Abstract:[Objective] The effects of land use/land cover change on soil erosion at Gushanchuan watershed was illustrate for better understanding the dynamic of sediments in Yellow River in order to provide theoretical support for improvement of soil erosion model. [Methods] Based on the data of land use and land cover derived from Landsat TM image, and of vegetation factor derived from Chinese soil loss equation(CSLE), transition matrix of land use change was used to analyze vegetation factor variation caused by land use/cover changes. [Results] From 1975 to 1997, vegetation factor increased with the decrease of grass land, and the increase of vegetation cover and cultivated land. While from 1997 to 2012, though opposite facts happened, i.e., grass land and vegetation cover increased, whereas cultivated land decreased, these still resulted to increase of vegetation factor. [Conclusion] As the most important measures, grassland and forestland should be increased. This is of great significance for controlling soil erosion.

Abstract:[Objective] The temporal variations of soil steady-state infiltration rate under typical cultivated lands were studied and the potential factors causing those changes were explored in order to provide theoretical bases and data support for soil erosion control, soil and water conservation, and the utilization of limited water resource in the Loess Plateau. [Methods] Using two-ring infiltration experiments, the temporal variations of soil steady-state infiltration rate under typical cultivated lands were studied. [Results] The temporal variations of soil steady-state infiltration rate under typical cultivated lands fluctuated significantly over time and displayed different temporal patterns(p < 0.05). Significant differences in soil steady-state infiltration rate were found between croplands and a bare land(p < 0.05). Among the croplands, the maximum mean soil steady-state infiltration rate occured at area planted with potato, and followed by a soybean land, and a millet land. The temporal variations in soil steady-state infiltration rate were closely related to agriculture activities, dry bulk density, total porosity, and root growth. [Conclusion] The temporal variations of soil steady-state infiltration rate under typical cultivated land displayed significantly different temporal patterns during one growing season(p < 0.05), which was mainly affected by agriculture activities, dry bulk density, total porosity, and root growth.

Abstract:[Objective] A risk assessment on soil wind erosion throughout Hebei Province was conducted to provide some scientific bases for prevention of land degradation and air pollution induced by wind erosion. [Methods] Based on the GIS and remote sensing, the soil wind erosion of Hebei Province in 2009 was evaluated using the wind erosion model recommend in the first national water survey. [Results] The districts assessed at tiny erosion level accounted for 65.36% of Hebei Province, which were mainly distributed in Hebei plain, the Taihang and northern mountainous regions of Hebei Province. The districts with slight erosion were mostly distributed in Bashang plateau and the northwest basins of Hebei Province, covered 12.46% of the whole province. The moderate and strong wind erosion had the smallest area with less than 0.1% coverage throughout Hebei Province, these districts located at the sandy areas of the Northern Hebei Province. No extra-strong and severe erosion in Hebei Province were found. [Conclusion] Wind erosion in Hebei Province had obvious spatial variation, comparating with the highest erosion in the northwest part, moderate level in the southern area and lowest level in the northeast part of the province.

Abstract:[Objective] Studying the influences of different roads on spatial variance of top soils particle size distribution of Hulunbeier grassland to provide basis for soil erosion control. [Methods] Roadside top soil(1-10 cm) samples were collected at the top and bottom of road bank, the wheel rolling pit, the 0-30 m belts, and the 30-210 m belts from provincial road S203 and unsurfaced road. The soil samples were air dried and then the particle size distribution was measured by pipette method. All data were analyzed by GIS based techniques including Kriging interpolation and semivariance analysis. [Results] There was a significant spatial variance for silt and gravel in the provincial road S203; the coefficients of variation were 95.96% and 80.05%, respectively. Near the road bank, the soils' contents of silt and clay were smaller than other sampling sites, but gravel contents were lager than others. The larger of distance between sampling sites and road, the greater of contents of silt and clay. The soil contents of clay and silt near the wheel rolling pits were lager than other sampling sites for the unsurfaced road. The influences of roads on the contents of silt and gravel in roadside top soil were between strongly to moderately. [Conclusion] Affected by human activities, the particle size distribution patterns of top soils in studying area were reformed, and the contents of clay showed a zonal distribution patterns along the roadsides.

Abstract:[Objectives] The relation between community coverage of Leymus chinensis and yields of runoff and sediment were explored to provide references for the control of soil and water loss in those grassland which is dominated by Leymus chinensis. [Methods] Experiments using artificial rainfall and wind tunnel were conducted to study the yield of runoff and sediment and the resistance to wind erosion of five cover scales of Leymus chinensis grassland. [Results] At certain slope degree, the runoff-yielding time was delayed when the cover scale gradually increased. The accumulated decreasing rate of runoff yield loss was less than the corresponding one of sediment yield loss. When Leymus chinensis community coverage increased from 20% to 100%, the wind erosion amount decreased by 96.78%; When Leymus chinensis community coverage increased from 60% to 80%, the relative decreasing amount of wind erosion loss was the largest in comparison with the ones of other adjacent communities. The wind erosion amount collected by the sand sampler in 0~23 cm height account for more than 70% of the total amount of wind erosion. [Conclusion] The runoff and sediment yields of Leymus chinensis land were correlated closely with cover. I.e., with the increase of cover, the accumulated runoff and sediment yield showed a trend of declining. It showed a negative correlation between the amount of wind erosion and Leymus chinensis cover scale and a positive correlation between the amount of wind erosion and wind speed.

Abstract:[Objective] The formation mechanism of rainstorm-induced debris flow in Yushu Plateau of Qinghai Province is researched. Which was expected to provide a basis for the prevention and control of debris flow disaster and reduction of the risk mitigation. [Methods] Through field survey, Lalong debris flow of Chengduo County in Yushu state was selected as an example, and the stimulus factors and mechanism were analyzed. [Results] The main channel length of the debris flow is about 3 km, the catchment area is 5.25 km², the longitudinal gradient is 212‰, and the height difference is about 600 m. The volume of the landslide of the source area is about 6.50×10⁴ m³, the volume of the debris flow is about 8.5×10⁴ m³; and the volume of the material in the channel is 2.0×10⁴ m³. [Conclusion] The process of rainstorm-induced debris flow in the study area can be divided into 4 stages: landslide-source formation, particle material starting up, gully erosion and debris flow initiation.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper aimed to confirm whether wind characteristics had relations with wind erosion, and its accumulation in the perspective of soil and water conservation in Xiaobazi Town, Fengning County of Northern Hebei Province. [Methods] Several automatic weather stations were set up for meteorological observation, the surface wind erosion and accumulation amount was monitored by the needle pin method. The data was analyzed by software such as Microsoft Office, Windninjia and ArcGIS. [Results] The wind characteristics were both affected by local climate and terrain, with obvious daily variation and seasonal change, and prevailed by northwest and southeast winds. Due to the influences of the temperature and air pressure, seasonal change of wind speed was significant. Wind erosion amount from northwest to southeast gradually diminished, dunes moved slowly to the southeast in research area. [Conclusion] Erosion had direct relation with wind field intensity, the erosion intensity distribution was consistent with the vector distribution of wind field.

Abstract:[Objective] Soil anti-erodibility under different landuse types in the Dabie mountainous area of Western Anhui Province was researched to provide basis for soil erosion control. [Methods] Soil anti-sourability and disintegration rate under different landuse types were tested and analyzed. [Results] Soil anti-sourability and disintegration rate increased with the drop of slope position, indicating a decrease in soil anti-erodibility. Landuse types, in terms of soil anti-sourability and disintegration rate, ranked in a descendant order as Pinus massonian woodland, tea plantation, and wasteland. The values of soil disintegration rate of different landuses were listed as follows: Pinus massonian woodland, -0.16,-0.11 and 0.03 g/min; tea plantation, 0.20,0.24 and 0.52 g/min; wasteland, 0.12,0.60 and 0.82 g/min. [Conclusion] For all the three landuse types, the relation between the anti-sourability and the disintegration rate presented obvious positive linearity. Soil disintergration rate for wasteland varied fast as soil anti-sourability changed and slope gradient of the linear equation was 0.246. There does not exist obvious difference between the linear equation slope gradient of tea plantation and that of Pinus massonian woodland.

Abstract:[Objective] Studying the deformation rule and failure mechanism of Huangnibadengkan slope in order to achieve accurate prediction of landslide and provide reference for similar type of landslides research. [Methods] Through the analysis of its macroscopic deformation characteristics and based on professional monitoring data, the deformation rule and failure mechanism of this slope was studied. Meanwhile, slide mechanism mainly caused by water level falling is analyzed using the numerical calculation. [Results] Serious deformation happened in slide mass Ⅰ of Huangnibadengkan slope, which experienced accelerating deformation for three times, occurred in April to June in 2007, 2009 and 2012, respectively. The effects that reservoir water drawdown makes on this landslide are considered as two aspects: unloading on slope surface and internal hydrodynamic pressure. That means, on one hand, the horizontally slope-inward hydrostatic pressure disappears, as a result, the resistance force will decrease; on another hand, the underground water level drops triggered by reservoir water drawdown, will result in outward deformation of the landslide pushed byhydrodynamic pressure. [Conclusion] The Huangnibadengkan landslide is in an unstable state at present, and falling of reservoir water level and continuous heavy rain are proved to be the main factors that lead to the deformation of this landslide.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to investigate the change of soil quality and provide scientific basis for ecosystem health assessment, the community structure and seasonal change of soil fauna were studied in farmland-transformed tea plantation. [Methods] A farmland-transformed tea plantation in Mingshan, which is located in the hilly region of Western Sichuan Province, was chosen as research plot. In which, soil macrofauna were picked up by hand; mesofauna and microfauna were separated and collected from the soil samples by Baermann and Tullgren methods. [Results] Acarina(A), Nematoda and Collembola(C) were the dominant groups in the farmland-transformed tea plantation. The density, number of group, Shannon-Wiener index, index of density-group number and community complexity of soil fauna were all lower than the corresponding values observed in farmland. However, A/C value of soil fauna community of tea plantation was significantly higher that of farmland. The maximum values of group number, individual number and index of density-group number appeared in Autumn. These indices showed an unimodal curves and the variance among seasons were greater than that between farmland and plantation. The group number, individual number and density-group number of tea plantation decreased due to disastrous frozen snow in 2008 and increased in 2009. However, little influence was observed for the farmland-transformed forestry. [Conclusion] Soil animal community in farmland-transformed tea plantation is interfered by season transition, cold weather's attack, and other disturbances as well. And also, the feedback ability to negative stimulus of ecological environment is relatively poor. In comparison with farmland-transformed forestry, the ecological system of farmland-transformed tea plantation may undergo great potential risk.

Abstract:[Objective] Studying the ecological ditch interception for reducing nitrogen and phosphorus in water source area of Hanjiang River in order to provide reference and basis for agricultural non-point source pollution control. [Methods] Ditch water of different sections was monitored at different times of rain events to study the intercept effectiveness of nitrogen and phosphorus. [Results] Nitrogen concentration was more greatly influenced by extraneous water from the ditch side than that of phosphorus at the same section. The variance coefficients of TN and NO₃-N concentrations were 19.81%~42.81%, 9.57%~16.73% and 32.14%~42.81% at the upstream, middle and lower section, respectively. The variance coefficients of NH₄⁺-N and TP were 33.33%~88.46% at four sections. Aquatic plant interception decreased the nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations by 9.52%~31.11%. [Conclusion] Ecological ditch can intercept nitrogen obviously. Meanwhile, some sand interception projects should be arranged appropriately for controlling phosphorus loss.

Abstract:[Objective] The spatial heterogeneity of wind-eroded surface particles in Xilamuren desert steppe area was studied to estimate the surface-erosion-caused degradation in order to guide the protection and utilization of grassland resources in this area. [Methods] Digital image processing technique was used to obtain the composition information of soil particles in a desert steppe slope. The spatial heterogeneity of three particles as highly erodible particles(< 0.42 mm), semi-erodible particles(0.42~0.84 mm), and non-erodible particles(> 0.84 mm) was analyzed with classical statistical and geostatistical methods. [Results] The results showed the percentage rank of the three kinds of soil particle was non-erodible particles > semi-erodible particles > highly erodible particles. The coefficients of the variation ranged from 11.23% to 38.17%, indicating that soil particles had a moderate degree of variability. The optimal semivariance models were exponential, spherical and spherical models respectively. The results of Kriging demonstrated that the most soil particle on the top of slope was coarse, and displayed an decreasing tread from the top to the bottom in the slope profile. The most severity of soil coarsening was found at the south and southwest of the slope, the rank of coarse degree was as follows: South > Southwest > Northwest > West > Southeast > North > Northeast > East. The results can provide reference to grassland desertification control in the future. [Objictive] Geostatistical analysis displayed strong spatial correlation, indicating that the spatial variability of soil particles was mainly caused by structural factors. Human activities also has its effect on it.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper studied spatial-temporal characteristics and the influence factors of carbon capture by crops in Shaanxi Province during the recent twenty years in order to provide a reference for the research of regional ecosystem carbon cycling. [Methods] Based on the data of yield and planted acreage of major crops, and other else, coefficient method and gray correlation model were used to estimate and analyze the spatial-temporal characteristics. [Results] (1) The amount of carbon capture by major crops showed a fluctuated trend from 1991 to 2012 in Shaanxi Province. The amount of carbon capture by food crops was bigger than that of carbon capture by economic crops. Annual fluctuation of carbon capture by food crops was also more stable than that of carbon capture by economic crops. (2) There were obvious spatial differences in the amount of carbon capture by main crops and its change in Shaanxi Province. They were summarized as follows: Guanzhong region > South region of Shaanxi Province > the Loess Plateau in North Shaanxi Province > sand drift region in North Shaanxi Province. The amount of carbon capture by crops in three regions increased, except the south region of Shaanxi Province. The gravity center of carbon captured by major crops in Shaanxi Province mainly located in the districts of Xi'an and Xianyang area, showing a change trend from southwest to northeast. (3) Crops' effective irrigation area, harvest guaranteed coverage despite of drought and waterlogging, and planting area were the major factors on carbon capture by crops. The correlations between various factors and carbon capture by major crops were found spatially different. [Conclusion] Crops play an important role in carbon fixation in growing process, but its growth rate of carbon capture by major crops in Shaanxi Province is less than that of carbon capture by major crops in most parts of China. Improving effective irrigation rate and artificial input can help to increase the amount of carbon capture by main crops, and to alleviate the pressure of regional carbon emissions.

Abstract:[Objective] The differences of soil microbial biomass carbon(MBC) and microbial biomass nitrogen(MBN) in Carya cathayensis stands with different management intensification were explored to provide scientific basis for soil management.[Methods] Soil MBC and MBN collected from four intensive-managed forests(IMF) (5, 10, 15 and 20 years, respectively) were assayed and compared with the corresponding values of natural broadleaf forest(0 year).[Results] Soil MBC and MBN, MBC/MBN and MBC/SOC decreased significantly at the first 10 years after conversion from evergreen and deciduous broadleaf forest(EDBE) to intensive-managed forest(IMF), and then increased slowly. In comparison with the corresponding value of EDBF(0 year), MBC, MBN and MBC/SOC in 0-10 cm soil layer of chinese hickory forest with 10-year intensive management decreased by 52.1%,32.0% and 31.0%, respectively. These indices were also lower than those corresponding values of stands with other intensive management years. Soil MBC/MBN with 10-year intensive management was lower than the values of stand before 10-years; Soil MBN/TN remained stable under different years. [Conclusion] Soil MBC and MBN of Carya cathayensis stands decreased remarkably after intensive-management was conducted.

Abstract:[Objective] Water consumption of Artemisia ordosica through transpiration was measured and its responses to environmental factors were researched to provide some hints for construction of sand-fixing vegetations. [Methods] The dynamic transpiration of Artemisia ordosica was continuously measured using a large-scale weighing lysimeter, and the soil moisture content and related meteorological factors were synchronously monitored. [Results] Mean daily transpiration intensity of Artemisia ordosica performed a bimodal curve in sunny days; while in rainy days, the mean daily transpiration intensity performed unimodal curve. Water consumption of Artemisia ordosica was 101.66 mm during the study period, averaged 0.83 mm/d per day. Soil evaporation in the lysimeter was 106.05 mm, about 0.87 mm/d. The evapotranspiration accounted for 82.98% of rainfall in the study period. Transpiration intensity of Artemisia ordosica were significantly correlated with environmental factors of relative air humidity(p < 0.01), atmospheric temperature(p < 0.01), net radiation(p < 0.01), soil water content at 20 cm depth(p < 0.05) in a decreased rank. [Conclusion] Daily transpiration of Artemisia ordosica varied distinctly, and the transpiration rate was affected by soil moisture condition, meteorological factors and its own physical characteristics.

Abstract:[Objective] Infiltration characteristics and its influence factors of soils under different vegetation types at Bitahai Lake basin in plateau wetland of Northwest Yunnan Province were researched to provide some scientific references for the comprehensive management and wetland protection in the basin. [Methods] The double rings method was used to measure the infiltration process of soils under 5 vegetation types. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis methods were used to process the data. [Results] (1) Infiltration capabilities of the five vegetational soils were found different obviously. Soil in coniferous forest had the best infiltration performance, the next was the soil in broad-leaves forest and the soil in the dry land was the lowest. (2) 3 different formulas were used to fit the infiltration rate against time, among of them, goodness of Kostiakov formula was the best. Initial infiltration rate and overall infiltration rate coincided on the ranks of the 5 soils. That was: coniferous forest > shrub > broadleaf forest > meadow > upland. (3) Indices of organic matter, bulk density, porosity, > 5 mm aggregates, sand clay ratio, were significantly correlated with soil infiltration. Organic matter, bulk density, > 5 mm water stable aggregates were 3 of the most important influencing factors on infiltration capacity of Bita Lake Basin. [Conclusion] Woodland performed better in the conservation of soil and water than other vegetational types. Thereby, afforestation silviculture suitable for dry land should be stressed.

Abstract:[Objective] The moisture content was researched and the sources, forms and balance of soil moisture and other issues at dry season in Shapotou area of Tengger desert were discussed to provide scientific bases for reasonable water use, desertification control, sand amelioration and the increase of agricultural production. [Methods] Hole sampling was used by light drill, and the sand moisture was determined after that. [Results] The average moisture contents of sand layers were 1% to 3% at dry season in Shapotou area of Tengger desert, and generally could be divided into three differentiable layers. The spatial variation of moisture content of sand layers was very great. The low-lying land had the highest moisture content; while the flat plateau and the middle parts of semi-fixed dunes had relatively lower moisture content; and the upper or middle part of sand dunes had the lowest moisture content. The moisture at dry season in this area might exist in the form of film water. Benefited from rapid infiltration and insignificant influence of deep sand layers by evaporation, wherein a positive balance still existed. Affected by root absorption, the moisture contents of vegetational sand at middle and deep layers were lower than those of the area with no vegetation grew. [Conclusion] In Shapotou area, the moisture contents of sand layers were low and the spatial variation was significant, and they were balanced positively at dry season.

Abstract:[Objective] To obtain the mechanisms of vegetation coverage variations and its response to the regional air temperature in Niubeiliang Natural Reserve so as to provide the references for eco-construction and management for this region. [Methods] Based on the air temperature data from 1975 to 2013 and NDVI data during 2000-2013 of Qinling Mountains, GIS spatial analysis techniques, relevant test and regression analysis method was utilized. [Results] (1) During the last 40 years, the air temperature increasing rate was 0.30℃/10 a, the warming trend was abrupt in 1999. (2) Vegetation in this region had an insignificant reducing trend from 2000 to 2013, but had relative big seasonal and regional variations. (3) When observed at annual scale, NDVI mainly correlated positively with air temperature; at seasonal scale, spring NDVI showed a significant positive correlation with air temperature; NDVI of summer and air temperature showed an insignificant positive correlation; correlation between NDVI of autumn and the temperature was negative. At monthly scale, vegetation had different responses to NDVI. [Conclusion] NDVI was closely related to the air temperature, and was mostly sensitive to the temperature variation in May. Vegetation at middle and high altitude areas was more sensitive to temperature variation than the one at low altitude.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper analyzed the characteristics of vegetation change and its correlation with meteorological factors in Sichuan Province in order to provide a theoretical basis for sustainable development of the region. [Methods] MODIS NDVI data was adopted to extend GIMMS NDVI vegetation types-based data using linear regression method. Then, the characteristics of vegetation change and its correlation with meteorological factors were studied by using coefficient of variation, trend analysis and partial correlation analysis. [Results] (1) According to NDVI, most areal vegetation of Sichuan Province were substantially unchanged and decreased. Decreased regions were mainly located in the medium altitude mountain of the northeast areas, the mountain areas around Sichuan Basin and the plateau wetlands. The increased area was small, mainly located in the north central of Sichuan Basin and the west of Western Sichuan plateau. (2) The influence of temperature and precipitation changes on vegetation was different. In the southwestern and the northwestern of Ganzi area, as well as the southwestern of Sichuan Basin, where were mainly covered with shrubs and alpine vegetation, these vegetations was more influenced by the temperature. In the northeast of Sichuan Province and the central of Sichuan Basin, where the vegetation were dominated by coniferous forest and rice cultivation, were more sensitive to precipitation. [Conclusion] The change of annual maximum NDVI displayed obvious successive characteristics over the past 32 years, an overall downward trend was observed. The correlations of NDVI with precipitation and temperature displayed significant linear correlation, and the effects of temperature and precipitation on vegetation change had obvious regional differences.

Abstract:[Objective] To evaluate and predict the natural regeneration potential of Reaumuria soongorica shrub vegetation in the hilly-gullied loess plateau region, we investigated the soil seed bank and its associated vegetation in the upper, middle and the lower slope site. [Methods] Seed germination method and field vegetation survey were both used. Ten plots(2 m×2 m) at each site were established for vegetation investigation and seed bank sampling at layers of 0-2 cm and 2-5 cm. [Results] A total of 4 251 seedlings belonging to 9 species of the soil seed banks were recorded. The soil seed bank density was 100~1 000 seed/m² and the number of species was 0.8~1.2 species/0.01 m². Both the mean seed density(seed/m²) and the mean number of species(species/0.01 m²) were found to be higher in the lower slope site than that in the upper slope site. The mean values of the seed density and the species number for soil seed bank at 0-2 cm soil layer were significant higher than that of 2-5 cm soil layer for all three slope sites. Most of the species found in the soil seed banks and in aboveground vegetations at the three slope sites were herb and Reaumuria soongorica shrub vegetation. The mean density and the mean number of species in the soil seed banks were not correlated with the ones of vegetation. Soil seed bank was found had high similarity(Sorensen's index > 0.60) to its associated vegetation in species composition. And the species richness of soil seed banks was higher than that of aboveground vegetations. [Conclusion] Natural regeneration potential of Reaumuria soongorica shrub vegetation by germination of soil seed banks in the hilly-gullied loess plateau region was low. Once the present vegetation is destroyed, the natural restoration of vegetations is hardly possible. Therefore, artificial restoration strategy in combination with natural regeneration should be applied to promote vegetation recovery.

Abstract:[Objective] The growth and nutritional quality of tomato in vegetable waste cultivation matrix were tested to provide a scientific basis for the application of vegetable waste-fermented products. [Methods] Vegetable waste was composted outdoor, and after that a series of cultivation matrices based on the fermented products was used to cultivate tomato in a greenhouse. [Results] In all treatments of vegetable waste-fermented organic matrices, the height, crown size, main stem diameter, fruit quantity and yield of tomato were all observed increased. Especially, it was obvious for the C treatment, which was made from vegetable waste, corn stover, cow dung and fermentation agents with a ratio of 100:4:2:0.25. Cultivated with that matrix, the tomato yield increased 97%, and in which, indices of nutritional quality as dry matter, organic acid, soluble sugar, vitamin C and soluble solid content increased 41.9%, 139.6%, 36.8%, 18.7% and 57.1% in comparison with the ones of the control. In all treatments, nitrite content, heavy metals and other harmful residues were less than the level of corresponding national standard. [Conclusion] Vegetable waste fermentation processed substrate can promote the growth of tomato and has its benefits to the fruit quality.

Abstract:[Objective] The effects of different fertilization patterns on vegetable yield, loss of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and nutrition accumulation in farmlands of Taihu Lake basin were researched to provide scientific evidences for the prevention and control of agricultural non-point source pollution in Taihu Lake basin. [Methods] A field experiment was conducted in runoff pools constructed on typical vegetable land with six fertilization treatments in the Taihu Lake basin. [Results] Discharges of nitrogen and phosphorus in treatment of optimal fertilization were reduced in comparison with the one of chemical fertilization. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in all fertilization patterns were measured accumulated in vegetables as compared with the one of no fertilization. [Conclusion] Optimal fertilizer can increase vegetable yield and utilization ratio of nitrogen fertilizer by 31% and 27%, respectively.

Abstract:[Objective] A pilot study using extremely shallow subsurface flow of constructed wetlands for treating wastewater and amelioration of aeolian sandy soil was simultaneously carried out, in order to give scientific bases for the design, construction and operation of related works.[Methods] Raw water was drawn from a primary sedimentation in a municipal wastewater treatment plant. The aeolian sandy soil taken from the Mu Us Desert was used as the substrate of constructed wetlands in which Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne and Cynodon dactylon were cultivated respectively. The removal efficiency of pollutants by wetland subsurface flow and the enrichment of flow-carried nutrients in the cultivation soil were studied. [Results] After 15 months' operation, the minimum removal rates of COD, TN and TP of all wetlands were 68.75%, 70.09% and 62.74%, respectively. Organic matter and TN content in substrate of wetlands increased significantly(p < 0.05) as compared with the corresponding values of the raw soil. TP content in substrate also got increased but was not pronounced(p > 0.05). Organic matter, TN and TP content increased 10.64 to 18.77, 8.74 to 13.98, and 0.34 to 0.55 times against the indices of raw soil, respectively. [Conclusion] It is feasible for using the extremely shallow subsurface flow of constructed wetland to simultaneously treat wastewater and amelioration of aeolian sandy soil, it can not only effectively purify wastewater but also can rapidly improve the fertility of aeolian sandy soil.

Abstract:[Objective] Studying the dynamic change of desertification in Dunhuang City in order to provide a support for desertification prevention and cultural relics protection. [Methods] Based on the remote sensing data and geographic information system, the TM and ETM images were determined by field investigation and man-machine interactive interpretation. Aerial land desertification information of Dunhuang City from 2004 to 2009 were extracted. [Results] There were 1.97×10⁶ hm² desertification land in the whole city, covered 73.8% of the total land area. The total desertification land was reduced about 9 102.59 hm² during the study period, the annual decrease ratio is -0.001%.Very severe desertification lands reversed to severe, moderate and light desertification land. The desertification was alleviated largely. [Conclusion] Vegetation coverage is improved in the study area, which made the desertification slowed down and reversed, but desertification had not been fundamentally changed, desertification prevention will still be a long-term task for Dunhuang City.

Abstract:[Objective] To explore the effects of rice and rapeseed straw returning on the adsorption and desorption characteristics of Cd(Ⅱ) in straw returned soils, such as Shenqiao red soil(SQ), Chaoshan contaminated red soil(CS), and Xinqiao paddy soi1(XQ), the effects of straw kind and straw amount was studied. [Methods] With incubation method, a series of experiments of isothermal adsorption were conducted to compare the impact of straw returning on Cd adsorption and desorption to the three kinds of soils. [Results] (1) The straw returning induced a remarkable increase in the soil absorption of Cd(Ⅱ), and there were significant differences among different treatments in three kinds soil(p < 0.05). Especially for XQ, returned straw promoted the Cd(Ⅱ) adsorption capacity obviously than that of the red soil. As compared with those of the control, the Cd(Ⅱ) adsorption capacity of total rapeseed straw returning treatment(RP1) and of half rapeseed straw returning treatment increased by 9.30% and 10.47%, respectively. Equations of Freundlich and Langmuir and Temkin all can be used to fit the adsorption isotherms for Cd(Ⅱ) in SQ and CS, but Langmuir equation performed better with a correlation coefficient higher than 0.990 9. While for XQ, the Temkin equation could be better applied to describe the adsorption of irregular surface. (2) In addition, the Cd(Ⅱ) desorption amount and desorption rate in all treatments increased with the Cd(Ⅱ) adsorption increasing. Straw returning reduced the amount of soil Cd(Ⅱ) desorption, in particular, minimum Cd(Ⅱ) desorption of three soils were all found in total rape straw returning treatment. [Conclusion] The impact of straw returning on adsorption-desorption characteristics of Cd(Ⅱ) showed significant differences among different soils, rapeseed straw returning treatments can enhance the specific adsorption of Cd(Ⅱ) and effectively reduce the ecological risk of cadmium.

Abstract:[Objective] The effect of mixing two plant fiber into vegetation-compatible concrete on its shearing strength under the condition of freezing and thawing was studied, aimed to provide a scientific basis for the application of vegetation-compatible concrete based ecological protection technology in the alpine region. [Methods] According to slow freezing method in relevant test standards(GB/T50082-2009), 2 factors and 3 levels of comprehensive cross test was conducted. [Results] For the fiber unincorporated vegetation-compatible concrete, the frozen-thawed cohesion value of vegetation-compatible concrete was reduced remarkably as compared with that without freeze-thaw cycle, whereas no obvious change of internal friction angle value was observed. After 5 frozen-thawed cycles, the fiber addition made the internal friction angle value of vegetation-compatible concrete increased by an average of about 5°. The internal friction angle variation was not significant with the increase of fiber addition. However, cohesion firstly increased and then decreased with increasing fiber content, which implied that the contribution of fiber reinforcement to cohesion has a critical content. Palm fiber was proved more effective on cohesion than hemp fiber did as their content varied. [Conclusion] Fiber can improve the ability of vegetation-compatible concrete to against freezing and thawing. The reasonable proportion of palm and hemp fiber was 0.6% and 0.6%.Fiber added vegetation-compatible concrete with the above testified materials and proportion is applicable and has the market prospection.

Abstract:[Objective] The influencing factors of landslide were explored in red rock area of East Sichuan Province in order to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of landslide in this area. [Methods] A comprehensive survey related with landslide was carried out in red rock area of East Sichuan Province, influential factors of landslide and their coupling intensities were analyzed using the third theory of quantification.[Results] The first contributing factor of landslide in red rock area of East Sichuan Province are strata dip, landslide height and the free surface height. The second contributing factors are land use situation and rock composition relationships. The third factors are outside forces and human engineering activities and rock era. The main control factors include annual rainfall, Jurassic era rock, less than 50 m landslide height, rock inclination between 5°~15°, thick sandstone or mudstone with thin mudstone or sandstone, free surface height between 5~15 m, dryland land use and river erosion and human activity. [Conclusion] In different landslide samples, though the coupling strengths of different factors were different, they were verified in comparison with field investigations. Therefore, the validity of the method is proved.

Abstract:[Objective] The relationship between soil moisture content and the apparent thermal inertia was examined based on the data collected from Wushen Banner of Inner Mongolia, to improve the monitoring accuracy of soil moisture content and to make the results more convincing and reliable. [Methods] Multi-band MODIS remote sensing data and ATI(apparent thermal inertia) method were used. A point-repeated ground sampling scheme was adopted to diminish the poor representativeness of single sampling method in a point. [Results] It was indicated that the correlation coefficient in the present design was significantly higher than that of single sampling method. For the relationships observed in the soil layers of 0-10 cm, 0-20 cm and 0-30 cm, the coefficients were all high, with values of 0.587, 0.658 and 0.650, respectively. The above regression models had different goodness with their averaged relative errors in predicting the measured water content. The averaged relative errors were 21.53%, 26.67% and 22.83%, respectively. [Conclusion] Under point-repeated sampling scheme, the ATI-based monitoring results of water content in Uushen Banner were more reliable.

Abstract:[Objective] The aims of this paper was to evaluate the benefits of urban land use accurately and to grasp their changing rules under the rapid economic development so as to judging whether they affected the cities' sustainable development. [Methods] The benefits evaluation system of urban land use in Yantai City was established from three respects, which were regional economic benefit, social benefit and ecological benefit. Then the weight method of mean squared deviation was used in the evaluation model.[Results] The benefits of urban land use in Yantai City had been improved during 2001-2010, which indicated that the land use intensity had been enhanced and the land use patterns had been gradually transformed from scale expansion to connotation potential. But comprehensive benefit in Yantai City, especially economic benefit and social benefit, was still much lower than that in other coastal open cities. [Conclusion] The weight method of mean squared deviation is an ideal method in the evaluation of urban land use benefits, and there is still a long way for Yantai City to improve its social and economic benefits in urban land use.

Abstract:[Objective] The occurrence and development of landslide and collapse in Yanhe River were taken as an example, the spatial distribution and triggering factors of geological disasters were analyzed in order to provide a basis for disaster prevention and mitigation. [Methods] According to the detailed geological disaster investigation, GIS geological hazards database was constructed, including geographic data, basic geological data, geological disaster points' data and raster data. Triggering factors, such as slope gradient, slope height, slope type, and valley development, etc., were statistically analyzed. Slope ratio, slope type, vegetation, river valley landforms, stratigraphy, rainfall, residential position, road distance were selected to elucidate the spatial distribution of geological disasters with susceptibility zoning by weighted information method. [Results] Analysis of triggering factors of landslide and collapse showed that landslide were found more frequent in the case with 50 to 100 m slope height and 30° to 45° grade. The density of disaster points in elderly valley is 2 times of the mature stage and 3 times of the juvenile stage. Convex and linear shape slopes are more prone to landslides and collapses; the stability of staircase or umbilicate slope are significantly increased. The acreage of high-prone area is 1 664.96 km². The density of disaster points is 0.29 point/km². The middle prone area is 3 102.02 km². with disaster density of 0.10 point/km². And the low-prone area is 3 888.99 km², with disaster density as 0.04 point/km². [Conclusion] Geological disasters, if investigated in a river basin, its triggering factors and the spatial distribution will be more easily recognized. And disaster prevention and mitigation are more applicable taking a river basin as unit.

Abstract:[Objective] Studying the effect of CO₂ leakage during geological storage on non-metallic surface water in order to provide a theoretical basis for the related research. [Methods] By changing the leakage time, leakage rate, and the temperature of carbon dioxide, we studied the impacts on pH value, DO, HCO₃^- and COD of surface water. [Results] The leakage of CO₂ affected pH and DO value greatly, whereas its effects on HCO₃^- and COD were relatively small. Increasing of leakage rate could accelerate the reaction rate of pH, DO and HCO₃^-, thereby pH and DO declined faster, and HCO₃^- increased more quickly. However, temperature rising had the greatest impact on COD content. [Conclusion] It suggests that pH, DO and HCO₃^-, as their sensitive reaction to CO₂, could be used as the surface water monitoring indicators for CO₂ geological storage.

Abstract:[Objective] The key factors affecting field artificial cultivation of moss dominated crust and their optimal combination were experimented to provide theoretical support for the desertification control in the Mu Us Sandland. [Methods] Based on an orthogonal experimental design with sunshade, film mulching, nutrient solution and watering frequency as controlling factors, plant density and moss biomass of dominated crusts were measured. [Results] (1) except of the Knop nutrient solution, sunshade, film mulching and watering frequency had significant effects on plant density and biomass. (2) Sunshade, watering frequency, film mulching, Knop nutrient solution had varied affecting order on different indicators. In terms of plant density, the best culturing conditions was: sunshade+without film mulching+nutrient solution+high frequency watering. In terms of biomass, the best culturing conditions was sunshade+film mulching+nutrient solution+high frequency watering. [Conclusion] (1) Sunshade, film mulching, watering frequency had significant impacts on the process of artificial cultivation of moss dominated crust. (2) Field artificial cultivation of moss dominated crust in arid and semi-arid regions is feasible on the premise of providing suitable growing conditions.

Abstract:[Objective] The characteristics of land use structure in the middle route of the south to north water transfer project was demonstrated to provide the basis for the regional land planning. [Methods] Data was collected by surveying of land use status of water source area and eliciting from image. The entropy, equilibrium degree and dominance degree were measured. The conversional quantity relationship was calculated by Markoff transfer matrix. [Results] Land type conversion mainly occurred among farmland, woodland and grassland. Land use structure of water source area was relatively stable before 2010. However, it had become unstable after 2010 because Danjiangkou reservoir began work from then on. [Conclusion] The land area of various types of water source area was constantly changing. Land structure was comparatively stable in 2008-2010, land structure and stability fluctuated in 2010-2013.

Abstract:[Objective] Hyperspectral estimation of canopy chlorophyll content was expected to provide a clue for obtaining growth information rapidly, diagnosing growth situation and precision management of crops. [Methods] Based on the measurement of canopy spectral characteristics and chlorophyll content of summer corn in heading stage in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi Province, a model with regard to the canopy chlorophyll content estimation was established by relating the original spectrum and the first derivative spectral reflectance of sensitive band. [Results] For the reflection spectral of corn in the heading stage, the spectral curve showed downward trend with the increase of chlorophyll content in the visible and infrared band; influence of chlorophyll content on spectral curve in the red edge band was not obvious, and the spectral curve showed upward trend with the increase of chlorophyll content in the near infrared band. Fitting precision of the estimation model with the sensitive band of the first derivative spectral reflectance were superior to the original spectral reflectance. The coefficients of determination R² of the model based on the first derivative spectral and the original spectral reflectance were 0.81 and 0.60, the root mean square errors(RMSE) were 2.39 and 4.41 respectively. [Conclusion] The sensitive bands of first derivative spectral reflectance was an important indexes for canopy chlorophyll content estimation of summer corn in heading stage. The models have positive significance to guide the plantation and the production for summer corn in the northwest of China.

Abstract:[Objective] The effects of membrane degradation residuals on community structure and diversity of soil microorganisms were investigated. These results were expected to provide theoretical references for polyethylene film engineering selection with respect to its molecular weight and degradation model. The selection is inferred that an environmental-friendly kind of polyethylene have the minimum negative effects on soil environment. [Methods] Orthogonal experiment L₉(3⁴) and the PCR-DGGE measurement were adopted to analyze the community structure of microorganisms in soil treatments which were mixed with plastic powder in three years. [Results] The results showed that soil properties were the main factors which influence the variations of community structure and diversity of soil microorganisms. The polyethylene with number-averaged molecular weight of 2 000 and linear low density polyethylene(LLDPE) in the soil which treated with large membrane degradation residuals has a more obvious influence on the community structure of microorganisms than the influences that other matched group been observed. The community diversity of microorganisms in the soils which were mixed with low molecular weight polyethylene and large molecular weight polyethylene with large membrane degradation residuals became more abundant. The complexity coefficients of soil microorganisms in different test treatment increased with 18.7% and 2.6%, respectively. [Conclusion] Differences of community structure and diversity of soil microorganisms among the treatment were visible, and the number of soil microbial in all treatments showed an increasing trend when compared with the number of the corresponding control group.

Abstract:[Objective] Construction dust is one of the sources of urban air pollution, which discharges at low height and always concentrates in dense population area. [Methods] High polymer materials of SH dust-depressor was chosen as media, and factors of construction dust source(also construction soils), application amount, slope gradient, slope shape, solidified time and density were considered. The controlling effect and applicability were evaluated by PM₁₀ and PM_2.5. [Results] SH dust-depressor plays a role of connection between soil particles and then restrains effectively soil shrinkage crack. The soil surface maintains integrity after solidified with SH dust-depressor. SH dust-depressor has good dust controlling effect on construction dust source(such as silt, fly ash, clay and gravel soil). There had not been any outputs of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 during nine-level wind erosion. SH dust-depressor has good applicability to soils in construction site. The permeation and solidification of SH was never affected by soil slope, density and surface roughness. In view of dust control and economic application, the appropriate sprayed amount should be set at 1.2 kg/m² and the solidification duration should be 3 d. [Conclusion] SH solidified measure can form protective film against wind erosion and then control dust from the source.

Abstract:[Objective] Studying the distributed model of actual evapotranspiration in nationwide secondary river basins in order to provide the reliable basis for estimating basin actual evapotranspiration. [Methods] Based on the climatic and hydrological data during 1956 and 1979, the water balance method and the evapotranspiration complementary theory were used to propose the general model for improving the actual evapotranspiration of the river basin. [Results] (1) According to the actual evapotranspiration of many years, the spatial distribution had obvious zonal characteristics. (2) The trend line between the actual evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration had nearly overlapped over the humid areas and sub-humid areas basin. The distance between the trend lines of arid and semi-arid basins was relative large, but it still show a tendency to be closed. (3) The error simulated by hydrological and meteorological data of 77 secondary river basins was small than 10%. [Conclusion] Under different climatic conditions, the complementary link between actual and potential evapotranspiration clearly exists. The improved general model could be used to improve the estimating accuracy of actual evapotranspiration in the basin.

Abstract:[Objective] Studying the optimal probability distribution model of extreme precipitation in order to provide basis for the standard modification of flood calculation method. [Methods] Based on the daily precipitation data from 110 meteorological stations during 1959-2008 in the Huaihe River basin, annual maximum series(AM) and peak over threshold series(POT) were established to compare the applicability of them. The optimal probability distribution models of extreme precipitation for AM and POT were established and the applications were discussed. [Results] In the study of spatial distribution of extreme precipitation, POT was proved to be more reasonable than AM. In dealing with temporal sequence, AM was more reasonable. Checked by K-S method, Wakeby was the optimal function for the two kinds of series. The estimation accuracy of Wakeby was higher than the performance of Pearson Ⅲ, which is regarded as the standard frequency curve in the water conservancy project; especially, the middle part of Wakeby fitted better than its tail did. [Conclusion] The probability distribution model can get a better application in the climate change. The extreme precipitation showed an increasing trend during 1984-2008 and the frequency is increasing. The government needs to take some measures to deal with extreme precipitation disasters.

Abstract:[Objective] The characteristics of rainfall were analyzed and the simple algorithm of rainfall erosi-vity of West Guizhou plateau area were studied to provide theoretical basis for the building of the soil erosion prediction model. [Methods] 53 rainfall events of Bijie area from 2012 to 2014 were obtained by means of runoff plots observation. [Results] The results showed that: (1) rainfall amount(P) and rainfall energy of 60 minutes(E₆₀) were two important affecting factors on the processes of slope runoff and sediment. Slope runoff and sediment yield were found significantly correlated with rainfall intensity of 60 minutes(I₆₀). (2) The correlation coefficients between runoff/sediment and the mixed factors of rainfall indicated that EI₆₀, PI₆₀ and I₃₀ I₆₀ were three kinds of the most important impacting factors on soil erosion process. What is more, the correlation coefficient between runoff/sediment and EI₆₀ was slightly different with the one between runoff/sediment and EI₃₀. (3) Parameters of simple algorithm of rainfall erosivity were determined based on the above analyses. [Conclusion] Through the comparison of determination coefficients and the average error rates obtained from three algorithms, the simple algorithm of rainfall erosivity of the study area was expressed as R=0.344(PI₆₀) with reference to R=EI₃₀ for its comparability.

Abstract:[Objective] The spatio-temporal variation of groundwater in the south rim of Tarim Basin was explored to rationally arrange the monitoring well, and also to realize the rational utilization of water resource and the sustainable development of the oasis. [Methods] Geostatistical method was used to analyze the spatio-temporal variation of groundwater based on the data between 2008 and 2014. Firstly, Gauss model, Spherical and Exponential models were compared to determine which one performed best; Secondly, a chose model was used to analyze the spatio-temporal variation of groundwater in study area, and to optimize monitoring well; At last, Thiessen polygons method was used to calculate the average depth of groundwater and get the variation characteristics of groundwater depth from 2008 to 2014. [Results] Gauss model was the best model in analyzing groundwater change. The spatial heterogeneity and connectivity were enhanced, and the optimization of monitoring wells could be reduced from 23 to 12. The variation of mean groundwater depth was relatively stable. [Conclusion] Groundwater was influenced significantly by the oasis expansion. However, it was still in safe situation counterbalanced by runoff supply. In order to keep oasis development sustainable, it is important to control oasis expanding based on the present oasis scale.

Abstract:[Objective] Rainfall interception by forest canopy is an important eco-hydrological process of forest. We aimed to model the canopy interception process by chinese fir forest in Jinggangshan nature reserve in order to provide some bases for relevant researches with respect to eco-value evaluation of forest, protection and management of water resources, and environment protection of this region, et al. [Methods] A model developed by Yi Chuixiang et al was refined. And it was calibrated and validated by observed interception data in a chinese fir forest. [Results] The model calibration showed that extra interception as a dependent variable is a power function of remained-rainfall, defined as the result of atmosphere rainfall minus the value intercepted by plant leaves. The calibrated model performed better than those empirical models and is comparable to Gash model in similar researches. The effective coefficient and relative bias in predicting single rainfall event were 0.9 and 6.49%, respectively. [Conclusion] After calibration, the improved model in our study can be used for simulating canopy interception by chinese fir forest in the research region.

Abstract:[Objective] The relief degree of land surface(RDLS) is one of the key factors that influence the population distribution and economic development. Investigation about the pattern changes of population distribution and economic development is of importance to give a quantified prospective harmonization of population, resources utilization and environment conservation. [Methods] The RDLS of Jiangxi Province was extracted based on a 90 m resolution digital elevation model(DEM) using focal function under ArcGIS software, and then the features of RDLS, and its correlation with population and GDP were analyzed. [Results] (1) The RDLS in Jiangxi Province was prevailed by low value, e. g. 88% counties less than 0.5. Spatially, the outliers of Jiangxi Province had higher RDLS with the exceptions of the central and north parts, showing a "U" shape of pattern. (2) Overall, the concentration degrees of population and GDP were larger in the north and smaller in the south of this province. Spatially, the population in this province clearly assembled in the north with flat relief pattern. The province's GDP continuously concentrated in the Poyang Lake Ecologic Economic Zone. (3) During 2000 to 2010, population concentration degree increased from 59.23% to 60.47%, accordingly economic degree increased from 72.80% to 75.49% in the regions with the RDLS less than 0.25. [Conclusion] There was a strong negative correlation between the RDLS and the distribution of population and economy. As the RDLS increased, the concentration degrees of population and economy declined, and vise verse.

Abstract:[Objective] Urban population size of Anhui Province was revealed under resource constraint conditions in order to provide a decision-making reference for Anhui Province regarding the urbanization development planning and the sustainable urbanization development strategy. [Methods] Resource consumption was viewed comprehensively. Curve regression analysis method and fractal model were applied to explore the fractal characteristics of urban population scale structure by SPSS software. [Results] Resource consumption and urbanization scale in Anhui Province presented a S-shaped curve evolutionary law. Under resource constraints, the theoretical value of proper urban population scale should be 21.843 million in Anhui Province. Urban population presents a low-level balanced distribution in Anhui Province with less strong monopoly of primate city(Hefei City), of which the fractal dimension D value is 1.54.And the ideal population scale of primate city(Hefei City) is 3.716 7 million. The key of population urbanization is to guide the agglomeration of rural population towards small towns and enhance the leading status of primate city in Anhui Province. [Conclusion] The future urbanization focus of Anhui Province is to speed up the construction of primate city(Hefei City) and guide the migration of rural population to county town.

Abstract:[Objective] The state of wind erosion and sand resistance of three main natural plant communities, Artemisia ordosica, Salix psammophllia and Caragana microphylla, in Mu Us Sandland, were demonstrated and the efficiency of sand resistance of them was analyzed in order to provide references for desertification control and environment preservation. [Methods] Erosion rods were set upright and the buried scales were observed to calculate the indices of wind erosion and sand resistance by the three communities. [Results] The large vegetation coverage was the high efficiency of sand resistance of these communities had. Under similar terrain condition and the same wind speed, their threshold vegetation coverage were different in erosive season. The critical vegetation coverage for controlling wind erosion of Artemisia ordosica, was about 60%, smaller than those of Salix psammophllia and Caragana microphylla. The threshold vegetation coverage of Salix psammophllia and Caragana microphylla were larger than 60%, but the former was bigger than the one of the latter. Under same coverage, the amount of wind erosion and sand resistance ranked as Salix psammophllia > Caragana microphylla > Artemisia ordosica. [Conclusion] Artemisia ordosica had the most significant efficiency of sand resistance and be promoted to act as the main sand-fixation plant in Mu Us Sandland.

Abstract:[Objective] Distribution characteristics of soil available copper under different depths, land use patterns and topography factors at Danjiang River basin were studied for watershed land management. [Methods] Spatial analysis method of geostatistics was used to analyze the basin field data. [Results] (1) The mean value of soil available copper content was 0.743 mg/kg and decreased with the soil depth in whole research area. (2) The value of soil available copper content was comparatively in an overall low level, ranged from 0.289~2.043 mg/kg for all land use patterns. (3) Soil available copper content had negative correlation with elevation, no obvious correlation was found with slope gradient. [Conclusion] It is structural factors that led to the strong spatial dependence of soil available copper, and human activity, like fertilization, cultivation and planting, etc, was the stochastic factor. Both of them make the soil available copper content distributed in a zonal pattern.

Abstract:[Objective] Farmer participation behavior has significant impacts on soil erosion control. The paper analyzed the level and the stage features of involvement in soil conservation project, and also the main factors affecting the participation in the Three Gorges reservoir area in order to provide decision-making reference for soil conservation and ecological environment construction in the study area. [Methods] We investigated 113 households inhabited in the soil conservation project region of the Three Gorges Reservoir area by using the questionnaire method, and as far as possible to understand some significant contents, such as the farmers' expectations by in-depth interview. Then the main affecting factors on farmers' participation behavior were analyzed by the binary logistic model. [Results] (1) Few farmers were familiar with the national soil conservation policy and were satisfied with the soil conservation projects in the area. (2) Farmers often participated in the projects for labor fees; the degree and the proportion of farmer participation were both low. According to the interview, households with no or less participation accounted for 88% of the total local households, those with middle and high degree participation were only 12%. Regarding the project stages, the involved farmers were 19%, 42% and 2%, respectively for planning, construction and latter maintenance. (3) The dominant factors affecting farmers' participation enthusiasm included cash earning and cognition in soil conservation policy. The more money the farmers can earn from the conservation project, the higher awareness of soil conservation they can get, and the higher degree they will participate in the soil conservation project. [Conclusion] Farmers in the Three Gorges reservoir area are less aware of soil conservation and less involved in the soil conservation project.

Abstract:[Objective] Studying the impacts of climate variation and land use change on annual runoff in meso-scale watershed in order to provide theoretical basis for basin water resources management and land-use planning in this region. [Method] Jiehe watershed of Loess Plateau was selected as a research area. Mann-Kendall test, accumulative anomaly curve, double mass curve and separation evaluation method were applied to quantify the respective contribution of climate and land use change to annual runoff of the area in the past 50 years. [Results] The annual precipitation among the observed years were not significantly different(p > 0.05), whereas the annual runoff had a significant decreasing trend with a change point occurred in 1979(p < 0.001). Slope farmland declined sharply, terrace area increased rapidly during the study period. [Conclusions] Land-use change was the strongest contributor to the reduction in mean annual runoff of Jiehe with 90.2% contribution, and the remaining variation could be interpreted by climate change.

Abstract:[Objective] The paper aimed to measure and evaluate the environmental carrying capacity and pollution risk of livestock breeding in ecological economic zone of Poyang Lake in order to provide reference for rational planning and sustainable development of livestock breeding in ecological economic zone the Poyang Lake. [Methods] The environment carrying capacity and pollution risk of livestock breeding in 24 counties(cities) of the ecological economic zone were assessed based on the numbers of various livestock in the ecological economic zone in 2000-2012. [Results] The alarming value of animal manure was about 0.7, the alarming value measured by nitrogen was between 0.5 and 0.6, and the alarming value measured by phosphorus exceeded 1, indicating livestock breeding has caused environmental pollutions. Areas with higher pollution risks from the release of nitrogen and phosphorous were Gaoan City, Dongxiang County, Yujiang County, Dean County and Nanchang County. [Conclusions] The breeding of livestock in higher pollution risk areas should be controlled, but in other areas such as Hukou County, Duchang County and Pengze County, the pollution risks were low and the breeding scale still has room to develop.

Abstract:[Objective] Taking full utilization of the local plant resources in order to ensure the harmonious development of coal mining and eco-environment construction in Shendong area, the flora was elucidated. [Methods] The flora in Shendong mining area was regarded as a separated unit, the geographic distribution of seed plants were investigated and counted taxonomically by family, genera and species taxa; and the basic characteristics and the floristic attributes of the flora were elucidated. [Results] (1) Shendong mining area has a total of 53 families, 135 generals and 217 species wild higher plants. The feverfew has the most species of 35, and the next big family is Leguminosae, has 26 species; and followed by the grass family and the rosaceous family, they have 18 and 14 species, respectively. There are 21 families with only one specie. (2) Shendong area has 159 families of grass plants and 52 families of woody plants. And most of them belong to the xerophyte and mesophyte, including 32 and 62 families, respectively. (3) The taxa is high and is characterized by abundant, complex, ancient and unique. [Conclusion] Shendong mining area has a relatively high plant diversity, which provided an important plant basis for suitable development and usage of coal resource and vegetation restoration in this area, although ecosystem is relatively fragile.

Abstract:[Objective] Soil improvements resulted from different land use types were determined in a post-irrigation spoil area of the lower reaches of the Yellow River in order to provide scientific reference for soil & water conservation and vegetation restoration. [Methods] Three land use types as Robinia forest, poplar+peanut intercropped farmland and soybean farmland were selected in Xiaokaihe irrigation area of the Yellow River in Binzhou City. Anti-erosion ability, water storage capacity and nutrient content of the soils were measured. The functional soil improvements were comprehensively evaluated using membership function in fuzzy mathematics method. [Results] Obvious improvements of soil anti-erosion, physical structure, water storage capacity and nutrients were observed. The rank of soil anti-erosion ability was: tree-crop intercropping of poplar+peanut > soybean farmland > Robinia pure forest > bare land. Soybean farmland performed better in improving soil physical structure than Robinia pure forest and tree-crop intercropping did. Soil water storage ability ranked as: soybean farmland > Robinia pure forest > tree-crop intercropping > bare land. For improving soil infiltration and reducing surface runoff, tree-crop intercropping performed the best, followed by Robinia pure forest, and soybean farmland behaved the worst. In respect of the improvements of soil organic matter, available nitrogen and available phosphorus content, they performed as soybean farmland > tree-crop intercropping > Robinia pure forest > bare land; In terms of soil available K improvement, they ranked as: Robinia pure forest > soybean farmland > tree-crop intercropping > bare land. [Conclusion] Comprehensive evaluation of the three land use types on improving soil function in post-irrigation spoil area of the lower reaches of the Yellow River showed as soybean farmland > tree-crop intercropping of poplar+peanut > Robinia pure forest. Therefore, soybean farmland is suggested as first choice for the control of soil and water loss in this area, tree-crop intercropping type is also in the list.

Abstract:[Objective] The farmers' legitimate rights and interests in the process of land conversion were investigated in order to provide a scientific basis to formulate a national new compensation standard. [Methods] Viewed from the philosophical concept of value, this paper constructed a comprehensive farmland value framework. Using methods of income reduction, equivalent factor and the shadow price, the comprehensive values of farmlands in Siping City of Jilin Province were quantified and evaluated. [Results] (1) The comprehensive value was evaluated as 1.33×10⁶ yuan/hm². In which, the economic value was 4.56×10⁵ yuan/hm², the ecological value was 3.74×10⁵ yuan/hm², the social value was 2.87×10⁵ yuan/hm², the development right value of farmland was 2.18×10⁵ yuan/hm². (2) The actual compensation value in land conversion was 4.50×10⁵ yuan/hm²; (3) In the process of land conversion, the loss of farmers' land rights and interests was 8.84×10⁵ yuan/hm², [Conclusion] In 2012, the actual compensation value accounted for only 33.7% of land comprehensive value. This reflected a fact that the land rights and interests of land-lost peasants were trespassed. It is considered that the limiting understanding of farmland value, the unreasonable compensation standard for land acquisition, the imperfect land expropriation regime, the fuzziness land property rights are all the main causes that the land-lost farmers' land rights and interests is treated unjustly in the process of land conversion.

Abstract:[Objective] The spatial-temporal variation characteristics of precipitation concentration degree(PCD) and precipitation concentration period(PCP) on the southeast coast of China were studied to provide bases for dealing with drought and flood disasters as well as water resources utilization scientifically. [Methods] Based on daily precipitation data from 46 meteorological stations during 1960-2013 on the southeast coast of China, the authors investigated the characteristics of PCD and PCP using wavelet analysis and Empirical Orthogonal Function(EOF) methods. [Results] Fluctuating range of PCD was between 0.10 and 0.25; PCD had three cycles: 13~16 a, 19~23 a and 33~35 a. PCP ranged between 139.5 and 208.2 and it had two cycles: 13~16 a and 25~30 a. An obvious characteristic of PCD was regional differentiation. Spatial variation of PCP was notable. [Conclusion] During 1960-2013 in the southeast coast area of China, PCD increased, and the values of PCD of coastal areas were higher than those of inland areas. PCP fluctuated steadily.

Abstract:[Objective] The flood risk evaluation in medium and small basin caused by urbanization were carried out in East and West Stream watershed in Xiamen City in order to provide some references for the flood control and disaster mitigation in study watershed. [Methods] Based on the spatial analysis of GIS and the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model named MIKE21, the flood risk analysis and submerged conditions were simulated by the combined rainstorm flood frequency analysis and plain flood submerging model. [Results] The dynamic flood hazard map of the East and West streams watershed in Xiamen City was created, together with the current land use change condition, the instant flood hazard map is able to establish according to the flood frequency. [Conclusion] The flood risk in the study area was mainly distributed in the main stream of the East stream, West stream and Ting stream watershed. With the increase of the flood recurrence period, the flood hazard tends to increase from upstream to downstream and from near-shore to off-shore.

Abstract:[Objective] By measuring and comparing the cultivated land use efficiency of each county in Hubei Province, this paper aimed to summarize their regional differences in order to explore the optimize space of each DMU(decision making units). [Methods] CCR model and super-efficiency DEA(data envelopment analysis) model were used based on the cultivated land use data of 78 county units of Hubei Province during 1987-2012. [Results]The study found that the redundancy of input factors was common in Hubei Province and the cultivated land use efficiency presented regional differences: (1) 95% of the units presented 0%~87% of fertilizer redundancy. (2) Western mountain area and southeast hilly area in Hubei Province presented 42% and 52% of labor redundancy separately. (3) The above two mentioned areas and the Jianghan plain all presented agricultural machinery redundancy with about 40 percent. [Conclusion] (1) Fertilizer amount should be reduced in almost all counties. (2) Agricultural surplus labor should be appropriately transferred in western mountain area and southeast hilly areas of Hubei Province. (3) Agricultural machinery investment should be adjusted on the basis of the local environments and arable land using needs.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper elucidated the distribution characteristics of extreme precipitation events in Guangdong Province and made forecasts about the future trends in order to provide scientific basis for the study of climate assessment, ecological environment construction and sustainable economic development. [Methods] Based on daily precipitation data of 24 meteorological stations in Guangdong Province during 1960-2013, the extreme precipitation thresholds were determined for different stations by the centesimal value method, and then, frequency, intensity of extreme precipitation events were analyzed by using Mann-Kendall test method, wavelet analysis, the Hurst index to explore the trend of extreme precipitation events. [Results] The frequency, intensity and rainfalls of extreme precipitation events in Guangdong Province were increased. Extreme precipitation accounts for about 50 percent of the total precipitation. In space, the frequency of extreme precipitation events decreased from the north to the south, while the intensity showed opposite distribution. Extreme precipitation frequency and intensity were forested consistent with the ones of the past, showing continually increasing trend. [Conclusion] The frequent occurrence of extreme precipitation events caused serious losses to Guangdong Province. The province should strengthen the prevention of extreme events. Corresponding measures should be taken to deal with the extreme precipitation cases resulted from different causes.

Abstract:[Objective] The effects of perennial grassland with different growing years and rainfall regimes on soil and water conservation were analyzed to provide a theoretical basis for the further development of biological engineering measures in hilly region of the Loess Plateau. [Methods] Data of total runoff sediment yield and 40 rainfall events collected from Suide Soil and Water Conservation Station from 1956 to 1960 were used to analyze the effects of perennial grassland on soil and water conservation in hilly region of the Loess Plateau. [Results] (1) The observed total runoff and erosion modulus of grasslands were smaller than those of farmlands. Runoffs of alfalfa and Melilotus decreased 20%~83% and 11%~88% respectively, as compared with the corresponding values of farmlands. Sediment reductions of grassland and farmlands were both more than 50%. (2) Based on K-Means clustering, 40 rainfall events were classified into three rainfall regimes according to the amount and intensity(30 min) of rainfall: regime Ⅰ had the characteristics of high rainfall, low intensity and occurred infrequently; regime Ⅱ had the features of medium rainfall, medium intensity and medium frequent occurrence; regime Ⅲ had the features of less rainfall, high intensity and high frequent occurrence. A large proportion of runoff and soil loss was caused by rainfall regime Ⅲ. Water reduction of grasslands was observed the best in regime Ⅱ of the three regimes. (3) Under regime Ⅲ, the benefit of water reduction increased with the increase of grass growth period, and soil reduction was small in earlier growth years and then increased afterwards. [Conclusion] Grasslands grew with the two grasses both had the benefits of water and soil reduction. The benefit were closely linked with rainfall regime. The benefit of water reduction and soil reduction were not always coincided.

Abstract:[Objective] The spatial distribution of different pollution factors was analyzed to provide bases for the adjustment of industrial structure and the control of water pollution in Jiangsu Province. [Methods] Based on the analysis of the pollution load of agricultural non-point source pollution and industrial point source pollution, with county(city, district) as the evaluation unit, an index system that can comprehensively reflect the influences of industrial structure on water pollution was built to evaluate and analyze the environmental pollution using methods of clustering analysis and principal component analysis. [Results] (1) Overall, the spatial distribution of the intensity of chemical fertilizers and pesticide application is approximately equal, the discharge of waste water per unit area is more concentrated in Jiangsu Province. (2) Area of wastewater discharge from the unit area is mainly concentrated in the main cities and the surrounding counties of Jiangsu Province. (3) The overall spatial distribution of emissions from industrial COD in unit area of Jiangsu Province is showed that south area higher than south area. [Conclusion] (1) The process of industrialization is the important factor of water environment pollution, but the water environment pollution is the result of many factors. (2) Water environmental pollution level comprehensive score of Jiangsu Province is in the fllowing order: south area>middle area>north area, and water environmental pollution spatial distribution and level of economic development shows certain synchronicity.

Abstract:[Objective] The characteristics of land use change and its influence on desert woodland dynamic pattern of desert oasis ecotone in the middle reaches of the Tarim River Xiaotang area were analyzed in order to provide theoretical foundation for rational utilization of land resources and protection of desert woodland resources. [Methods] Based on the data interpreted from 4 remote sensing images in different periods from 1973 to 2010, the dynamics of desert woodland was analyzed. [Results] The coverage of desert woodland decreased from 21.9% in 1973 to 16.9% in year 2010, and was the most varied land use pattern. From 1973 to 2010, desert woodland decreased by 13.19%, mainly transformed into farmland, and the annual change rate had increasing trend. [Conclusion] In recent 40 years, resulted from the continuous soil development by human, the desert woodland in the research area was in a constant state of degradation, and it might further pose some threats to the region's ecological security.

Abstract:[Objective] Studying the spatial-temporal variation of land and water resource structure and farmland productivity in Jianghan plain in order to provide a support for guaranteeing national food security and promoting sustainable development. [Methods] The agricultural water-land matching model was used to calculate the agricultural water-land resources matching coefficients during 2004-2012 of the 8 cities in Jianghan plain, and the spatial-coupling of land and water resources and farmland productivity was analyzed. [Results] Jianghan plain was deficient in land and water resources in terms of per capita unit, whereby, it belongs to resource-restraint area. The averaged matching coefficient of land and water resources of the study area was 1.00, lower than the national level of 1.30 of the same period. Which means the coupling of land and water resources had a downward trend with small annual fluctuation. According to the variation of the coupling state of land and water resources and farmland productivity, Jianghan plain were sub-zoned into 4 parts. [Conclusion] There is a disparity between land and water resources of Jianhan plain and it is below the national average in a long time. The spatial matching state of the land and water resources, on the whole, shows "high in the west and east, low in the middle". The uneven spatial distribution of rainfall and discrepancy between land-water supply and demand resulted from social and economic development significantly affect the matching pattern of land and water resources.

Abstract:[Objective] Soil conservation plays an important role in preventing soil erosion. We choose Qinghai Lake basin as the research area to examine and assess the temporal-spatial variation pattern of soil conservation quantity. [Methods] Universal soil loss equation(USLE) and GIS technology were used to illustrate the variation of soil conservation quantity from 1987 to 2010. [Results] The soil conservation quantities in Qinghai Lake basin were at an average of 4.68×10⁸ t/a in the past 24 years. The high conservative areas of soil conservation capacity per unit area were at the upper and middle reaches of main river in Qinghai Lake basin, and the areas with low conservation level was around the Qinghai Lake and at the northwestern of Qinghai Lake basin. Among different regional ecosystems, the amount of soil conservation in the alpine meadow was the maximum, with an average of 2.68×10⁸ t/a. Total quantities of soil conservation in Qinghai Lake basin showed an increase-decrease trend from 1987 to 2010, and it reached the largest in 2005. Compared with the one in 1987, soil conservation quantities in Qinghai Lake basin increased to 2.17×10⁸ t by the end of 2010. The increment of soil conservation quantities in alpine meadow was the largest, about 1.2×10⁸ t. [Conclusion] In the past 24 years, soil conservation capability of Qinghai Lake basin increased and soil erosion slowed down, the ecological environment of Qinghai Lake basin got better and better.

Abstract:[Objective] The climate characteristics and its change trend of Tarim River basin from 2000 to 2010 were analyzed to provide scientific instructions for soil and water conservation and ecological economy development. [Methods] Data collected from 44 meteorological stations in Tarim River basin during 2000-2010 were analyzed using Excel and SPSS 11.0 statistical software. Map was drawn by Arcmap 10.0 and Surfer 8.0 software. [Results] Local climate is harsh as conditioned by the geomorphic type and terrain condition. Arid and extremely arid climate are dominated in Tarim River basin, covered about 73.16% and 15.97% of the basin area, respectively. Annual average temperature, sunshine duration, precipitation and evaporation attained their highest values in summer; whereas, annual average relative humidity were comparatively higher in autumn and winter, and wind occured mainly in spring and summer. Spatial distribution meteorological elements were all affected by topographical features. characterized by the centralization and peripherization in the inward and outward of the basin. [Conclusion] In the past 10 years, the annual average temperature, annual rainfall, annual sunshine duration and the annual average wind speed of Tarim River basin had increase tendencies, while the annual average relative humidity, annual evaporation were declined.

Abstract:[Objective] The regional carbon emission and the associated efficiency were analyzed in order to comprehensively grasp the development trend of regional economic quality and to give some hints to improve resource utilization efficiency. [Methods] Based on the IPCC carbon listing, DEA and Malmquist index models were used to analyze the carbon efficiency of land use in Hubei Province in 2001-2011. [Results] (1) Carbon emission from land use in Hubei Province had an averaged annual growth rate of 9.3%, which was lower than the rate of GDP(14.13%).A large part of emission was sourced from construction land. (2) The annual efficiency of carbon emission from land use was 0.803 6, it experienced a decline-to-rise fluctuation around 2006. The fluctuation was impelled by the agricultural preferential policy, the financial crisis and other external factors. (3) The total factor efficiency of carbon emission from land use grew yearly by 24.64%, which can mainly be attributed to the technological progress, whereas, the change of comprehensive technical efficiency had a negative effect on efficiency improvement. [Conclusion] The total carbon emission from land use in Hubei Province was observed with a rising tendency and low efficiency. Meanwhile, the total factor efficiency index of carbon emission from land use also got steady rise. We proposed that adjustment of economy structure, ceiling control of productivity should be paid more attention to improve the efficiency of carbon emission by technical progress, and to make the economic system run efficiently.

Abstract:[Objective] The potential soil erosion risk in the key harnessing areas of Jinghe and Beiluo River upstream was assessed to provide references for soil erosion researches. [Methods] Based on the interpretation results of high-resolution remote sensing images and the assistant of GIS, the Chinese soil loss equation and the method of soil anti-erosion years were used to assess the potential risk of lands with different slope gradient and land use type by SPEDI index. [Results] The average soil erosion modules of Wuqi County was 1 317.5 t/(km²·a), which belonged to slight erosion level. The risk was assessed at slight or no danger level, and the average SPEDI is 1.25. [Conclusion] In some districts, soil erosion might be serious especially when the slope is larger than 25 degrees, and these districts need to be intensively harnessed in the future. In addition, the excavation work of mine and construction of land were proposed to be diminished because most serious soil erosion was caused by human.