Abstract:[Objective] The objective of the study is to explain changes in natural vegetation communities after flooding and explore the impacts of different flooding modes on surface soil salinity and to provide the theoretical basis for vegetation restoration and reconstruction of artificial vegetation in lower reaches of Tarim river.[Methods] Based on the long-term field investigation, this paper measured the salt content of 399 surface soil samples collected from water flooding area and non-water flooding area with electric conductivity method, and discussed the effects of different flooding disturbances on salt content in surface soil.[Results] The total soil salt contents in the lower reaches of Tarim river were generally higher, which affected the distribution and growth of nature vegetation, but after flooding disturbance, the salinity of surface soil declined significantly. The results of ANOVA analysis about soil salinity of surface soil under different flooding modes showed that the effect of higher frequency on the total soil salt contents were more significant than lower frequency, but long-term submerge was disadvantageous for soil desalination, so the effect of flooding mode for soil salinity were significant.[Conclusion] The natural vegetation community varied after flooding for the decline of salinity in surface soil, and flooding disturbance with intermediate frequency and duration was beneficial for the ecology restoration in the lower reaches of the Tarim river.

Abstract:[Objective] The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of rainfall factors such as rainfall, rainfall intensity and rainfall duration on runoff and sediment yield of runoff plots in small watershed of Yimeng mountainous area in order to provide the basis for soil erosion control, soil and water conservation planning and ecological construction in the area.[Methods] Runoff plots with different land use patterns(natural slope land, buckwheat, wild forage and peanut land) in Yimeng mountainous area were monitored for 3 consecutive years. The observation data were statistically analyzed, and the significance test were conducted.[Results] (1) The correlation coefficient between rainfall and the runoff yield of each runoff plot was significant(p<0.01), the correlation coefficient between rainfall and sediment yield of buckwheat and peanut plot was significant as well(p<0.01). Poor correlation was found between the rainfall and the sediment yield in both the natural slope land and wild forage plot. (2) The correlation between average rainfall intensity(I) and runoff and sediment yield was not significantly in each runoff plot. The maximum rainfall intensity of 10 min(I₁₀) and the maximum the rainfall intensity of 30 min(I₃₀) showed significant correlations with runoff yield and sediment yield of the buckwheat plot and the peanut plot. In particular, I₃₀ exhibited the greatest correlation with runoff and sediment yield. (3) The rainfall duration was significantly(p<0.01) related with the runoff and sediment yield in the buckwheat plot, while no significant relation was found in other plots.[Conclusion] Rainfall factors including rainfall(P), rainfall intensity of 10 min(I₁₀), rainfall intensity of 30 min(I₃₀) and rainfall duration influence runoff and sediment yield from hill slope of Yimeng mountainous area. Different land use patterns were also important factors that influence runoff and sediment yield on slope land.

Abstract:[Objective] The objective of this study is to evaluate the elution effect of α-amylase and tea saponin hybrid liquid on heavy metals such as Cd, Pd in soil, in order to provide a more accurate scientific basis for remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil.[Methods] Cd, Pd contaminated topsoil were selected as the study object, enzymes and tea saponin hybrid liquid was used to remediate the heavy metal contaminated soil. The changes of Cd, Pb before and after leaching were investigated.[Results] The removal efficiency of Cd and Pd were 88.87% and 43.97%, respectively. When the reaction time was 12 hours, pH value was 4.0, the reaction temperature was 30℃ and the ratio of tea saponin solution and enzymes solution was 4:1. The analysis of heavy metals before and after leaching showed that acid extractable and reducible metals were easier to remove. The content of Cd and Pd in soil after leaching reached up to the grade Ⅱ standard of soil environmental quality.[Conclusion] There is a synergistic enhancement effect between tea saponin and enzymes solution. The combination of enzymes and tea saponin has great effects on the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soil. The combinations of α-amylase and tea saponin have bright prospects in bioremediation of heavy metals in contaminated soil.

Abstract:[Objective] To study the variation of undergrowth vegetation and soil properties during the growing process of artificial Robinia pseudoacacia in loess hilly region is of high significance to understanding the ecological impact of the plantations on the restoration of grassland ecosystem in loess hilly region.[Methods] We investigated the undergrowth vegetation and soil properties in 5, 10, 15, and 20 year artificial R. pseudoacacia in loess hilly region of Shaanxi Province, Northwest China, and analyzed the variations in undergrowth vegetation and soil properties during the growing process of the R. pseudoacacia.[Results] With the development of the plantations, the shrub crown width, height, sprout number, and basal diameter all increased significantly(p<0.05), but decreased in the 20 a artificial R. pseudoacacia. The species number, coverage and height of undergrowth vegetation decreased significantly(p<0.05), and the density of undergrowth vegetation had no significant differences among different development stages of artificial R. pseudoacacia. The soil conductivity and bulk density first increased and then decreased, soil pH had no significant differences among different development stages of artificial R. pseudoacacia, but the soil total porosity decreased significantly(p<0.05). The soil nutrients increased significantly(p<0.05), while they deceased in 20 a artificial R. pseudoacacia, and the soil total phosphorus had no significant differences in different development stages. The soil total nutrients of artificial R. pseudoacacia in loess hilly region had an obvious phenomena of "surface accumulation", which ordered 15 a > 20 a > 10 a > 5 a in the same soil layer with local fluctuation. Correlation analysis showed that the soil nutrients and morphological characteristics of R. pseudoacacia were the main factors affecting the species and individual number as well as the coverage of undergrowth vegetation.[Conclusion] It was suggested that in loess hilly region, the growing process of artificial R. pseudoacacia plantation is beneficial to the improvement of soil conditions and the recovery of undergrowth vegetation, and the 15 a artificial R. pseudoacacia produced the best effect in improving soil nutrient content. This effect decreased in 20 a artificial R. pseudoacaci, and did not changed the vertical distribution characteristics of soil nutrients. What is more, the influence on the undergrowth vegetation lagged behind its influence on soil nutrients.

Abstract:[Objective] To study the ecological pattern and the natural evolution law under global change in Ordos region in order to reveal the temporal and spatial variation of ecological environment by artificial disturbance in the mining area in Western China.[Methods] GIMMS(global inventory modeling and mapping studies) NDVI 3g datasets from 1982 to 2012 and meteorological data(temperature, precipitation, etc.) were used as data sources, and the maximum value composites(MVC) method, inverse distance weighted method, piecewise regression analysis method, correlation analysis method were employed to reveal the spatial-temporal changes of vegetation cover and uncover plants' response to temperature and precipitation changes.[Results] The start of season(SOS) of vegetation began in late April, the end of season(EOS) ended in early November, and the average duration of season(DOS) last 198 days. The initial threshold of NDVI was 0.12. The vegetation green rate(slope) was 0.002 3, and the trend of vegetation change by regression analysis showed that there was a slight improvement in 80.8% area in past 31 years. The correlation between NDVI and temperature and precipitation were 0.054 and 0.400.[Conclusions] The SOS comes a little earlier, the EOS lagged, and the DOS extended. There was a slight improvement in most area. The average annual temperature and precipitation showed an increasing trend. The NDVI change was determined by the interaction of temperature and precipitation. The correlation between NDVI and precipitation was higher than that between NDVI and temperature.

Abstract:[Objective] We aim to reveal soil nutrient limiting factors of vegetation restoration in Pinus massoniana forests, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the restoration of the degraded P. massoniana forests.[Methods] The experimental analysis of chemical properties was conducted in four completely different forest vegetation plots at 0-5, 5-20 and 20-40 cm depths of soil layers in the granite weathered red soil region of Hetian Town, Changting County, Fujian Province.[Results] (1) The organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, total potassium, available potassium were lower in the degraded P. massoniana forest soil. The ability of soil keeping fertilizer was poor, and fertility was lost easily with soil erosion. (2) In all plots, the variation of organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, potassium showed as:poor recovery < moderate recovery < relative good recovery < good recovery. (3) Organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, available potassium showed significant positive correlations(p<0.01), and the load on the first principal component were 0.921,0.931,0.974,0.906 and 0.874, respectively. (4) The variation of total K in four restored plots was not significant in surface soil, and there was not obvious rule in the other soil layer. The pH value of good restored plot was minimum, and vegetation under P. massoniana could grow well.[Conclusion] Organic, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, available potassium are the main limiting factors in vegetation restoration, and the total potassium, pH value are not the main limiting factors in vegetation restoration.

Abstract:[Objective] The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of soil amendments on soil porosity, bulk density and water characteristics of upland at South Anhui Province, in order to provide information for soil improvement, water availability and anti-drought.[Methods] Three different kinds of soil amendments including diatomite(Si), foamed sand(T₂₀) and mineral amendment(G₂₀) were used and 4 addition rates of 1%, 2%, 5% and 10% were adopted in the batch experiment.[Results] The addition of Si and T₂₀ reduced soil bulk density significantly, however, the addition of G₂₀ showed a significant effect only at the addition rate of 5% and 10%. Soil porosity increased from 52.1% to 91.3% by Si treatment, which was better than T₂₀ and G₂₀ treatment. Soil moisture absorption coefficient and wilting moisture increased first and then decreased with the application amount of Si and T₂₀. In contrast, soil moisture absorption coefficient and wilting moisture increased linearly with the application amount of G₂₀. Soil saturation water capacity and field water capacity increased with the application amount of three amendments, and the increase trend was largest by application of Si, followed by T₂₀ and G₂₀. In addition, soil available water and hard available water increased with soil amendment addition rate. The treatment of Si on hard available water was better than T₂₀ and G₂₀.[Conclusion] The water characteristics of upland soil of South Anhui Province should be improved according to the type and amount of soil amendment. In order to achieve an ideal effect, the combination of various soil amendments should be taken into account.

Abstract:[Objective] The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of Pisolithus tinctorius(PT) inoculant on soil properties and Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings, in order to provide a scientific basis for vegetation restoration in arid and semi-arid Loess Plateau.[Methods] Field experiments were conducted on a newly established 6 a P. tabulaeformis seedlings site at three slope positions(upper, middle, lower) from March to October in 2013 in the Northern Shaanxi loess plateau region. The conventional fertilization was used as control(CK).The effects of PT inoculants on ground diameter, height and growth and survival rate of the 6-year seedlings and soil nutrient contents at different depths (0-60 cm) were investigated.[Results] The average increment of P. tabulaeformis seedlings treated with PT was 4.5 mm, which was 2 times than the control group. The total tree height was 10 cm, which was 54% higher than the control group. The mortality rate was 9% lower than the control group. With the application of PT inoculant, the average organic matter content reached to 7.8 g/kg, which was 2 times higher than the CK. The average total nitrogen content was 0.41 g/kg, and the available potassium was 42.4 mg/kg, which was 52% and 26% higher than that of CK, respectively. There was no significant difference in available phosphorus between PT inoculant treatment and CK. Slope position did not show significant effects on the base diameter and seedling height, but showed remarkable effects on the content of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, and available potassium.[Conclusion] PT inoculant can improve soil properties, increase the survival rate and growth of P. tabulaeformis seedlings. PT inoculant can be used in the P. tabulaeformis seedling afforestation practice in Loess Plateau.

Abstract:[Objective] The objective of the study is to reveal the freezing and thawing characteristics of the mixed soil and its effect on wind erosion and to provide a theoretical basis for the sustainability of the Mu Us sandland reclamation.[Methods] Taking mixed soil with soft rock and sand as the research object and sand as a control, the paper explored the differences in the freezing-layer formation, freezing-thawing processes and the snowpack melting of the two types of soil using meteorological data and soil and water content data of Yuyang District of Yulin City, Shaanxi Province.[Results] Due to the differences in water content, difference exists in the formations of the freezing layers between the two soils. Sandy soil was usually formed in dry layer and frozen under the surface while the mixed soil is frozen at the surface. The maximum frozen depth of mixed soil was 116.0 cm, deeper than that of the sand(96.0 cm), and the freezing thawing time was a week later than the sand. When covered with snow, the surface of sand has 1.0 to 6.4 cm dry layer while the surface of mixed soil did not has. The snow coverage and thickness of mixed soil were greater than the sand, especially on the sunny slope.[Conclusion] Frozen soil layer and the snow could form two protective layers on the surface of mixed soil, and therefore reduce the wind erosion during the fallow period.

Abstract:[Objective] The objective of this study is to explore the effects of long-term plantations on organic carbon pool in the saline-alkali soil of the Yellow River delta, in order to provide the scientific basis and technical reference for giving full play to its ecological functions and economic benefits.[Methods] Four pure plantations of Robinia pseudoacacia, Fraxinus chinensis, Ulmus pumila and Ailanthus altissima, and three mixed plantations were selected as the research objects. The change characteristics of active organic carbon and carbon pool management index in different plantations soil were studied. Standard pool was set and multipoint mixed sampling method was used.[Results] The microbial biomass carbon contents in three mixed plantations were significantly higher than that in the other forest land. The microbial biomass carbon content in R.pseudoacacia and F.chinensis mixed plantation was 26.16%, 17.62%, 88.41%, 47.99% and 21.64% higher than that in increases in wasteland, and three pure plantations of R.pseudoacacia, F.chinensis, U. pumila and A. altissima, respectively. In comparison with wasteland, the dissolved organic carbon(DOC) contents in different plantations increased greatly, while the DOC content was apparently higher in mixed plantation of R.pseudoacacia. and F.chinensis than that in other plantations. Compared with wasteland, the total organic carbon (TOC) contents in different plantations increased significantly, which were observably higher in mixed plantations than that in corresponding pure plantations. In addition, the variation trends of different active organic carbon contents in forest land soils were as follows:low-active organic carbon > mid-active organic carbon > high-active organic carbon. The mixed plantation of R.pseudoacacia. and F.chinensis. was beneficial to the accumulation of low-active organic carbon. Additionally, the soil carbon pool indexes of plantations increased significantly in comparison to the wasteland. The carbon pool management index in mixed plantation of R.pseudoacacia. and F.chinensis. was the highest, which was 46.51, 34.88, 27.55 and 33.38 higher than that in four pure plantations of R.pseudoacacia, F.chinensis, U. pumila and A. altissima, respectively. There were no significant differences among the mixed plantations of R.pseudoacacia. and U. pumila, and R.pseudoacacia. and A. altissima.[Conclusion] In comparison to pure plantations, the mixed plantations had better effects on soil organic carbon pool improvement, and were beneficial to soil fertility enhancement and promoted the growth of forest tree.

Abstract:[Objective] The objective of this study is to explore the effects of grazing on the Leymus chinensis and Stipa baicalensis communities under the grazing disturbance in Hulunbeier meadow steppe, in order to provide the scientific basis for the protection of grassland soil and construction of grassland nature reserve.[Methods] Taking the Hulunbuir meadow steppe as sample plot, the field investigation was conducted and laboratory analysis was used.[Results] The influences of grazing on L. chinensis communities were less than that on Stipa baicalensis communities. Under the disturbance of grazing, coverage, height and the Simpson index of plant community was significantly higher, the species diversity was greater and the growth situation was relatively better in L. chinensis communities. The soil total nitrogen, soil total phosphorus and soil organic matter contents in L. chinensis was higher than that in S. baicalensis. The amount of microorganisms in two grazing areas showed the same changing trend as:bacteria > actinomyces > fungi. The number of microbes in 0-10 cm soil layer was higher than that in 10-20 cm soil layer. Similarly, soil urease, catalase, invertase in 0-10 cm was greater than that in 10-20 cm soil layer. Correlation analysis indicated that the α diversity of plant community were positively related to soil microorganisms, soil enzyme activities, soil total nitrogen, soil total phosphorus and soil organic matter.[Conclusion] Moderate grazing could improve community α diversity, soil microbial quantity and soil enzyme activity of L. chinensis and S. baicalensis communities. For two communities, L. chinensis is more suitable for grazing than S. baicalensis.

Abstract:[Objective] The effect of biological humic acid on soil improvement in open-pit mine dump was studied, in order to provide scientific references for the improvement of soil quality.[Methods] Biological humic acid with different contents(0-400 kg/hm²) were added in five different kinds of soil which were derived from five land use types(Robinia pseudoacacia forest, Ulmus pumila forest, Vitex negundo forest, farming land and unutilized land). Pot experiments were conducted by planting Lolium multiflorum species. The effects of biological humic acid on soil improvement were investigated.[Results] The maximum emergence rate for the soil from R. pseudoacacia, U. pumila, V. negundo, farming and unutilized land occurred when the amounts of biological humic acid were 200, 200, 300, 300 and 200 kg/hm², respectively. The maximum amount of biological humic acid required by Lolium multiflorum seedling for five different kinds of soil were 200, 200, 200, 300 and 300 kg/hm². The maximum root length occurred when the amounts of biological humic acid were 300, 100, 300, 300 and 300 kg/hm², respectively, and the maximum biomass occurred when the amount were 200, 100, 200, 300 and 300 kg/hm², respectively. As the biological humic acid increases, all the seedling emergence, seedling height, root length and seedling biomass showed a downward trend before an increase.[Conclusion] There was a dose effect of the biological humic acid on the plant regeneration and growth in different soil of open-pit mine dump. The change curves of the relations for the plant regeneration and growth and the biological humic acid appeared as a "single-peak" shape, which indicate that a balanced amount of biological humic acid could improve the vegetation recovery in open-pit mine dump.

Abstract:[Objective] We aimed to understand the effects of different land use patterns on soil inorganic carbon(SIC) content and storage, in order to provide scientific support for regional carbon transfer principle and grassland management.[Methods] The content and storage of SIC and the main soil physicochemical properties are analyzed, in five different land use patterns including fencing grassland(WF), free grazing land(NG), perennial artificial grassland(RG), reseeding land(BB) and an extreme degradation meadow (HTT).[Results] In alpine meadow ecosystem, SIC content was low, and the SIC storages differed among different land use patterns:RG(3 381.28 kg/hm²) > WF(739.27 kg/hm²) > NG(712.12 kg/hm²) > BB(647.64 kg/hm²) > HTT(361.26 kg/hm²). Soil pH value, bulk density and water content varied greatly among different land use types. SIC content showed a positive relation with soil bulk density while a negative relation with water content. When pH<7, the SIC content was very low and remained constant, in contrast, when pH>7, SIC content increased exponentially.[Conclusions] The planting perennial artificial grassland was more effective than other measures in terms of SIC sequestration and maintaining the function of carbon sink.

Abstract:[Objective] The effect of two site preparation methods was analyzed on plant community characteristics of grassland in order to provide scientific basis for vegetation restoration and construction in the semiarid loess hilly region of Southern Ningxia region.[Methods] By investigating the fixed sample plots and communities data, we compared the community dynamic characteristics effected by site preparation methods of "88542" level trench and fish-scale pits.[Results] (1) In temporal scale, the heterogeneity of habitat greatly affected the plant community structures in fish-scale pit site preparing mode. Site preparing mode had a little effect on the characteristics of plant community structure. (2) The difference of habitat environmental affected species diversity. Fish-scale pit site preparing mode led to higher heterogeneity of habitat environment, thus improving diversity. The order of species diversity among three sampling plots was fish-scale pit site preparing > "88542" level furrow site preparing > natural closed steppe. (3) The community diversity of the demonstration area was declining with time.[Conclusion] Different artificial disturbance and different habitat environment had important effect on plant diversity.

Abstract:[Objective] The objective of this study is to study the relationships between straw decomposition period and water absorption capacity of rice,wheat and rape straw in order to provide the theoretical basis for effective utilization of straw resources and field water management.[Methods] The method of nylon net bag under moisture saturation incubation was used.[Results] The decomposition rate of three crop straws was much faster at the early period than the following periods. The cumulative decomposing rates were 67.8%, 55.5% and 49.2% for rice, wheat and rape straw after 110 days, respectively. The light microscopy and infrared radiation(IR) analysis indicated that the composition, chemical structure and morphology of rice straws changed greatly compared to control treatment after 110 days incubation. The results of water absorption capacity showed that the saturated water of dried rice, wheat and rape straw were 3.87, 2.51 and 3.61 g/g, respectively. After 15 days incubation, the saturation water absorption of rice straw reached to the largest value of 5.17 g/g, then gradually decreased and tended to be stable. While the saturated water absorption of wheat and rape straw reached to the lowest, which were 1.87 and 2.59 g/g, respectively, after a 5 days incubation, and then increased gradually. The results of water absorption effects showed that the crop straw had the largest water retention capacity in the early decomposition period, and the water retention capacity decreased with the extension of the decomposing process. In brief, the water retention capacity of crop straw was influenced by both decomposition period and straw quality.[Conclusion] In the implement of straw returning to filed, especially for straw incorporation, we should pay more attention to straw water content, returning period and field moisture, to reduce the negative effect caused by straw water absorption.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to provide theoretical basis for forest hydrological effect study, the experiment was conducted to investigate the growing stock and water retention capability of forest litter at different stand ages group in Daxing'an Mountains.[Methods] We chose Xing'an forest larch with different stand ages as the object, and set the standard sample. The method of water immersion was used to measure the water retention capability of litter. We then calculated the effective retaining content and the maximum water-holding capacity.[Results] The litter volume of four different stand age groups was from 28.03 to 34.32 t/hm², and the maximum water-holding capacity was from 87.09 to 87.09 t/hm². The maximum water-holding capacity increased with the increase of litter volume, and the maximum water-holding capacity in the half-decomposed layer was greater than that in the undecomposed layer. By statistical analysis, there was a logarithmic relationship between water capacity of undecomposed and half-decomposed layer and immersion time, and there was an exponential relationship between water absorption rate and immersion time. Overall, the rainfall interception capacity of half-decomposed layer was better than that of undecomposed layer.[Conclusion] Significant difference has been found in forest litter volume among Xing'an larch with different ages excepting which of the mature forest and near-mature forest, the rainfall interception capacity of mature forest, near-mature forest and middle-aged forest was greater than that of young forest.

Abstract:[Objective] We aim to analyze the infiltration characteristics of mine waste in order to provide the scientific research data for the hydrological processes analysis in mine waste debris flow basin.[Methods] Daxicha gully in Xiaoqinling gold mine was chosen as the research area. The infiltration characteristics of 5 different types of soil including fresh mine waste, the 1-year mine waste, the 4-year mine waste, the grass and farmland were investigated by double-ring infiltration experiments. The experimental data were then used to fit into Horton experience formula.[Results] According to the analysis results, fresh mine waste had the largest initial infiltration rate and the 4-year mine waste had the least initial infiltration rate. The stable infiltration rate of farmland was highest, which reached to 0.062 mm/s.[Conclusion] Initial infiltration rate of soil is affected by the soil compaction degree, and the stable infiltration rate is determined by the grading characteristic of mine waste debris flow prevention.

Abstract:[Objective] Soil erodibility is a key factor of calculating the soil erosion, and the investigation of cultivated soil erodibility provide the scientific basic to calculate and evaluate soil erosion in Shaanxi Province.[Methods] The soil data was from nine experimental plots that distributed in Shaanxi Province of China. To calculate soil erodibility of these areas, we utilized five commonly used models, which are universal soil loss equation(USLE), revised universal soil loss equation version 2(RUSLE2), Erosion productivity impact calculator(EPIC), geometric mean diameter(Dg) and geometric mean diameter-organic matter(Dg-OM).[Results] The equation of very fine sand(VFS) in RUSLE2 underestimated 14.53% of VFS content in hilly area of Losses Plateau of Shaanxi Province and overestimated 32.91% of VFS content in the Southern Shaanxi Province. Based on the measured values, the revised equation reduced the average calculation error of VFS content to 7.81% and 13.14% respectively. Secondly, comparison of K values, the measured K value in Zizhou County is 0.002 69[(t·hm²·h)/(hm²·MJ·mm)], the mean K value of Dg-OM model is 0.029 7[(t·hm²·h)/(hm²·MJ·mm)]. Thirdly, the interrill erodibility(K_i) and rill erodibility(K_r) parameters in water erosion prediction project model(WEPP) were calculated and the correlation of erodibility parameter between K_i, K_r and K of USLE were 0.738 6 and 0.607 4.[Conclusion] The average calculation error of revised equation of very fine sand is less than the equation of very fine sand in RUSLE2. Dg-OM model was suitable for calculation the soil erodibility in hilly area of Losses Plateau of Shaanxi Province and the area of Changwu County, Yangling District and Ankang City. Moreover, K_i and K_r parameters in WEPP was found the good correlation of erodibility parameter between USLE and WEPP model when the sand content was less than 30%.

Abstract:[Objective] The objective of the study is to analyze the variation of peat soil nitrogen under different degradation states in Gahai lake in South Gansu Province and provide scientific basis for peatland ecological restoration and protection in Gahai lake.[Methods] Through field sampling and laboratory analysis, we studied the changes in surface soil nitrogen(0-40 cm) of peat land with degradation.[Results] Except for the undegraded peat land, the total nitrogen content of the other 3 types of degraded peat land was significantly higher in September than that in July, while the soil C/N ratio and soil total nitrogen change in an opposite direction. The change in the content of ammonium nitrogen in soil was the same in July and September. The soil available nitrogen in the 0-20 cm layer was significantly higher in September than that in July, and the 20-40 cm layer(except for moderate degradation) was the opposite. In the whole profile, total soil nitrogen, soil C/N ratio and available nitrogen content were enriched in 20-40 cm layer. Except for moderate degradation, soil ammonium nitrogen was enriched in the 0-20 cm layer.[Conclusion] The total nitrogen content of 4 kinds of degraded soil has obvious temporal variation, indicating that the vegetation plays an important role in the recovery of peatland in Gahai lake.

Abstract:[Objective] This essay provided data reference and theoretical basis for nitrogen deposition in subtropical regions by analyzing effects of nitrogen deposition on litterfall and its nutrient in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved Castanopsis eyrei forest.[Methods] Different gradient nitrogen control experiments were set up in Xianyu mountain area of Anhui Province to monitor C. eyrei forest litterfall and nutrient response status for a long time.[Results] The order of the annual litterfall were as follows:high nitrogen and phosphorus(HN+P) > low nitrogen(LN) > high nitrogen(HN) > control check(CK). There was no significant difference among the treatments. There was significant difference in foliar litter between LN and CK treatments(p=0.023). The total litterfall showed a bimodal type with the peaks appeared in April and November. The order of the proportion of the different litter components for the four treatments ranked as leaf > fruit > branch > miscellaneous > flower > bark. HN+P and HN treatments changed the fruit percentage to a certain degrees:HN+P(27%) > HN(25%) > CK=LN (23%). The annual amount of total nutrient-returns of the six macro-elements(C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg) was as follows:HN+P 4.62 t/(hm²·a) > CK 4.44 t/(hm²·a) > HN 4.17 t/(hm²·a) > LN 3.96 t/(hm²·a). The similar patterns appeared for C, N, P, Mg, Ca returns in the four treatments. There was significant differences in annual returns of N and P between HN+P and CK treatments(p=0.047; p=0.023). The nutrient return from foliar litter covered 52%~58% of the annual total.[Conclusion] We simulated different gradient of nitrogen settlement and found that it changed the C. eyrei forest total litter amount and composition proportion in a certain extent and affected the absorption of other nutrients and return amount.

Abstract:[Objective] The aim of this study is to analyze the litter and soil hydrological characteristics in Kmeria septentrionalis communities in Mulun nature protection zone in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, in order to provide the basis for the evaluation of hydrological effects of K. septentrionalis communities.[Methods] In a continued area distributed with K. septentrionalis in Mulun, sampled plots were set to quantitatively investigate the hydrological characteristics of ground litter and soil.[Results] The litter volume was 11.68 t/hm², and the maximum water holding capacity was 19.46 t/hm². The available water interception was 13.87 t/hm², which was equivalent to 1.39 mm rainfall. The volume of semi-decomposed litter was greater than the volume of litter in non-decomposed layer, which accounted for 77.06% of total litter volume and produced 75.56% of the total litter interception. Soil bulk density, total porosity, capillary porosity and non-capillary porosity was from 1.14 to 1.26 g/cm³, 51.36% to 68.68%, 41.58% to 45.73%, 8.80% to 27.10%, respectively. Soil maximum water capacity and effective water holding was 868.75~941.04 t/hm² and 64.00~133.73 t/hm², respectively. The forest's total water capacity ranged from 79.75 to 148.74 t/hm².[Conclusion] The water interception in K. septentrionalis distributing area was mainly concentrated in soil layer, and the stand density significantly affected soil bulk density and available water storage.

Abstract:[Objective] The differences in litter water-holding characteristics of different plantation types were investigated to provide scientific basis for understanding the forest hydrological cycles and its management in study area.[Methods] Larix principis-rupprechtii and Betula platyphylla plantations in Chongli mountain of Zhangjiakou City were chosen in this study. We established standard plots under the two forest types. The depth and storage of the litter layer were measured and water-holding characteristics of litter were measured using immersion method.[Results] The litter was as thick as 4.2 cm and 3.4 cm and the total litter volume was 10.90 t/hm²and 4.92 t/hm² in the L. principis-rupprechtii and B. platyphylla plantations, respectively. The maximum water holding capacity(measured after 24 h immersion) of litter layer in L. principis-rupprechtii and B. platyphylla were 4 228.5 g/kg and 5 208.6 g/kg, and the corresponding effective water holding capacity were 14.06 t/hm² and 8.85 t/hm², respectively. During the whole water holding process, the water holding capacity, absorption and the immersed time change with same trend, they were superior to the rest of time in the first 4 hours and the water holding capacity reached saturation after 10 h immersion. In addition, the relationship between litter water holding capacity and immersed time followed a logarithmic curve, and that between the water absorption rate and immersed time was fitted well with a power function.[Conclusion] Hydrological function of forest litter is regulated by both litter storage and water-holding capacity. Some factors, such as species composition and stand density, should be considered in forest management.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to provide references for the future remote sensing monitoring of soil and water conservation of the linear production and construction project in Ningbo City of Zhejiang Province, it is crucial to investigate the spatio-temporal distribution of soil erosion in ring expressway before and after construction and construction process.[Methods] Land use/cover map of Ningbo City in 2010, topographic map, map of North Ring expressway and field survey data was collected to derive digital elevation model (DEM). Rainfall data was collected from local hydrological station. Based on the collected data, the spatial distribution of the factors in RUSLE model was calculated, and soil erosion maps of the north ring expressway were estimated. Then, the soil erosion amount was calculated at three different stages by using RUSLE model.[Results] Slight erosion was dominant during preconstruction period and natural recovery period, which accounted for 98.53% and 99.73%, respectively. During construction period, mild erosion and slight erosion was the largest, which accounted for 52.5% and 35.4%, respectively. The average soil erosion modulus of construction period was 1 380.9 t/(km²·a), which was 251.3 and 155.4 t/(km²·a) higher than that of preconstruction period and nature recovery period, respectively.[Conclusion] Soil erosion during the construction period is mainly distributed in the temporary soil ground. Furthermore, the terrain factor has an important influence on the spatial distribution of soil erosion.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper put forward soil erosion monitoring method for highway construction in order to provide basis for the layout of soil and water conservation measures and benefit calculation.[Methods] Taking Yuanjiang section on secondary road from Yuanjiang to Honghe in Yunnan Province as an example, a comparative analysis was conducted to reveal the differences between the conventional monitoring methods and the monitoring methods by dividing different topographic units under the same conditions.[Results] By applying the conventional monitoring methods, the amount of soil and water loss during highway construction was 102 058 t, while it was 56 378 t by applying the monitoring methods by dividing different topographic units. The accuracy of the monitoring method of soil and water loss by dividing different topographic units was higher, according to the comparative analysis.[Conclusion] Using different topographic units to monitor soil and water loss, can better reflect the characteristics of soil and water loss during the highway construction in Yunnan Province.

Abstract:[Objective] We analyzed the grassland vitality by using the domestic GF-1 remote sensing imagery data in order to provide the scientific basis for preserving the sustainable development of animal husbandry and maintaining the regional ecological balance.[Methods] The typical steppe area of Manasi River basin in Xinjing region was selected as the study area. Based the "3S" technology, GF-1 remote sensing images in 2013 and 2014 were collected and the field survey was conducted to monitor the growth of grassland.[Results] The growth of grassland in 2014 was poorer than that in 2013, and the area of grassland with poor growth was 209 074.7 hm² in 2014 more than that in 2013, which accounts for 13.21% of the total area of grassland in the study area. Comparatively, the largest area with poorer grass growth in 2014 was temperate desert grassland, which was about 109 224.6 hm², accounted for 36.8% of the temperate desert grassland and 6.9% of the total grassland in the study area.[Conclusion] The monitoring accuracy of grassland vitality in the study area is high, which is more than 88.6%, indicating that GF-1 remote sensing imagery data is useful in the monitoring of grassland growth.

Abstract:[Objective] The objective of this study is to analyze the spatial variability of soil nitrogen(total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen) in Bailongjiang watershed in Gansu Province, and provide scientific basis for the management of soil nitrogen and the regulation of integrated ecosystem.[Methods] Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0-20 cm, and were tested in laboratory. Geostatistical methods combined with ArcGIS 10.2 were applied to analyze the spatial variability and distribution pattern of soil nitrogen.[Results] The variation coefficient of total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen were moderate, with the value ranged from 35% to 90%. The rations of nugget to sill of total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen were ranged from 50.13% to 63.19%, the spatial variability was affected by structural and random factors, and the best fitting theoretical semivariogram models of soil nitrogen were Gaussian models. As a whole, the spatial distribution of total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen were higher in northwest but lower in southeast, and the soil ammonium nitrogen in the northwest area was lower than that in southeast.[Conclusion] The content of total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen varied remarkably in different land use types and altitudes, while there was no significant correlation between ammonium nitrogen and different land use types and altitudes.

Abstract:[Objective] The objective of the study is to compare the effects of planting sedum plants in green roof substrates made of crushed brick and ceramsite in order to provide the reference for related research.[Methods] With two types of extensive green roof substrate mixed by using 5% distillers' grains, 10% top soil, 25% sand, compound fertilizer(4 kg/m³) and 60% ceramsite, or 55% crushed brick and 5% lime stone, we planted two popular Sedum species(Sedum sarmentosum, SS; Sedum Linare, SL) in them, and then investigated coverage and dry weights of plants, and nutrient content(total nitrogen, TN; total phosphorus, TP; and total kalium, TK) in substrate within 18 months.[Results] Plant coverage and dry weights from substrate made of crushed brick were greater or equal to those from substrate made of ceramsite, while the decreases of TP and TK in two substrates did not differ from each other significantly, TN in substrate made of crushed brick reduced less than substrate made of ceramsite. The coverage and dry weights of SS were significantly higher than those of SL.[Conclusion] Green roof plants grow better in the green roof substrate made of crushed brick than substrate made of ceramsite, and thus can replace ceramsite in mixing green roof substrate.

Abstract:[Objective] The sampling data from 24 cross sections of 5 monitoring sites, including Sanshenggong, Sanhuhekou, Baotoudengkou, Zhangliwenyao, Lama Bay, were used for studying the water quality of Inner Mongolia section of the Yellow River.[Methods] Choosing the dissolved oxygen(DO), chemical oxygen demand(COD), ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorous(TP) and total nitrogen(TN) to evaluate the water quality of the Yellow River by means of comprehensive assessment of fuzzy mathematics.[Results] DO was between 7.2 and 8.1 mg/L, which indicated that the water quality of the Yellow River belong to class I. COD varies between 17 and 33 mg/L, indicating the water quality between the class Ⅲ and Ⅴ. Ammonia nitrogen varies between 0.5 to 1.3 mg/L, water quality was within the classⅡand Ⅲ. TP was between 0.12 to 0.28 mg/L, water quality between the class Ⅱ and Ⅲ. TN was between 1.4 to 2.7 mg/L, and water quality was the class Ⅳ, even occasionally worse than that of the classⅤwater quality standard. COD and TN were the main pollutants. The water quality of Yellow River in Inner Mongolia are roughly in the class Ⅲ or Ⅳ, and its vale varies between 3.3 to 4.2 mg/L.[Conclusions] Through the evaluation, it is found that the water quality in the Inner Mongolia section of the Yellow River is gradually deteriorating. The main reason is the import of foreign pollutants.

Abstract:[Objective] The objective of this study is to comprehensively assess the ecological revetment of urban river course in order to provide the theoretical basis for urban river construction.[Methods] Considering revetment safety, ecological environment, landscape suitability and socioeconomic benefits, we established an index system of comprehensive assessment on the ecological revetment of urban river course by using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process-principal component analysis(FAHP-PCA).[Results] The ecological brick slope was the optimal measure in Hefei City as it showed the highest assessment value of 1.57, which was higher than that of ecological concrete slope(-2.39) or erect retaining wall(0.82). The main factors that influenced the quality of ecological revetment included structural stability, biodiversity, water environmental remediation, hydrophilicity and public recognition. The result was consistent with the assessment result from FAHP and PCA.[Conclusion] Based on the excellent applicability and rationality, it is convenient to determine the main factors that affecting ecological revetment, therefore, FAHP-PCA can be used in the comprehensive assessment on ecological revetment of urban river course.

Abstract:[Objective] The objective of this study is to reveal the response mechanism of runoff to land use changes in Shiyang river, in order to provide theoretical basis for reasonable allocation and optimization of water resources in arid areas.[Methods] Using various data derived from watershed DEM(digital elevation model), land use, soil and meteorology and combined with GIS(geographic information system) and RS(remote sensing) technology, we developed a distributed hydrological model with SWAT(soil and water assessment tool). Based on SWAT Model and SUFI-2 algorithm, we simulated monthly hydrograph in the Shiyang river basin from 1980 to 2009.[Results] The top three sensitive parameters influencing model were CN₂, Alpha_Bf and Timp. The simulated values of calibration and validation periods were in accordance with actual values, Nash-Sutcliffe and R² efficiency coefficient E_ns were higher than 0.8, the relative errors|R_e|were all less than 10%.[Conclusion] The result of the present work implied that the SWAT model of SUFI-2 algorithm is suitable for the simulation of the monthly runoff in Shiyang river basin.

Abstract:[Objective] The aims of this study are to estimate the willingness of residents to pay for farmland protection in Beijing City, to investigate the differences of willingness between urban and rural residents, and analyze the driving factors that cause the differences, in order to provide the theory references for the development of object-oriented differentiated cultivated land protection policy.[Methods] Choice experiment(CE) method was employed. R statistical language software and econometric models was used.[Results] The amount of rural residents willing to pay for the protection of cultivated land area, quality and landscape ecological environment was 67.24, 113.75 and 51.47 yuan per year, respectively, while the amount of urban residents willing to pay was 58.07, 66.40 and 150.80 yuan per year, respectively.[Conclusion] The willingness of urban residents to pay for land protection was significantly higher than that of rural residents, individual's willingness to pay was positively related to their education, annual total income of household and dependent population in family. From the perspective of functional requirements, the highest demand for urban and rural residents were ecological function and production function, respectively, this difference in demand was driven by individual's preferences and needs.

Abstract:[Objective] The aim of this study is to reveal the spatial and temporal variation of regional ecological risk in rapid urbanization areas(Qingpu District of Shanghai City), in order to provide technical support for regional ecological planning and construction.[Methods] With the employment of GIS technology, the regional integrated ecological risk assessment model was constructed based on landscape pattern index. Spatial distribution of ecological risk in the study area was analyzed by spatial autocorrelation.[Results] The land use in the study area changed greatly from 2000 to 2013. The area of forest and urban increased gradually while the area of farmland decreased, wetland remained stable. The spatial variation of ecological risk in the study area was significant. The ecological risk of the area in the eastern was higher than that of the area located in the west, and the expansion speed of ecological risk in the east was higher than that in the west. Urbanization had a significantly impact on ecological risk.[Conclusion] Regional ecological risk has significant spatial agglomeration characteristics, and its ecological risk value represents a significant positive correlation. These changes are closely related to ecosystem change and human activities.

Abstract:[Objective] A preliminary exploration on the quantitative evaluation of land ecological security was made in Chongqing City in order to provide support and theoretical reference for land ecological security research and the ecological environment construction.[Methods] Based on the conceptual framework of driving force-pressure-state-impact-response(DPSIR), land ecological security evaluation index system was established. Grey correlation model was used to give weights for the land ecological security index to evaluate land ecological security of Chongqing City from 1997 to 2012.[Results] The land ecological security showed a gradual downward trend, as it was a sensitive situation during 1997-1998, 2003-2009 and 2012, a safe situation during 1999-2002, and a insecurity situation during 2010-2011. The land ecological security index of driving force and pressure fluctuated slightly and showed a downward trend. The state index and response index showed an overall growth trend, while the impact safety index showed a fluctuated change.[Conclusion] The adjustment of industrial structure, environmental protection, and increase of capital investment and the improvement of technology, the improvement of agricultural production, increase of the forest coverage and enhancement of the response of land ecological security, is the fundamental guarantee of land ecological security in Chongqing City. The evaluation model and index system in the present study is reliable and can be used in land ecological security evaluation.

Abstract:[Objective] The objective of this study is to discuss the regional difference of farmers' land use behavior affected by land-use control in order to provide references for farmers' land use behavior and improve land use efficiency and regulation.[Methods] We investigated 433 interviewees from the city (Chengdu City in Sichuan Province) where economic compensation for farmland protection has been started and the city(Wuhan City in Hubei Province) without economic compensation. Based on non-parametric and regress model, we analyzed the characteristics and its influencing factors of farmer land-use behavior from four different respects, including land-use desire, structure, intensity and land protection degree.[Results] (1) Household land-use behavior showed low land input intensity with low land-use willingness. Grain crops and economic crops were preferred, and the protection of farmland environment was ignored. (2) Farmers' land-use behavior showed significant regional differences. The participation rate of farmers' rural land transfer in Chengdu City was 12.61% higher than that of farmers in Wuhan City. (3) Farmers' individual and family characteristics, the degree of land-use control and regional factors had significant influences on farmers' land-use behavior.[Conclusion] Farmers' land-use behavior shows as a trend of polarization, and it is influenced by farmers' individual characteristics and regional differences.

Abstract:[Objective] The objective of this study is to explore the effect of the comprehensive application of the third theory of quantification and BP neural network in the landslide, in order to provide a new method for the prediction of landslide volume.[Methods] The influence factors of landslide volume and its coupling strength were analyzed by the third theory of quantitatification. Based on the analysis results, the secondary factors and strong coupling degree samples were removed, and then the BP neural network prediction models of 3 different kinds of landslide volume was built according to different stages of the elimination.[Results] The main influencing factors of landslide volume were slope angle, slope, vegetation coverage rate and slope high, while the secondary influence factors were the dip angle, elevation and slope rock orientation. And in different samples, the degree of coupling between the volume influencing factors was difference.[Conclusion] The prediction method used in the present study is feasible, and the prediction accuracy can be improved by eliminating the secondary factors and the strong coupling degree samples.

Abstract:[Objective] It is necessary to study the ecological value and ecological compensation to make full use of the advantages of the rich ecological resources in Enshi area, Hubei Province, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the establishment of regional ecological compensation mechanism.[Methods] Based on the related remote sensing and statistic data, the value of ecosystem services in Enshi area in 2000 and 2010 was calculated, and the ecological value, ecological compensation amount and ecological compensation priority index in 2010 was analyzed.[Results] (1) The total ecosystem service value of Enshi in 2000 and 2010 was 7.84×10⁷ and 5.88×10⁷, respectively. The calculated value equivalent of the ecological service functions in Enshi areas decreased by 25.07% during the past 10 years. (2) The total value of the ecosystem services of Enshi in 2010 was 2.89×10¹⁰ yuan, and the ecological compensation priority order was as follows:Hefeng, Xuanen, Lichuan, Xianfeng, Badong, Jianshi, Enshi and Laifeng County.[Conclusion] There is a positive correlation between the ecological compensation priority index and the proportion of poor villages and the ecosystem value per capita. Similarly, there is a positive correlation between the ecosystem value per capita and the proportion of poor villages.

Abstract:[Objective] The paper estimates the net primary productivity(NPP) of the Kaidu-Kongque river basin, and analyzes its spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and the future tendency, in order to provide the basis for the management and effective use of natural resources.[Methods] MODIS vegetation index(NDVI) data, meteorological and vegetation classification data was collected from 2001 to 2013. The improved CASA model was used.[Results] The annual NPP showed a gradually increasing trend, and it was high in northwest but low in southeast. The NPP values showed a zonal distribution with Kiadu-Kongque river as the center(highest NPP value). The annual variation of NPP was great, the highest NPP occurred in summer(65.30%) while the lowest NPP occurred in winter (2.13%). From the Hurst index and slope trend of NPP spatial coupling graph, an increasing trend in NPP could be expected in the future.[Conclusion] The development of ecological environment in the Kaidu-Kongque river basin is sustainable, and the seasonal and regional difference is obvious.

Abstract:[Objective] The aim of this study is to explore the design method of rainwater utilization in districts, in order to provide the theoretical references for rainwater utilization design in residential areas.[Methods] Taking F-3 Garden of Binhu Holiday Community in Hefei City, Anhui Province as the case, according to the design concept, the utilization intensity of rainwater for residential areas was calculated. With the consideration of actual conditions, the utilization intensity, scale, the costs and benefits of different rainwater utilization facilities, the composition of rainwater utilization facilities was determined.[Results] The method for rainwater utilization in residential areas was proposed, which resolved two key problems including scale and composition in rainwater utilization design. The rainwater utilization of Binhu Holiday F-3 Garden included water landscape(1742.1 m³), reservoir(1 500 m³), concave greenbelt(12 200.5 m²) and permeable pavement(10 672 m²), which met the requirements of a 85% runoff controlling and a return period of 2 a.[Conclusion] The discharge runoff coefficient should be the major target for the design of rainwater utilization residential areas. Taking the specific condition of each district, the economic, environmental and social benefits, and related regulations into consideration, the scale and composition should be determined rationally.

Abstract:[Objective] The objective of this study is to investigate the current participation of private capital in comprehensive control of soil and water loss in small watershed, to provide references for government policy making.[Methods] Based on the field investigation, the current situation of private capital participating in comprehensive control of soil and water loss in small watershed was analyzed and studied.[Results] The characteristics, models and experiences of the participation of private capital in comprehensive control of soil and water loss in small watershed were summarized.[Conclusion] The private capital has become an important supplement to ecological construction and soil and water conservation in China, which not only speeds up the control process of soil and water loss, but also improves the management efficiency. To promote this work, it is necessary to strengthen the relevant work from policy concessions, construction and management and technical services.

Abstract:[Objective] The vulnerability assessment of subgrade was studied in order to provide an effective method for the determination of prevention rank and the assessment of the disaster-bearing capability of subgrade.[Methods] According to the subgrade suffering from debris flow and previous research, the concept of subgrade vulnerability was proposed. Based on the characteristics of the subgrade and debris flow, the influences of the subgrade geological location, the design, the construction and the operation maintenance on subgrade vulnerability were systemically analyzed. Then the evaluating indicators of subgrade vulnerability were determined. The weights of indicators at all levels were determined by using the AHP(analytic hierarchy process) method, and the ridge distribution function was used to calculate the membership grades of indicators. The assessment model of subgrade vulnerability was finally established based on the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation.[Results] The established model was applied to assess one subgrade of the highway and the result was moderate vulnerability.[Conclusion] The evaluation result was consistent with the actual situation, and confirmed the feasibility of the method.

Abstract:[Objective] We aimed to study the soil and water conservation function of Cerasus humilis, in order to provide theoretical support for C. humilis local planting.[Methods] The water retention, water stability of soil aggregates, soil anti-erodibility of C. humilis in 4 different plots were examined in Liulin County, Shanxi Province, China.[Results] (1) The soil bulk density of C. humilis was significantly lower than other soil samples, and soil bulk density of C. humilis Ⅲ in sunny slope was the lowest(0.954 g/cm³ in surface, 1.163 g/cm³ in subsurface). It showed a significant negative correlation with soil total porosity and capillary porosity. (2) C. humilis displayed strong adaptability to the local conditions, and this was beneficial to improving soil fertility. (3) The soil aggregates and water-stable aggregates(>0.25 mm), the wet-sieving mean weight diameters(MWD) and soil aggregate water-stability index in C. humilis plantation were much higher than other plots, and it had the lowest soil aggregate breakage rate. (4) The average soil erodibility factor(K) values of 0-40 cm soil layer was the lowest in C. humilis plantation, which was effective to prevent soil erosion in surface and subsurface. (5) The value of K showed a significant negative correlation with clay and organic matter, while a significant positive correlation with silt. Soil texture determined soil erodibility.[Conclusion] C. humilis has a strong adaptability in hill-gully region of the Loess Plateau, which not only increase the income of farmers, but also improve the local soil and water conservation capacity and environment.

Abstract:[Objective] The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of slope ecological protection measures in western part of Huangqiba section in northern of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, in order to provide the scientific basis for regulating vegetation succession rate and expected vegetation restoration effect.[Methods] We investigated soil and vegetation conditions in the canal slopes caused by excavation and natural habitat at the top of channel.[Results] (1) After ecological restoration, the plant density, coverage, evenness index(Pielou), diversity index(Shannon-Wiener) and richness index(Margalef) in the sunny and shady slope has been improved, and the improvement in shady slope was higher than in the sunny slope, but still lower than the natural habitats. (2) Soil nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium nutrient characteristics in both shady slope and sunny slope were increased, however, they were still lower than the level of natural habitats, which showed as:the natural habitat > shady slope > sunny slope. (3) After the ecological restoration, the plant community index of the shady and sunny slope was still low, and the community succession was still in the stage of shrub and grass plant community.[Conclusion] The slope ecological restoration technology can improve the soil fertility status and promote the growth of vegetation on the side slope. Due to the special environmental conditions of the west main canal area, short-term ecological restoration measures is not enough and long-term restoration is needed. In addition, native plants should be selected in the slope ecological restoration plant in the northern area of Xinjiang region.

Abstract:[Objective] We aim to analyze the flora and utilization of vegetation resources in the margin of Badain Jaran desert, in order to provide theoretical basis and reference for vegetation restoration, protection and utilization in Badain Jaran desert.[Methods] Based on the principles and methods of geobotany, combined with field investigation, this article systematically discussed the composition and distribution of flora in the margin of Badain Jaran desert. The types of desert vegetation resources were divided and the protection measures and methods were proposed.[Results] The vegetation in the margin belonged to typical desert flora. There were 32 species belonging to 30 genera in 13 families in the study area, including gymnosperms (1 family, 1 genus and 1 species) and angiosperms (12 families, 29 genera and 31 kinds). Influenced by topography, landform, climate and other habitats, the distribution of flora showed significant differences. The vegetation resources could be classified into four types:edible or feeding vegetation(22 species), medicinal vegetation(12 species), ecological vegetation(17 species) and other resources. The article proposed conservation methods such as migratory species, species richness and diversity, and summarized the methods of controlling water resources, reasonable grazing, proper sealing, rational utilization of medical vegetation, and comprehensive utilization of resources.[Conclusion] The analysis on vegetation in the margin of Badain Jaran desert is of great importance for desertification control and of desert resources utilization.

Abstract:[Objective] The objective of this study is to investigate the dynamic measurement characteristics of urbanization and environment coordinated development, in order to provide basis for the development of new urbanization sustainable development policy in Zhejiang Province.[Methods] Based on the coupling coordination degree model, the mutual influence degree of urbanization and ecological environment were evaluated. The relationship between urbanization and ecological environment was studied after the degree was divided into 4 types.[Results] (1) Both economic, social, comprehensive development level of urbanization and eco-environment response, status, pressure showed a continued growth trend, and the coordination degree increased continuously from low coordination status to good coordination status and from urbanization lagged to eco-environment lagged. (2) The relationships between urbanization and ecological environment were divided into 4 types including:"good coordination with eco-environment lagged", "moderate coordination with eco-environment lagged", "good coordination with urbanization lagged", and "moderate coordination with urbanization lagged".[Conclusion] In order to promote the development of both ecological environment and urbanization, all of cities need to understand their current situation, and continue to strengthen the construction of urbanization with the consideration of protecting ecological environment.

Abstract:[Objective] According to the input redundancy and output shortfall, we aimed to design a reasonable land use low carbon optimization scheme, in order to promote low carbon development of industries.[Methods] Based on data envelopment analysis(DEA) method, the input-output index which are based on the latest classified trades of industry construction land control indicators of Jiangsu Province was established, to analyze the land use carbon emission efficiency from 26 industries in 13 city in Jiangsu Province. The comprehensive efficiency, the pure technical efficiency and the scale efficiency was investigated, and the low carbon optimization schemes were proposed.[Results] The comprehensive efficiency of land use carbon emission from 26 industries was generally low, which was the highest in the middle area while lowest in the south area of Jiangsu Province. The highest comprehensive efficiency of carbon emission was the capital and technology intensive industry land.[Conclusion] The land supply policy can be used in government macroeconomic regulation and control to guide the development of low carbon industry.

Abstract:[Objective] The objective of the study is to analyze the spatial-temporal changes of water transparency and related influencing factors in Wuliangsu Lake, Inner Mongolia and to provide theoretical basis and technical support for submerged plants recovery and lake management of Wuliangsu Lake.[Methods] According to the routine monitoring data and experimental data in Wuliangsu Lake from April 2014 to January 2015, this paper used Excel and SPSS to analyze the factors influencing water transparency of Wuliangsu Lake.[Results] During the April 2014 to January 2015, water transparency of Wuliangsu Lake ranged from 0.17 to 2.74 m with an average value of 0.82 m. The water transparency was higher in south area than in north area. The seasonal variation of the transparency was spring(1.12 m) > autumn(0.81 m) > summer(0.73 m) > winter(0.61 m).[Conclusion] Chlorophyll a is the most important factor affecting the spatial distribution of water transparency which decreases with its increases. The suspended solids is not the important factor on water transparency, pH value is an indirect factors influencing water transparency.

Abstract:[Objective] The objective of this study is to study correlation among the ecological characteristics of riparian meadows, riparian soil properties and river water quality, in order to provide a solid basis for the evaluation of river ecosystem in Qinghai Lake basin.[Methods] Along altitudinal gradient of main rivers in the field, we collected water samples, riparian topsoil samples and investigated vegetation characteristics, and analyzed samples in laboratory.[Results] The 18 evaluation indexes of river ecosystems exhibited the certain regularity along elevation gradient in Qinghai Lake basin. Obvious correlation existed among the evaluation indexes of the riparian vegetation, surface soil and river water quality. Significant positive correlation was found between chemical oxygen demand(COD) and Pb, coverage and soil organic matter content(SOC), biomass and richness(p<0.01), while significant negative correlation found between the riparian soil sandy grains and river water nitrogen content, soil salt content and coverage, sand grains and richness(p<0.01). The principal component analysis indicated that the COD, soil organic matter, vegetation coverage and As can be used to evaluate river ecosystems.[Conclusion] The negative impacts of human activities had emerged on the riparian meadow ecosystem. To achieve sustainability of regional ecological, social and economic development, the grassland stocking rates must be decreased and unnecessary construction projects reduced.

Abstract:[Objective] This study is to analyze the carbon source and sink variation of agriculture ecosystem and its driving factors in Iri Valley in order to provide the scientific basis for agricultural structure adjustment and agricultural production of carbon emissions.[Methods] Based on the statistical data of crop yield, planting area, agriculture inputs in the period from 2004 to 2013, the carbon coefficient, the amounts of carbon source and sink of agriculture ecosystem in Iri Valley were calculated.[Results] (1) The total carbon absorption was increased from 2.32×10⁶ t in 2004 to 4.48×10⁶ t in 2013 with a rate of 7.57% each year. Carbon absorption per unit of sowing area was increased from 7.54 t/hm² in 2004 to 9.27 t/hm² in 2013 with the times of 0.23. The correlation analysis results showed that carbon absorption had significantly positive correlations with the yields of rice, wheat, corn and vegetables, while significantly negative correlation with the yield of linseed. (2) The total carbon emission was increased from 2.24×10⁵ t in 2004 to 4.02×10⁵ t in 2013, which increased by 0.80 times during the past 10 years. Diesel and fertilizer inputs were the most important factors that influenced carbon emission. (3) The net carbon absorption was increased from 2.10×10⁶ t in 2004 to 4.07×10⁶ t in 2013, and net carbon absorption per unit of sowing area was increased from 6.81 t/hm² in 2004 to 8.44 t/hm² in 2013 with a increasing rate of 2.41% each year.[Conclusion] With the high input and output model, the agriculture ecosystem in Iri Valley showed as a carbon sink.

Abstract:[Objective] The aim of this study is to analyze the controlling effect of land-use planning on spatial-temporal change of cropland supplement from 2001 to 2010 in Tongzhou District, Nantong City, Jiangsu Province, in order to provide the scientific basis for the further general land use planning and implementation.[Methods] The GIS spatial analysis method and transfer matrix in 2001 and 2010 of Tongzhou District was used to evaluate the controlling effects of land-use planning on cropland occupation and supplement.[Results] (1) The area of cropland declined from 92 503.47 hm² to 72 466.52 hm², the supplementary speed was lower than the occupation rate, and the proportion of paddy field was higher in both occupation and supplement. (2) The main occupation of cropland was construction land, and 96.80% of which was the rural residential areas. The main resource of cropland supplement was construction land, water area and other agricultural land, 71.67% of which came from the rural residential areas. (3) The occupation of cropland mainly distributed in northwestern region and central region, while the supplement of cropland mainly distributed in central region and northern region of Tongzhou District. (4) Generally, the cropland occupation and supplement controlling effects in Tongzhou District are poor. The controlling effects of cropland occupied by newly-increased urban industrial and mining land are better than land use at the rural residential land.[Conclusion] The area of cropland has declined from 2001 to 2010 in Tongzhou District, and its main occupation and supplement is both the construction land, which presents some laws of spatial distribution. The land-use planning has a poor controlling effect on cropland occupation and supplement.

Abstract:[Objective] To understand dominant shrub caloric value characteristics and study relationship between caloric value and species diversity index, in order to provide scientific basis for vegetation ecological restoration and biodiversity protection in typical areas of the Irtysh river watershed in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.[Methods] We determined the caloric value, calculated the diversity index of dominant species and analyzed the correlation between calorific value and diversity index.[Results] The caloric value ranged from 15.20 to 19.60 MJ/kg across all species, with a mean value of 17.32 MJ/kg, which is close to that of worldwide terrestrial plants. The caloric values of the dominant shrubs were in an order of Betula rotundifolia > Spiraea hypericifolia > Juniperus Sabina > Juniperus sibirica > Spiraea media > Potentilla fruticosa > Rosa oxyacantha > Sophora alopecuroides > Calligonum leucocladum > Krascheninnikovia ceratoides > Calligonum rubicundum > Tamarix chinensis > Haloxylon ammodendron > Krascheninnikovia ewersmannia. Calorific value was positively correlated with species diversity index, richness index and evenness index, and negatively correlated with dominance index, but not significantly. The calorific value of the dominant species in the study area is higher than that of the primary biomass raw material, which indicates that the shrub has a high calorific value.[Conclusion] The calorific value of dominant species of plants is higher, and has the potential as an energy plant. The dominant species can be used as a reference of pioneer plants for the vegetation restoration and soil and water conservation. The calorific value of dominant species is influenced by plant species and organs, and the correlation between caloric value and species diversity is poor.

Abstract:[Objective] We aim to investigate the impacts of coal resources exploitation on ecological environment of agricultural land, in order to establish the new mechanism for the development of mineral resources and agricultural land ecological compensation.[Methods] Taking the Dongshan mine in Jixi City, the major grain producing areas of Heilingjiang Province as an example, this study employed market value method, pollution discharge fee and opportunity cost methods.[Results] (1) The development of coal resources directly affected the integrity of farmland and grain production, while indirectly affected ecological environment and the health of residents in mining area. (2) The losses from the destruction of ecological damage caused by enterprise development should be compensated by the benefiting enterprise. Destroy with unclear subject and historical mining ecological environment damage should be compensated by the government. Mineral resources development had long-term and irreversible damage to ecological environment of water and soil resources in modern agricultural region. Land consolidation reclamation and high standard farmland construction was the main compensation object in grain producing areas. Residents in ecological environment control and mining area were the compensation object as well. (3) The value of coal resources and farmland ecological compensation standard was 9 472 thousand yuan/a in Dongshan mine, which accounted for 2.92% of the coal production. (4) The government fiscal transfer payment as ecological compensation mode, while the mineral enterprises formed the system of deposit by using resources exploitation and development of standard agricultural ecological compensation system, to guarantee the fulfillment of ecological management.[Conclusion] We should establish a diversified compensation mode which took the benefiting enterprise and government as the main compensation subject, the land consolidation reclamation and high standard farmland construction, the residents in ecological environment control and mining area as the main compensation object, measuring the coal development of direct and indirect effects of agricultural land as the compensation standard.

Abstract:[Objective] The aim of this study is to service value of evaluate forest ecosystem in Jilin Province from 2009 to 2013, in order to provide the basis for sustainable operation and management of forest ecological system.[Methods] Data was collected from the eighth forest resources inventory and forest management plan of eight forestry bureau in Jilin Province. Forest ecosystem services evaluation index system and quantitative methods was established. The equation of price on forest water conservation was deduced using price calculation.[Results] (1) Forest ecosystem services value was 1 380.135 billion yuan in 2013 in Jilin Province.(2) The value of forest ecosystem services was ranked as:purify the atmosphere environment(1 022.591 billion yuan, accounting for 74.09% of the total service value) > biodiversity maintenance(106.327 billion yuan, accounting for 7.70%) > water conservation(99.77 billion yuan, accounting for 7.23%) > soil conservation(94.161 billion yuan, accounting for 6.82%) > farmland/pasture protection(56.475 billion yuan, accounting for 4.09%) > carbon release oxygen(812 million yuan, accounting for 0.06%).[Conclusion] To purify the atmosphere environment, biodiversity maintenance and water conservation in the total service value was highest in Jilin Province. The theory and method of market price was more realistic than previous research result, and effectively improve the accuracy and rationality of water conservation forest value accounting, also make the research on forest water conservation value evaluation method was more rational.

Abstract:[Objective] To study the carbon storage of natural Pinus tabulaeformis in order to provide theoretical basis for the management of carbon fixation and storage management in natural P. tabulaeformis forest in Songshan Mountain in Beijing City.[Methods] We set up standard plots in natural P. tabulaeformis forest, and sampled biomass of trees, shrubs, grasses and litter, and then collected soil samples at a depth of 0 to 100 cm. The correlative models were used to estimate the carbon storage of natural P. tabulaeformis forest ecosystem and different components.[Results] The vegetation carbon content changed from 42.39% to 49.95%, and it changed from 0.26% to 1.31% in the soil layer from 0 to 100 cm. The average carbon storage of P. tabulaeformis ecosystem was 147.24 Mg/hm², and the average carbon storage in vegetation was 57.14 Mg/hm², accounted for 36.7% of ecosystem carbon, carbon storage in each layer of the forest were trees(54.93 Mg/hm²) > shrub(0.45 Mg/hm²⁾ > herb(0.29 Mg/hm²). The average soil carbon storage was 66.35 Mg/hm², accounting for 46.30% of ecosystem carbon and 1.16 times the vegetation and 2.79 times litter carbon storage. The soil carbon content decreases with the increase of soil depth. Litter average carbon storage was 23.75 Mg/hm², accounting for 17% of ecosystem carbon storage.[Conclusion] Natural forest in Songshan mountain area contributed most to vegetation carbon storage, and carbon content of natural P. tabulaeformis forest in Songshan mountain area vegetation follows an order of arbor > shrub > herb > litter.

Abstract:[Objective] The objective of this study is to investigate the distribution characteristics of the stand biomass and carbon storage of Populus euphratica with different ages, in order to provide the basis for the further research of forest ecosystem carbon cycle, carbon storage, carbon sequestration rate and potential.[Methods] Taking natural Populus euphratica forest in Luntai County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region as the research object, the regression models of aboveground biomass were constructed based on the analysis of the different ages and diameter grades of P. euphratica plantation sample tree. The distribution of community biomass and carbon storage in each organ biomass was investigated in different layer with different ages.[Results] The aboveground biomass of P. euphratica increased with the increase of age and the biomass of trunk was the greatest. With the increase of age, the aboveground biomass of P. euphratica increased initially and then decreased slightly. The aboveground biomass of young forest, middle-aged forest, near mature forest, mature forest and over mature forest was 4.91, 7.95, 19.47, 61.95 and 47.64 t/hm², respectively. The average carbon content was showed as:trunk (48.17%) > branch (47.75%) > bark (46.13%) > leaf (44.90%), and there was no significant differences among them. With the increase of age, the carbon storage of the aboveground tree layer of P. euphratica increased initially and then decreased slightly, which showed as:mature forest (30.38 t/hm²) > over mature forest (23.26 t/hm²) > near-mature forest(9.30 t/hm²) > middle-aged forest(3.69 t/hm²) > young forest(2.20 t/hm²).[Conclusion] The carbon storage of above ground organs in P. euphratica was:trunk > branch > bark > leaf, and the trunk was the main parts of the carbon reserves.

Abstract:[Objective] We aimed to study the changes of land use/cover and its influencing factors in Weigan-Kuqa river delta oasis, in order to provide the basis for the oasis ecosystem health maintenance.[Methods] This article selected Weigan-Kuqa river delta oasis as the study area. Landsat TM/ETM⁺ image data in the year of 1989, 2001 and 2013 was collected. By dynamic model and land transfer matrix analysis, we analyzed the characteristics of land use/cover change and its driving factors including climatic, social and economic factors.[Results] (1) During the past 25 years, there was no change in the land use/cover type in the Weigan-Kuqa river delta oasis, but the proportion of each type changed greatly. (2) The area of cultivated land increased by 114.52%, which was mainly converted from grassland and other land. The area of saline land increased by 66.11%. In contrast, the area of woodland, grassland, water and other land use types decreased.[Conclusion] In recent 25 years, the land use/cover in Weigan-Kuqa river delta oasis changed greatly. The variation of woodland, grassland, water and saline land was driven by natural factors, while the variation of cultivated land and other land use types was driven by population and economic factors.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper analyzed the spatial and temporal variations of temperature and precipitation in Xilingol League of Inner Mongolia, in order to provide a scientific support for environmental evolution and early warning of temperature and precipitation change in this area.[Methods] We collected monthly mean air temperature and precipitation data of 15 meteorological site in Xilingol League from 1961 to 2010. The unitary linear recursive analysis, linear trend analysis, Mann-Kendall test and Morlet wavelet methods were used to analyze the spatial and temporal variations of climate change.[Results] The annual mean temperature demonstrated a significant increasing trend during the past 50 years at a rate of 0.44℃/10 a. The increase of temperature in winter was the greatest with an increasing rate of 0.52℃/10 a. The annual mean temperature changed abruptly in 1991, and there was a 1.32℃ temperature difference before and after this abrupt change. There were significant cyclical changes at 28 a, 9 a and 5 a periods, and it is still in warm period in the next few years. Annual precipitation showed a downward trend from 1961 to 2010 at a rate of 3.9 mm/10 a, and it is most obvious in summer. There were significant cyclical changes at 25 and 7 years period with no obvious abrupt change point, and it is still in the stage of little rain in the next few years.[Conclusion] The climate of Xilingol League showed a trend of drought during the past 50 years.

Abstract:[Objective] We aimed to analyze the spatial distribution and its change of air temperature based on GIS technology in rugged terrain, in order to provide basis for the study of regional ecological environment, agriculture regionalization, and climate change.[Methods] Taking Chongqing City as a case study, we collected annual temperature data from 1971 to 2010 in 34 meteorological stations in Chongqing City, and constructed the air temperature spatial distribution model according to the correlation between air temperature and topographic factors(longitude, latitude, altitude, slope, and aspect) based on GIS and DEM(digital elevation model) with high resolution(100 m×100 m).[Results] (1) Correlation coefficient between different inter-decadal air temperature and topographical factors were all greater than 0.8. (2) The annual temperature decreased initially and then increased. In 1970s and 1980s, it showed a downward trend, while from 1990s, it showed a significant increase. (3) Temperature in most areas of Chongqing City tended to increase, and the increasing range was:southeast > northeast > west.[Conclusion] In rugged terrain, the spatial distribution of air temperature has strong correlations with topographical factors. Moreover, three-dimensional display of air temperature in ArcScene based on GIS can clearly reflect the spatial distribution of air temperature.

Abstract:[Objective] In view of the controversies in baseflow separation theory and methods, the research progresse in baseflow separation was summarized in order to provide references for baseflow research.[Methods] We systematically reviewed the definitions of baseflow components, and the development of different baseflow separation methods, which include graphic analysis method, numerical simulation method, water balance method, isotope and chemistry method.[Results] We analyzed and evaluated the theoretical basis, advantages and disadvantages and conditions of application of above methods, and pointed out existing problems and future research trends.[Conclusion] So far, no method for baseflow separation is wide recognition. We still need to further strengthen the baseflow separation theory and method research, to form a unified and perfect theory system, and to determine the baseflow scientifically and reasonably. In addition, the change features and driving factors of baseflow will be an important part of the study of baseflow in the future.

Abstract:[Objective] To summarize the experiences from India in desertification control, which could provide references for the related work in China.[Methods] We summarized the progresses in studies on the causes of desertification and its impact, the specific measures and efficiency in India, and then summarized management experiences in the institutions, policies, and technical level.[Results] The experiences to control desertification in India including the following aspects:establishing the effective management organizations which is dominanted by the goveronments, making action plans, participating in international cooperation, reinforcing monitoring, developing controlling technologies, paying attention to the resources management, and improving farming techniques.[Conclusion] The enlightenment of the desertification prevention and control to China is to improve the national organizations, increase the ability to prevent and control, give full play to the leading and supporting role of science and technology, rely on people and serve people.

Abstract:[Objective] The aim of this study is to summarize and analyze the development process, technical system and key issues in intensive use of urban construction land.[Methods] Document data and comprehensive analysis were used to sumlmarize the research on intensive utilization of urban construction land in China.[Results] (1) As to the development process, the intensive use of urban construction land developed from the initial stage to exploratory phase and then transited to the development phase; (2) As to the research scale, it included macro, meso and micro-scale studies; (3) As to the evaluation indicators, it included IO(input-output), PSR(press-state-response), ESE(economy-society-ecology) and SF(structure function); (4) As to the evaluation method, it changed from the mathematical model method to spatial analysis method combined with RS and GIS.[Conclusion] To evaluate the intensive use of urban construction land in future research, the basic theory and micro-scale evaluation should be strengthened, spatial analysis and dynamic model need to be used and dynamic monitoring and management software need to be developed.

Abstract:[Objective] The objective of this study is to analyze the relationships between the urbanization and urban construction land use in Kashgar City in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, in order to provide a scientific basis for long-term sustainable development.[Methods] Based on the statistical data, we analyzed the characteristics of urbanization and construction land use changes in Kashgar City, and examined the relationship between them during the period from 2009 to 2013 by using Grey relation analysis method.[Results] The changes of construction land use were obvious, and the ratio of town-village and industrial-mining land was the biggest in total land area. There was a significant relationship between urbanization and construction land use. The average correlation coefficient between non-agriculture population proportion, per capita GDP, urban built-up area, daily water consumption per capita and construction land were ranged from 0.65 to 0.85, which belongs to the strong correlation. The correlation coefficient between per capita park green space and construction land was about 0.35 to 0.65, and it was a moderate correlation. There was a strong correlation in the two-way average correlation coefficient values between urbanization and construction land use and they were greater than 0.65.[Conclusion] There is a strong correlation between the urbanization and urban construction land use in Kashgar City. Reasonable adjustment of population structure and size, balancing development of population, economy, space, society and environment, effective and reasonable use of limited resources and optimal distribution of land resources are the effective measures for sustainable development of Kashgar City.