg) had the best effects on decrease of soil Cl^- content, density and improvement of soil porosity. As compared with CK, the spent Lentinula edodes treatment decreased soil bulk density 57.3%, increased soil porosity by 24.6%, and the fresh weight of petunia in the treated soil increased by 244.64%.[Conclusion] Spent Lentinula edodes substrate(24 g/kg) was observed having the best effects on ameliorating of deicing salt damaged soil.

Abstract:[Objective] The correlations between characteristics of Alhagi community and soil factors in Danghe River basin were analyzed in order to provide a scientific basis for the effective management of natural Alhagi community and the restoration of degraded Alhagi community in this basin.[Methods] By means of quadrat method, the data of community characteristics and soil samples were surveyed and collected from June to October in 2012. Regression analysis was carried out.[Results] From June to October, the biomass exhibited significant seasonal variation, and the seasonal variations of Simpson's dominance index and Pielou's evenness index were almost accordant, while the Shannon-Wiener diversity index varied differently. In layers of 0-50 cm, with the increase of soil depth, soil electrical conductivity and pH value both increased firstly and then decreased; while soil bulk density increased gradually. In addition, soil water content was observed no increase at 30 cm or deeper layers.[Conclusion] Soil environmental factors showed the major influence upon the characteristics, biodiversity and biomass of Alhagi community. High soil water content could increase the biodiversity of Alhagi community, and high soil bulk density might inhibit the root proliferation of Alhagi.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to understand and prevent the soil erosion in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River correctly, and to provide scientific basis for preventing and controlling the soil and water conservation, Shangnan County of Shaanxi Province, which is in the source of the Yangtze River, was taken as an example for analyzing the spatial distribution of soil erosion.[Method] Based on the Landsat TM7 and ETM⁺ images, the information of land use in Shangnan County in 2010 was obtained. Using the revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE), the present situation of soil erosion in Shangnan County was quantitatively evaluated and studied.[Results] The main land use type in Shangnan County is forest land, accounting for 87.05% of the total area of the county, followed by cultivated land(9.43%), the residents(2.82%), water(0.64%), unused land and grassland(0.06%). Soil erosion of Shangnan County in 2010 is serious because of the slope land and low covered forest grassland, and the average erosion modulus was 4953.76 t/(km²·a). The erosion area(worse than light erosion) reached 1319.3 km², accounting for 57.03%. The total area of intensity erosion and more intensity erosion accounted for 24.10%, followed by the light erosion area, which accounted for 14.31%. The area of middle erosion and most intensity erosion accounted for 6.23% and 12.39% respectively. The area of most intensity erosion and intensity erosion is mainly distributed in the slope land of the northern, central and southeastern mountain area. Although the area ratio of most intensity erosion and intensity erosion is not very high, they has the biggest contribution to the total erosion amount of the county, up to 52.29%.[Conclusion] Inappropriate land use is the main cause of serious erosion. Therefore, the main object for the prevention in Shangnan County is the slope land of the northern, central and southeastern mountain area.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper tries to analyze the spatial division of absorbing capacity areas of livestock manure based on the nutrient demand of crops in Daxing district of Bejing City in order to provide supports for the treatment of livestock manure, the control of regional livestock feeding and spatial layout of livestock and poultry breeding.[Methods] The remote sensing technology was used to extract the spatial information of farmland, the space association index was used to analyze the spatial clustering of phosphorus nutrient demand of crops, and GIS spatial analysis technology was used to calculate and analyze the nutrient balance.[Results] In Daxing District of Bejing City, the spatial distribution of phosphorus demands of crops had significant spatial positive correlation on the whole. The most of farmlands belonged to the average level of absorbing capacity of livestock manure. The areas of high absorbing capacity of livestock manure mainly concentrated in towns of Yinghai, Xihong-men, Penggezhuang, and Weishanzhuang. The regions of low absorbing capacity of livestock manure mainly concentrated in towns of Caiyu and Beizangcun. The total of 8481 farmlands was divided into 83 regions, of which the average, maximum and minimum absorbing phosphorus nutrient of livestock manure is 1.10×10⁶ kg, 9.75×10⁵ kg and 2.38×10³ kg respectively. The maximum and minimum absorbing phosphorus nutrient of livestock manure is 13.54×10⁶ kg in Penggezhuang town and 9.54×10⁵ kg in Yizhuang town.[Conclusion] This paper provides a method to quickly divide absorbing capacity areas of livestock manure and to calculate absorbing amount of livestock manure and visual expression.

Abstract:[Objective]The spatial variabilities and spatial distribution patterns of topsoil organic matter(SOM), total nitrogen(TN), available phosphorus(P) and available potassium(K) in Zengchen District of Guangzhou City were analyzed in order to provide some hints on how to improve fertilizer use efficiency and to prevent water and soil pollution in analogous area with lateritic red soil.[Method] Geostatistic and GIS methods are used in this study.[Result] The results showed that P content is high overall in the district. The maximum coefficient of spatial variation comes with K, up to 107.78%; whereas the minimum nutrient is SOM, about 32.51%. Coefficients of variation have a rank of K >P >TN >SOM. SOM and total N have distinct spatially isotropy auto-correlations; On the contrary, available P and K behave obvious anisotropy auto-correlations. The contents of SOM and TN are higher in the southeast and northwest, but lower in the central; P content of the district increases from north to south gradually. A general increase from north to south displays for the spatial distribution of K content, but it seems to be more complicated.[Conclusion] If observed within a certain space, topsoil SOM, TN, P and K have their different spatial correlations, upon which, a suitable directional semi-variance function model need to be find out to describe their spatial variabilities better.

Abstract:[Objective] Oasis stability in Pishan County of Xinjiang Wei Autonomous Region was evaluated in terms of the balance between supply and demand of water resources under the condition of water resource constraint in order to provide scientific basis for the protection of local ecological environment and associated decision making in this region.[Methods] Data of land use types in Pishan oasis from 1998 to 2012 were elicited from Landsat TM/ETM⁺ remote sensing images and other basic geographic data based on RS technology. Combined with the hydrological and meteorological data(temperature, precipitation data), comprehensive water demand of social economy and natural ecological system in Pishan oasis were estimated. Upon these, the balance between supply and demand of water resources and oasis stability were preliminary discussed.[Results] The canal system utilization coefficient of Pishan oasis was estimated at low level, farmland irrigation quota and arable land water consumption proportion were high, also the social and economic water consumption were increasing. The water demand had increased 2.73×10⁸ m³ in recent 15 years, and there were big insufficiency on the supply of status quo. The total water deficit reached 2.74×10⁸ m³ in 2010. In 2012, it was eased, but the yearly water deficits of natural ecological environment were at an overall increasing tendency. Deficit of natural environment accounted for 59.75% of the total water deficit, and it had great imbalance between supply and demand.[Conclusion] According to the present oasis area, a big gap in supply of water resources existed, the oasis was in an unstable state.

Abstract:[Objective] Distributional changes of annual runoff in Beiniuchuan River basin were studied to provide a scientific basis for water resource planning, management and exploitation.[Methods] Based on the observed monthly streamflow in Xinmiao station from 1966 to 2010, annual distributional unevenness and concentration degree were calculated. Then Mann-Kendall test and cumulative filter method were employed to detect the trend of intra-annual runoff.[Results] (1) Generally, seasonal runoff distribution was bimodal with two peak values in August and March. The annual runoff distribution was very uneven with its maximum in August, which accounted for 37.63% of annual runoff. The minimum runoff in January only accounted for 0.65% of it.(2) The unevenness and concentration degree of runoffs in 1960s and 1970s reached the maximum, and they hit the lowest in 1980s. The maximum runoff occurred in late July to mid-August, relatively concentrated.(3) Monthly runoff had an obvious declining trend from 1966 to 2010.[Conclusion] Resulted from climatic change and human activity, the annual runoff showed an uneven distribution and the monthly runoff had a declining trend.