Abstract:[Objective] The erosion mechanism of colluvial deposits was researched to provide a theoretical basis and scientific evidence for the treatment of collapsing hills.[Methods] An indoor rainfall simulation experiment on slopes of colluvial deposits under 90 mm/h rainfall,and with the treatments of coverages(0,25%,50%,75%,100%) and slopes(25°,30°,35°) was carried out. Runoff and sediment were measured.[Results] The initiating time of runoff under different conditions changed from 33 to 292 s. Under the same slope gradient, there was a linear positive correlation between the initiating time of runoff and the straw coverage, and the initiating time of runoff had a power function with slope as independent variable. Through two-way variance analysis, the influence of slope on runoff was very significant and the influence of coverage on sediment yield was significant. The critical straw coverage of sediment yield was 50% under 25°, the critical straw coverage of sediment yield was 75% under 30°, the critical straw coverage of runoff was 50% under 35°.[Conclusion] For different slope gradients of colluvial deposits,we can choose optimal coverage of straw to reduce sediment yield and runoff effectively.

Abstract:[Objective] Dynamics of soil wind erosion in the desertification region of Northern Shanxi Province were analyzed to provide some supports for the prevention of land degradation and the benefit assessment of sand source control engineering for Beijing-Tianjin Cities.[Methods] Based on different types of surface soil erosion model, we studied the dynamics and spatial variability of soil wind erosion for each pixel in the desertification region of Northern Shanxi Province from 2001 to 2014 and then quantitatively evaluated the effects of different factors on regional soil wind erosion control.[Results] (1) Average annual soil wind erosion modulus in the desertification region of Northern Shanxi Province in 2001-2014 was 4.67 t/(hm²·a), which is in a state of mild deflation. In terms of regional distribution, the state of wind erosion desertification in the north of that region was more serious than that in the south. (2) The average soil erosion modul in 2001, 2005, 2010 and 2014 were 6.83, 3.89, 4.36 and 2.55 t/(hm²·a), respectively. And the total amounts of soil erosion were 20.90 million ton, 11.88 million ton, 13.10 million ton and 7.65 million ton, respectively. (3) The improvements of vegetation coverage and wind weakening were the main causes of decline of regional soil wind intensity in the desertification region of Northern Shanxi Province. The study found that the contribution rate of wind effect weakening was about 77.7% for the decrease of wind erosion, while the contribution rate of increase of vegetation coverage was 22.3%.[Conclusion] The soil wind erosion change varied remarkably in spatial domain. Wind weakens is the main cause of regional soil wind intensity weaken in Northern Shanxi Province desertification region. The vegetation coverage in Northern Shanxi Province desertification region has not been restored to a good condition. This indicates that the implement of ecological engineering should be carried out and the effects of ecological project should be protected.

Abstract:[Objective] Appropriate measures on riverbank slope were significant for soil and water conservation, water purification, and the health of riparian ecosystem. Artificial rainfall experiment was used to study the dynamics of runoff, sediment yield and nutrient loss.[Methods] The effects of rainfall intensity, slope gradient and protective measures were analyzed. Altogether, nine experimental plots were set and principal component analysis method was used to find the slope protection design which produced the best protective effect.[Results] Tall fescue was most effective on runoff and sediment reduction, while crown vetch had the largest effect in reducing nutrient loss. On slopes with riparian gradient of 30° or 45°, and with 0° or less crest, tall fescue should be used for slope protection. On slope with gradient of 45°and crest of 18°, Crown varia was appropriate for slope protection.[Conclusion] Tall fescue was most effective on runoff and sediment reduction, followed by crown vetch. Crown vetch was the most effective on reducing nutrient loss.

Abstract:[Objective] The reduction effects of runoff and sediment in 3 different grasslands runoff plots were observed under certain rainfall condition in Yili river valley, to provide references for soil and water conservation in the area.[Methods] Method of field artificial rainfall was used.[Results] (1) The occurrences of initial runoff the several grasslands ranked as:Pod quinoa > Yili Artemisia > Bermuda grass > bare land; (2) The runoff of rate ranked as:bare land > Yili Artemisia > Bermuda grass > Pod quinoa; (3) The sediment concentration ranked as:bare land > Yili Artemisia > Bermuda grass > Pod quinoa; (4) The values of flow reduction factor of Pod quinoa, Bermuda grass and Yili Artemisia were 0.02~0.11, 0.21~0.58 and 0.14~0.87. The values of sediment reduction factor of Bermuda grass, Pod quinoa and Yili Artemisia were 0.16~0.76, 0~0.42 and 0.42~0.88.[Conclusion] Pod quinoa got the best benefit for soil and water conservation, followed by Yili Artemisia and Bermuda grass, bare land performed the worst.

Abstract:Soil erosion and nutrients loss of Eucalyptus young forest by different kinds of afforestation and tending measures were studied to promote the scientific management of Eucalyptus plantation.[Methods] Two runoff plots in each of three afforestation-tended lands(management treatments A, B and C) and of a Eucalypt-deforested land(CK) were set up to study the characteristics of soil erosion and water loss of Eucalyptus young forest. Managemsnt A was located on a regenerated Eucalypt seedling land with basic fertilization but no topdressing after the woods and weeds were manually cut and removed. Management B was on a regenerated seedling forest land with both of basic fertilization and topdressing after of fire clearing and chemical weeding. Management C was on a sprout regenerated forest land with both of basic fertilizing and topdressing after it was artificially cleared of woods and weeds.[Results] The annual average of surface runoff, sediment erosion and the total nutrients losses of N, P, K of management B were 129.35 mm, 642.52 kg/(hm²·a) and 32.923 kg/(hm²·a), respectively, which were higher than that of A-manage by 7.93%, 90.03% and 46.89%, respectively; and were higher than that of C-manage by 4.95%, 70.82% and 49.17%, respectively; and also were higher than that of CK by 4.98%, 109.93% and 50.95%, respectively. There were extremely significant and positive linear correlations among rainfall, the surface flow and the sediment erosion of the experiment woodlands(R=0.717~0.853).[Conclusion] Artificial interferences such as clearing land with fire, chemical weeding, frequently fertilization, and a large number of precipitation level are the main causes of heavy soil erosion and the nutrient loss of Eucalyptus young forest woodland.

Abstract:[Objective] Studying the links of the change process of vegetation cover and soil moisture in East China, to reveal the impact mechanism of the former to the later.[Methods] This research described the variation of cropland and forest by trajectory analysis using MODIS MCD₁₂Q₁ and researched the soil moisture variation caused by land cover change on the basis of AMSR-E soil moisture data with high spatial resolution.[Results] (1) All kinds of land cover existed three forms:afforestation trajectory; deforestation trajectory; permanent trajectory. (2) Soil moisture showed decreasing tendency in all the trajectories of cropland and forest. (3) For forest trajectories, the order of soil moisture was:permanent forest trajectory > afforestation forest trajectory > deforestation forest trajectory; while for cropland trajectory, the rank was deforestation cropland trajectory > afforestation cropland trajectory > permanent cropland trajectory. (4) The variation of soil moisture caused by land cover was affected by their ages. E.g., soil moisture under forest would take for more than 7 years to reach its maximum capacity, while in cropland, it was minimum at this age.[Conclusion] As the main land cover types in East China, forest and farmland's trajectory in years of 2003-2010 had a downward trend of soil moisture. With the prolonging of forest growth and cultivation, soil moisture of forest and cropland were increased and decreased, respectively,and reached their maximum and minimum values after 7 years of growth and cultivation, respectively.

Abstract:[Objective] To explore the effects of ecological restoration patterns in coal ming areas of Huainan City, including rehabilitation thickness of soil and reestablished vegetation type on soil CO₂ flux, and to provide theoretical basis for ecological restoration patterns similar coal mining region.[Methods] Method of close static chamber-alkali absorption was used to measure the diurnal variation of reconstructing soil CO₂ flux. Meanwhile, temperatures of soil surface and 5 cm depth and soil water content were measured and their influences on soil CO₂ flux were analyzed in different ecological remediation patterns for coal mining district in Huainan City, Anhui Province.[Results] Diurnal variation of soil CO₂ flux exhibited an obvious unimodal pattern during the whole observation period, with peak value at 14:00 and minimum flux at 6:00 for all of the ecological restoration models. The flux ranked at different revegetation districts as:B(brushwood) > C(brushwood) > D(arboreal forest) > A(grassland). Soil CO₂ flux of B and C districts were significantly higher than that of A(p<0.05); no significant differences among others were observed(p>0.05). Soil CO₂ flux with different rehabilitation thickness ranked as:40-80 cm > 0-20 cm > 20-40 cm > 80-100 cm, and their maximum and amplitude also followed this order. Significant relationships were found between soil temperature in 0 and 5 cm depth and soil CO₂ flux, which could be described by exponential equation. R² ranged from 0.34 to 0.70 and from 0.48 to 0.83, respectively. Relationship between soil CO₂ flux and soil water content can be described by quadratic equation, with 0.08~0.44 R² value.[Conclusion] Soil CO₂ flux differed under different vegetation types, the highest occurred in brushwood[5.22 μmol/(m²·s)], followed by arboreal forest[4.56 μmol/(m²·s)], the lowest was grassland[3.89 μmol/(m²·s)].Except for 40-80 cm thickness, soil CO₂ flux decreased with the increase of soil rehabilitation thickness. The influence of vegetation on soil CO₂ flux was more significant than the one of soil rehabilitation thickness.

Abstract:[Objective] The relationship between salinification and alkaline of topsoil and vegetation cover was analyzed to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of soil secondary salinization in this area.[Methods] Plant height, aboveground biomass of glycyrrhiza community and soil moisture, pH value, salt content in soil surface(0-5 cm) were measured. The relationships between indexes of vegetation characteristics and physical and chemical indexes of topsoil through measuring vegetation coverage were analyzed.[Results] With the extension of growing years, the vegetation coverage, plant height and aboveground biomass of Glycyrrhiza uralensis appeared an increasing trend. On the contrary, salt content and pH value of topsoil indicated a decreasing trend. Correlation analysis displayed, there was a negative relation between soil salt content and pH value of topsoil and all indexes of vegetation characteristics. Correlation coefficients ranked as vegetation coverage > plant height > aboveground biomass. Regression analysis indicated, salt content and pH value of topsoil and indexes of vegetation characteristics all showed a negative linear relation. When coverage, height and aboveground biomass of Glycyrrhiza uralensis vegetation each increased one unit, pH values of topsoil decreased 0.012, 0.011 and 0.002, salt content of topsoil decreased 0.108, 0.107 and 0.015 g/kg.[Conclusion] Vegetation significantly influenced salt content and pH value of topsoil. The most influence index is vegetation. When only considering the restraining of soil salt, those crops with more branches and leaves, and with high stalks should be selected.

Abstract:[Objective] Impacts of land use type on soil erosion in agro-pastoral area were researched to provide a scientific basis for the rational use of land resources, including the farming and management in arid desert area.[Methods] Soil erosion status under different land use types were tested by field erosion experiments and analyzed by meteorological data.[Results] Land use type significantly affected soil erosion.For artificial grasslands, Leymus chinensis reduced erosion remarkably than Alfalfa grassland did. In natural grasslands, marram grassland reduced more amount of erosion than Humilis grassland did. Artificial grasslands significantly reduced soil erosion than natural grasslands did. Ploughed field had the highest erosion in farm lands, untillage corn field without stubble reduced wind-erosion 46.7%~48.6% as compared with the ploughed field. Stubble crops reduced soil erosion remarkably, although it was different for different crop types. Stubble corn field reduced soil erosion 58.1%~63.5% than the ploughed field did. Stubble buckwheat reduced erosion 50.5%~54.6% as compared with the plowed slope. In different terrains, windward soil erosion was as high 3.12~3.73 times as the value of leeward slope.[Conclusion] Artificial grassland should be increased in the area. Whereas, fields should not be ploughed or should be reduced for the ploughed area in winter and spring seasons; the reclamation of windward land should be diminished; fields should be covered in the winter or stubble should be retained after harvest to protect topsoil from wind erosion.

Abstract:[Objective] The infiltration situation of newly increased sloping farmland of Weibei tableland area was researched, and the impacts of soil volume weight, slope degree and flow discharge on sediment yield were analyzed.[Methods] Simulation test was used in door.[Results] Soil infiltration rate firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of flow discharge, an obvious inflection existed midst, and it decreased with the increase of soil bulk density. Runoff increased with the increase of soil bulk density and flow discharge. The greater bulk density was, the more sediment was, i.e., sediment yield of soil with bulk density of 1.6 g/cm³ was greater than the ones of 1.2 g/cm³ and 1.4 g/cm³. With the increase of slope gradient soil erosion was more heavy. A threshold of slope gradient existed at 5°. The large flow discharge resulted to much sediment yield, this was obvious when the flow discharge was over 6 L/min.[Conclusion] Soil erosion of newly increased sloping farmland in Weibei Tableland area was closely related to soil bulk density and slope gradient. For these reasons, soil bulk density should be small than 1.4 g/cm³, and slope gradient should be less than 15°.

Abstract:[Objective] Analyzing the responses of shifting-sand physical and chemical properties improvement to sand control technologies(gravel cover+artificial vegetation+enclosure) in Jiandang wide valley area of Yarlung Zangbo River, to provide theoretical guidance for regional desertification control.[Methods] Soil mechanical composition, organic matter and nutrients, etc. were comparatively analyzed between the samples of the sand fixed region and the ones of the mobile sand dune.[Results] After combined plantation and engineering measures were applied, such as gravel laying over the mobile dune surface,sand-fix-capable plant seeds sowing and enclosing, the sand of dune surface was fixed and the vegetation cover increased. As compared with the mobile sand dune, the contents of clay and silt particles increased significantly. The contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus and potassium in sand fixed region were higher than those of the corresponding values of mobile sand dune. Especially in 0-5 cm soil layer, greater improvements of 634.3%,268.0%,506.5%,38.3%,343.8%,66.7% of the fixed dune were obtained against the ones of the mobile sand dune, respectively. pH value at 0-5 cm soil layer in sand fixed region decreased by 11.5% in comparison with the one of the mobile sand dune; whereas the value of conductivity at 0-5 cm soil layer in sand fixed region increased by 268.1% than the value of the mobile sand dune.[Conclusion] The sand control technologies(gravel cover+artificial vegetation+enclosure) obviously fixed mobile sand and improved the soil physical and chemical properties, and were suitable for popularization and application in these region.

Abstract:[Objective] We studied the relationship between climatic characteristics of rainfalls and geological disasters in typical regions of Sichuan Province to provide basis for analyzing the relation between climatic variation and geological disasters distribution in Sichuan Province.[Methods] Disaster cases were collected in recent 15 years and the typical regions of landslide and debris flow in Sichuan Province were marked out to analyze the relationship between geological disasters and the climatic characteristics of rainfalls.[Results] Landslides mainly occurred in the east of Sichuan Province, while debris flows mainly occurred in the west of Sichuan Province. The frequencies of the two kinds of disasters increased in recent years. Landslides in typical regions were caused by days precipitation, and specifically 15 days effective precipitation was responsible for it. Beside that, heavy rains were ordinarily found in early stage of the collected landslide cases. Debris flows in typical regions were caused by few-day rainfall, and was closely related to 3 days effective precipitation. Moderate rain and light rain were frequently observed in 3 days effective precipitation before debris flow outbreaks.[Conclusion] 15 days effective precipitation and 3 days effective precipitation were both associated closely to climate characteristics of rainfalls:the former can be the factor for landslide forecast, and the latter can be the factor for debris flow forecast.

Abstract:[Objective] The water consumption characteristics and growth performances of three shrubs seedlings on the embankment slope of Yuexi-Wuhan highway under different soil water conditions were studied to provide a theoretical basis for the local slope vegetation restoration and plants maintenance of slope protection.[Methods] Three shrubs, Indigofera pseudotinctoria, Lespedeza bicolor and Amorpha fruticosa were cultivated using pot method. Water consumption and seedlings growth of them were measured under four different water treatments﹝30%~45%, 45%~60%, 60%~75% and 75%~90% of the field water capacity(FC)of pot soil].[Results] Result indicated that the diurnal variation of water consumption of the three shrub seedlings presented an unimodal shape. The peak values appeared in the noon. The monthly water consumption and total water consumption increased significantly with the increase of soil moisture. There existed significant differences in height, basal diameter and biomass increment for all of the three shrub seedlings among different soil water content. The growth of Indigofera pseudotinctoria in long time of 30%~45% FC, and the growths of Lespedeza bicolor and Amorpha fruticosa in long time of 30%~45% FC and 45%~60% FC, respectively were inhibited. Soil water content had a great influence on the water use efficiency of three shrubs seedlings. Soil water conditions of 75%~90% FC and 30%~45% FC reduced the water use efficiency(WUE).[Conclusion] If seedlings water consumption and growth characteristics were both considered, soil moisture of Indigofera pseudotinctoria should maintain at 45%~60% FC, Lespedeza bicolor and Amorpha fruticosaat 60%~75% FC. On these conditions of soil moisture, they can grow at normal rate with relative efficient uses of water.

Abstract:[Objective] The changes of soil temperature and maximum frozen depth in Horqin sand and meadow land were to provide support for reasonable guide of the agricultural production and construction.[Methods] Based on the artificial observation data from 2007 to 2015 during the freezing and thawing period, variability of soil temperature and maximum frozen depth in Horqin sand and meadow land were analyzed and compared during the freezing-thawing period.[Results] Changes of the standard deviation of soil temperature in sand and meadow land at 100 cm were basically the same, and values of meadow land were less than the ones of sand land. But the later melting period of meadow land lasted longer time, whereby its standard deviation was greater than the one of sand. Considering the impact of soil temperature and soil moisture on maximum frozen depth at the same time, the determinant coefficient of R² at depth of 200 cm in sand and 140 cm in meadow land were 0.959 and 0.788, respectively.[Conclusion] Sand land froze and melted in advance in the study area, maximum frozen depth in sand was deeper than the one of meadow land. If soil temperature and soil moisture were considered at the same time, correlation coefficient to the maximum frozen depth was greater than the corresponding value of only single variable included. Soil temperature and soil moisture were negative correlated with the maximum frozen depth in sand and meadow land.

Abstract:[Objective] The impacts on germination characteristics of soil seed bank(SSB) by adding different substrates were researched to provide valuable reference for the application of soil seed bank in vegetation restoration project in the future.[Methods] In the light of experience from Japan vegetation restoration, greenhouse germination was used to explore the impacts on germination characteristic of SSB by adding different substrates, such as organic substrate(peat), inorganic substrate(perlite) and mixed substrate(peat and perlite).[Results] Seed density and species diversity indexes were apparently improved by adding mixed substrate(peat and perlite). The mixing ratio with topsoil of 20% and 30% had witnessed the highest Shannon-Wiener diversity index and soil seed bank density. For germination curves of SSB, the mixed substrate group showed greater advantage than those of control group and other groups. Multiple regression analysis between soil seed bank density and soil properties, including C, N, P, K elements, showed that soil properties had extremely significant influence on the density of soil seed bank. CCA analysis showed that most plants had a certain degree of requirements on moisture content, C, N, P and K elements.[Conclusion] As a kind of artificial measures, adding mixed substrate to topsoil can promote the seed density and species diversity effectively, which is valuable for the vegetation restoration.

Abstract:[Objective] Studying on the formation mechanism and risk assessment of typical soil landslide in South Qinling Mountains can provide technical support for the prevention of geological disasters in the region.[Methods] The Shanyang School landslide in Shaanxi was selected as an example,the formation conditions and distribution characteristics were analyzed through in situ investigation, survey and laboratory test.[Results] The results show that Shanyang School landslide is in a stable state, the landslide may be revive suffered extreme climates, and resurrection probability is 7.45%.[Conclusion] Regional differences in the crustal movement are the inner dynamic factor of the landslide, and rainfall is the main induced factor of landslide. The maximum personnel risk probability is 1.70×10^-3 in the threats range.

Abstract:[Objective] The spatial heterogeneity of soil respiration in different growing period of Nitraria tangutorum in dryland was demonstrated to provide a scientific basis for the estimation of CO₂ emission and for the regional carbon budget in oasis.[Methods] Using Li-8100 soil respiration measurement system, we made field observation of soil respiration rate of Nitraria tangutorum nebkhas dominated dunes in 2014. The dunes located in the oasis-desert ecotone on the southern fringe of Badanjara Desert. We measured the daily change at different positions of Nitraria tangutorum along growing period, and studied the spatial heterogeneity of soil respiration of Nitraria tangutorum at different position and their seasonal variability.[Results] (1) The daily change of soil respiration rate of Nitraria tangutorum at different positions and in different growing period were different. It exhibited an unimodal variation both at the beginning of the growing period and at the dormancy season. In flourishing period, both unimodal and bimodal existed for daily respiration. Besides that, the peaks of soil respiration in different growth periods were different:the peak occurred at around 11:00 in beginning growth period, the peak of the flourishing period occurred at around 10:00 or 17:00. The peak in dormancy period delayed and occurred at 14:00. (2) There was different spatial heterogeneity of soil respiration rate at different positions on the sand mound. No significant difference(p>0.05) existed for the observations at different dune positions at the beginning of the growing period and at the dormancy period. Whereas there was a significant spatial difference(p<0.01) at the flourishing period.The average soil respiration rate at different growing period varied significantly, had a rank of flourishing period > beginning of the growing period > dormancy period.[Conclusion] Soil respiration rate of Nitraria tangutorum at different positions and in different growing period showed significantly spatial heterogeneity, which was mainly resulted from the interaction of near-surface water condition,the temperature and water content above 20 cm soil of Nitraria tangutorum at different positions.

Abstract:[Objective] To study the temporal variability and spatial distribution of rainfall erosivity in Weihe River basin in order to provide a reference for soil and water conservation.[Methods] Based on the daily rainfall data from 1957 to 2014 in 30 meteorological stations in Weihe River basin, the rainfall erosivity model proposed by Zhang Wenbo was used to calculate the rainfall erosivity, and its temporal variability and spatial distribution were analyzed.[Results] The range of annual rainfall erosivity in Weihe River basin was 806~4 017.81 MJ·mm/(hm²·h) with an average value of 1 798.97 MJ·mm/(hm²·h). The average annual erosivity decreased from the northwest to the southeast in general. There was strong correlation between the average annual erosive rainfall and the rainfall erosivity, and they had similar spatial distribution. The rainfall erosivity from July to September account for 63.91% of the total annual rainfall erosivity, showing an unimodal annual variation. Soil water loss was found mainly concentrated from July to September in the northern of the Loess Plateau and Guanzhong region. Great soil erosion might potentially occurred from May to October in Qinling Mountains. The risk of erosion increased from the northwest to the southeast; The inter-annual change of rainfall erosivity in Weihe River basin was obvious with the C_v value ranging from 34% to 56%. C_v value of rainfall erosivity in northwest region was larger than that in southeast region in general. The annual rainfall erosivity of most areas in Weihe River basin showed upward trend with different rates, except for the decline trends of Luochuan, Changwu,Huanxian and Pingliang stations.[Conclusion] There were significant differences of rainfall erosivity in spatial and temporal distribution. Although rainfall erosivity in Weihe River basin showed a decreasing trend, soil and water conservation work is still very important.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to provide basic data for the prevention of agricultural nonpoint source pollution and the protection of water resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, the phosphorus loss in regular lime slope farmland under different gradient was researched.[Methods] A sloping farmland in Xiangxi watershed of Three Gorges Reservoir area was selected and an artificial rainfall experiment with rainfall intensity of 1.5 mm/min was conducted. The variations in surface runoff, sediment concentration, total phosphorus(TP) concentration and other forms of inorganic phosphorus were studied.[Results] As the increase of slope, total runoff and sediment increased, whereas, the initial runoff time decreased. However, no significant impact on the sediment concentration was observed. As runoff continued, both TP and particulate phosphorus(PP) decreased and reached a steady concentration under all slope gradients. PP was the primary form of phosphorus loss, accounting for over 80% of that. The inorganic phosphorus suffered the most severe loss for the phosphorus loss of sediment. The inorganic phosphorus grading tests showed that effective phosphorus and slowly available phosphorus accounted for 54.1%~57.8% of the total amount of inorganic phosphorus.[Conclusion] Slope gradient influenced the phosphorus loss through the impacts on surface runoff and sediment loss. The phosphorus of sloping farmland of limestone soil was mainly removed with the sediment.

Abstract:[Objective] The effects of mining-induced collapse fracture occurrence(two years after collapse) on slope vegetation characteristics were demonstrated to provide theoretical support for revegetation and improvement of ecological environment in the coal mining subsidence area.[Methods] Soil bulk density, soil moisture and vegetation on two sides of collapse fractures in the Shenfu coal mining area were investigated and analyzed.[Results] (1) The collapse fracture occurrence made surrounding soil loose and thus resulted to the decrease of soil bulk density nearby. (2) In the case of fracture striking at right angle or close right angle to slope aspect, the fractures affected soil moisture about 3 m slope downward, as the water status in the slope downward part of the fracture became worse due to the intercepting effect of runoff. In the walls of the fracture, soil water content on fracture slope was lower than that the one on slope without fracture as a result of strong evaporation. (3) The aboveground biomass of the vegetation on the fractured slope lower than the one on non-fracture slope. The farther from the fracture, the higher of aboveground biomass revived.[Conclusion] If no other factors exist, the fracture occurrence can worsen soil moisture condition within it; and in the downward part, it can further inhibite the growth of vegetation.

Abstract:[Objective] Soil erosion rate of mineland dump slope was estimated using high resolution image of unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) which provided a new method to estimate the soil erosion rate in the area without long-term topography monitoring.[Methods] The images of study area and spatial coordinates of the ground control points were acquired using UAV and RTK-GPS, respectively. The dense point clouds and high resolution digital elevation models(DEMs) were generated using Agisoft PhotoScan Professional 1.1.2 and Arc GIS 10.3, respectively. Upon which, the soil erosion rate was estimated by visual imagery interpretation and field survey.[Results] The soil erosion area and soil erosion volume in the mineland dump slope were estimated at 11 052.53 m² and 835.41 m³, respectively. The soil erosion rate was estimated at 4 043.82 t/(km²·a). The RMSE of the DEM was 0.26 m using Ordinary Kriging method.[Conclusion] The soil erosion rate of the study area belonged to middle soil erosion, which were thought consisted with factual situations. And hence, the precision of DEM satisfied the request of the study. Although no significant differences in the DEM accuracy could be found among various interpolation methods due to the high density of cloud data, Ordinary Kriging performed best among different interpolation methods.

Abstract:[Objective] The application of support vector regression machines in soil moisture prediction based on bacteria foraging optimization algorithm(BFOA) was discussed to provide supports for the prediction of soil moisture of modern agriculture and agricultural production.[Methods] The soil moisture prediction model based on support vector regression machines(SVR) was established.And the related parameters of SVR were optimized by using bacteria foraging optimization algorithm(BFOA).Then the model was set up and tested according to the collected data of growing region.[Results] The proposed algorithm was compared with the established model using SVR and SVR based on particle swarm optimization, respectively. The results showed that the prediction model established by the proposed algorithm performed better.[Conclusion] The model had been applied to the actual project. The prediction accuracy of the model was testified well and the operation was stable. The validity and feasibility of the proposed algorithm had been proved.

Abstract:[Objective] The method and application of fast accurate calculation of earth-rock work volume were demonstrated to provide effective reference for the engineering design and decision-making arrangements.[Methods] The digital elevation model established by Petrel software was used to realize the 3D precision of earthwork volume.[Results] Through the evaluation of model accuracy, this method not only met the needs of the project, but also was higher than Surfer software.[Conclusion] Combined with the engineering example, the estimation results performed more conservative and reliable. This accurate earthwork calculation can directly demonstrate the expected project results.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper analyzed the effects of ecological restoration project in Huairou District of Beijing City, and aimed to provide reference and basis for the ecological management of rivers in other regions.[Methods] Continuous monitoring data of 5 a(2011-2015) were analyzed, including species diversity, river water quality and tourism economy income.[Results] The ecological restoration project had obvious effects on improving the fluvial biodiversity and river water quality. In the second years, restoration measures begun taking effect; after 3~4 years, the effects were observed obviously; 5 years later, the effects got stable. After the completion of the construction, tourism revenue increased year by year.[Conclusion] The project is conducive to the restoration of river ecology in the study area. The improvement of river water quality is obvious. The impact period is about 5 years, after that, it is yet beneficial for the increase of tourism income of local residents.

Abstract:[Objective] The effects of gypsum on soil water infiltration characteristics were studied to provide basis for soil infiltration modeling and the application of gypsum in the fields of production practice, soil improvement and so on.[Methods] An experiment using one-dimensional infiltration vertical soil column was conducted to test the influences of gypsum on the soil moisture infiltration characteristics.[Results] The results indicated with increasing of gypsum content, the cumulative infiltrations were reduced by 10.2%, 16.15%, 30.73% and 40.38% respectively, and the infiltration rates reduced by 18.78% and 21.07%, 42.13% and 54.82% in the early stage of gypsum application. Moreover, soil profile water content decreased significantly too. The data of soil moisture infiltration were analyzed by the vertical one dimensional infiltration model. In the model, saturated hydraulic conductivities reduced by 18.42%, 36.84%, 59.21% and 75.00% respectively, while the changes of distribution coefficient and comprehensive shape coefficient were not obvious with the increasing of gypsum content. The cumulative infiltration was highly correlated with the measured cumulative infiltration, having a coefficient of determination(R²) over than 0.998, and root mean square error less than 0.5. So, this study indicated gypsum could not only be able to weak effectively the soil infiltration capacity and reduce water leakage, but also can change the distribution of soil moisture. The vertical one-dimensional infiltration model performed well in analyzing the influences of gypsum on soil water characteristics.[Conclusion] Gypsum can effectively reduce the infiltration capacity of the soil and change the characteristics of water transmissibility.

Abstract:[Objective] Formula deduction and empirical study of market-based forest value method in water-holding capacity, to improve the accuracy and rationality on value accounting of forest water conservation.[Methods] Adopted market-based value method. It deducted the basic price formula of forest water reservoir by basic principles of Marxism economics, of which labor theory of value and production price theory were focused, and follow the market-based forest value theory and its method. The correctness, feasibility and rationality of deduction formula were exemplified by forest impounding water price in Jilin Province.[Results] Forest impounding water price was 1.00 yuan/m³ in 2008 and 1.28 yuan/m³ in 2013.[Conclusion] More realistic than previous research. It also made the evaluation method of forest water conservation value more scientific.

Abstract:[Objective] Taking Zhangjiakou City as a case, the purpose of this study was to analyze quantitatively the ecological sustainable development of Zhangjiakou City in 2003-2013, and to predict the trend for decision basis of ecological system structure optimization and ecological construction and management.[Methods] Revised three-dimensional model of ecological footprint was adopted to calculate its dynamic changes of consumption and supply of all land types from 2003 to 2013. And GM(1,1) gray predictive dynamic model was constructed to predict the trend of ecological sustainable development in the next seven years.[Results] From 2003 to 2013, biocapacity per capita in Zhangjiakou City decreased from 1.460 7 hm² to 1.321 0 hm²; ecological footprint per capita increased from 2.271 6 hm² to 5.490 0 hm²; ecological deficit per capita increased from 1.845 9 hm² to 4.671 9 hm²; ecological footprint depth per capita increased from 5.336 2 hm² to 7.254 4 hm², and ecological footprint size per capita increased from 0.425 7 hm² to 0.747 0 hm².Meanwhile, ecological footprint per capita of fossil fuel land, construction land, water area, arable land, grassland and forest land showed a trend of increase. Expect for grassland and forest land, ecological carrying capacity per capita of other ecological productive lands were decreasing. Construction land, arable land and forest land presented a state of ecological surplus, and their ecological footprint depth per capita were in natural growth stage. However, fossil fuel land, water area and grassland were in the condition of ecological deficit, ecological footprint depth per capita of water area and grassland present an increasing trend. In the period of 2014-2020, ecological footprint per capita were predicted in a rise trend; whereas, ecological carrying capacity per capita would decline year after year.[Conclusion] Therefore, in order to realize the sustainable development of local economy, society and ecological environment, some major counter measures of reducing ecological deficit and alleviating the pressure of ecological environment should be adopt positively, such as promoting the use of clean energy, controlling the population quantity, increasing the ecological land area, etc.

Abstract:[Objective] The effects of rural land reclamation on CO₂ emission were analyzed to provide reference for relevant research in carbon emission.[Methods] Based on the project budget, the CO₂ emission was estimated and the key impacting factors were analysed using IPCC inventory methods. Scenarios of CO₂ emission changes in rural land reclamation under different policies were simulated and regulations of low carbonization land reclamation were proposed.[Results] The result showed that the total CO₂ emission of this project was estimated to be about 5.50×10⁵ t, the engineering works of irrigation and drainage had the largest proportion. The cement was the main carbon source, accounting for 92.07% of total emissions. The CO₂ emission of carbon source materials directly depended on the CO₂ emission coefficient and consumption of this materials, indirectly depended on the quantities and structure of the projects. With the implement of relevant emission reduction policies, CO₂ emissions would be reduced.[Conclusion] It is concluded that the concept of green, low carbon, environmental protection should be implemented in rural land reclamation planning and design, and the ecological effect of it should be more attention to. Energy conservation and emissions reduction for those energy intensive industries such as cement, electricity and steel, should be enhanced, and in these fields, national emission reduction policies should be implemented strictly.

Abstract:[Objective] Analyzing the scale effects of runoff and sediment in Jinghe River basin and comparing the changes of scale effect of runoff and sediment before and after mutation, the mutation time point was determined by mutation testing in order to provid support for the study of climate change and human activities on runoff and sediment scale effects.[Methods] Collecting runoff and sediment data from 15 hydrostations within the Jinghe River basin during 1958-2013, based on the characteristics of runoff and sediment come from different sources, the Jinghe River basin was divided into northern branch and south branch to explore the scale effects of the two branches of the water and sediment. Then the Mann-Kendall shift testing method was adopted to calculate the mutation point of runoff and sediment in time, the scale effects of runoff and sediment before and after abrupt change were compared to seek similarities and differences.[Results] (1) The scale effects of runoff and sediment had a reverse relationship between northern branch and southern branch. Runoff of the north branch(Hongde-Zhangjiashan) was increased linearly with area. Runoff of the south branch (Sanguankou-Zhangjiashan) showed a logarithmic function relationship with area, runoff modulus was decreased rapidly at first and then decreased slowly. Sediment of the north branch was decreased linearly with area increasing, while sediment of south branch showed a power function relationship with area, namely specific sediment yield was increased firstly and then decreased slowly with area increasing; (2) Runoff and sediment within two branches had different degree of reduced after abrupt change. Most of scale effects kept the same fitting function as before abrupt change, only specific sediment yield of the south branch alters the optimal fitting from binomial function to linear function.[Conclussion] The scale effects of runoff and sediment of Jinghe River basin had been changed by climate change and human activities.

Abstract:[Objective] To carry out construction land suitability evaluation and optimize the evaluation partition scheme, supplying a good reference for promoting suitability evaluation and spatial allocation of construction land.[Methods] A scientific construction land suitability evaluation index system was built to confirm the suitability of grading for potential construction land space. Construction land regulation regions were confirmed alternatively based on different combinations of suitability grades. After that, landscape ecological quality was modeled for selecting the alternative schemes.[Results] The results of construction land suitability evaluation were six-level suitability grade zones, and their area were 6.03, 13.83, 27.75, 45.66, 168.24, 108.05 km². Scheme 1 of suitability zones had higher landscape ecological quality, cond was preferred scheme.[Conclusion] Confirming construction land regulation regions based on suitability grades is an effect way to get lower disturbance degree and improve stability degree. In this case, the comprehensive landscape ecological quality index is higher. After comprehensive contrast, scheme 1 has high landscape ecological quality. Because in this scheme, urban-rural construction land allocation is more reasonable, and it will help to increase the steady of landscape ecosystem.

Abstract:[Objective] The configuration of ecological systematic measures of soil and water conservation for drought resistance in typical black soil region was discussed to provide theoretical support for the sustainable development of ecological agriculture in the region.[Methods] Under the principle of ecology, and method of water balance analysis was adopted, the drought relief system constructed by ecological measures of Baiquan County was built and evaluated. The county lied in an transition from semi-arid area to sub-humid area, where soil was seriously eroded.[Results] (1) The proportion of ecological drought relief measures that focus on soil and water conservation in the region was optimized. (2) Ecological measures for drought relief system eased off drought disaster. E.g., spring drought almost never happened from 2005 to 2009 in the region. In average, drought frequency decreased by 28.5% in comparison with that of adjacent counties in 10 years. (3) Water balance analysis showed that the regional water utilization ratio increased by 13.6%.[Conclusion] Ecological drought relief measures for soil and water conservation is an effective way of ecological construction for semi-arid sub-humid and soil loss region. It had obtained significant ecological, economic and social benefits in the case of systematic configuration of ecological measures for drought resistant in Baiquan county. The drought resistant measures should be configured according to local natural conditions and environmental characteristics.

Abstract:[Objective] Conservation benefits of soil and water under different measures of nuts forest in red soil hilly region were demonstrated to provide support for ecological restoration and construction in this area.[Methods] Experimental plots in hickory forest zone in Lin'an City, Zhejiang Province were setted with different measures and field monitoring facilities. Effects of soil and water conservation were demonstrated.[Results] The benefits of different conservation measures ranked as:tea tree buffer zone > Yangtong > blank control. The construction of intercepting ditch, drainage ditch, plus the interplanting of Yangtong and other economic crops as tea tree under hickory forest hadremarkable conservation benefits in preventing and controlling of soil and water loss, and also in economic benefits.[Conclusion] The implement of soil and water conservation measures of hickory forest have great water storage and soil conservation benefits, especially for the engineering measures of interception ditch, it is significant.

Abstract:[Objective] According to the principle of giving priority to cultivated land and secondarily considering garden, forest and grass land in land management, the suitability evaluation of the agricultural land was carried out to provide a theoretical basis for rational using of the lands of Yantai City.[Methods] Taking Yantai City of Shandong Province as the study area, using the function of ArcGIS spatial analysis to extract evaluation factors as altitude, slope, relief degree of land surface from DEM data. Combining with soil thickness investigation, the best suitability evaluation index system of agricultural land were determined. Upon which, the distributional suitability rank map of cultivated land, garden, forest and grass land was generated, and the spatial distribution of agricultural land suitability level of Yantai City was formed.[Results] In comparison with the data of second land survey of the Yantai City, the major area of land using was cultivated land, took up about 33% of the total land and covered more than the suitable area. Actual area of garden was smaller than the suitability area, and the actual forest and grass land area was a little less than the suitable area.[Conclusion] The land using of Yantai City is not reasonable, and has a certain room to be adjusted.

Abstract:[Objective] The objective of this study was to analyze the result of reforming inefficient poplar and birch stands in order to provide a theory reference for the forest health management for the region.[Methods] We reformed the stands by the means of ecological thinning and regeneration under forest canopy, and analyzed the benefits from reformed plots in comparison with the control plots by quantitative calculation from three indices, including forestland productivity, carbon fixation and oxygen release and water conservation function.[Results] Compared with the corresponding control plots, the reformed plots of poplar and birch stands had a increased benefit of 25 008.89 yuan/hm² and 14 802.17 yuan/hm² respectively, and the corresponding benefit rate were 16.6% and 14.6%, indicating that the reformed plots have better advantage than the control plots. The values of forestland productivity had raised by 44.9% and 73.11%, respectively in comparison with the control plots. The values of carbon fixation and oxygen release function had raised by 13.4% and 9.2%. Similarly, the values of water conservation function had raised by 5.4% and 2.6%.[Conclusion] The qualities of inefficient poplar and birch stands were significantly improved after reforming by the means of ecological thinning and regeneration under forest canopy. The reforming not only brought the growth of economic benefit, but also improved forestland productivity and ecological functions.

Abstract:[Objective] In recent years, land use of silver beach of Beihai City had experienced great changes and the subsequent significant degradation of ecological environment. Therefore, the land use evolution and its impact factors were urgently needed to be understood to provide an importantly scientific reference for future sustainable development and management.[Methods] The remote-sensing images of Landsat were adopted to analyze the land use evolution and to discuss its impact factors in silver beach of Beihai.[Results] In the years of 1979-2013, the areas of construction land and artificial wetland were considerably increased and were mainly transformed from cultivated land and forest land. The areas of cultivated land and forest land were substantially reduced accordingly. The areas of grassland, water area and intertidal zone had no great variation. Land use intensity was consistently increased. Before 2000, land use was diversified and after that it markedly reduced. Driving forces of land use change include not only climatic factors as air temperature, typhoon and tide, but also human activity factors as urbanization, sea reclamation, fishing, tourism and planning management.[Conclusion] During the past 35 years, the land use of silver beach of Beihai City presented trends of simplification, slowdown but intensified and fragmental developed evolution, which was coincided with the enhancement in vulnerability of regional ecosystem. It is urgently needed to probe the interacting mechanism among the above multiple factors and to quantify the respective contribution of them to land use evolution.

Abstract:[Objective] The impacting factors of energy consumption's carbonemissions and water resource consumption were explored, and the change in the future of Jing-Jin-Ji region was analyzed to provide scientific support for making targeted policies.[Methods] Based on the estimation of carbonemissions from energy consumption in the Jing-Jin-Ji region from 2002 to 2012, this study established the factor decomposition models of carbonemissions from energy consumption and water resource consumption. It also set the scenarios analysis model to forecast carbonemissions from energy consumption and water resource consumption in 2020.[Results] (1) Carbonemissions from energy consumption of Jing-Jin-Ji region increased with an average annual rate of 8.5%, the accumulation rate was 226.26%. The main emissions was from industry sector, and the followings were transportation and residential life sectors. Water resource consumption was relatively steady in all three industries. (2) Change of per capita wealth was the most positive factor for both CO₂ emissions and water resource consumption of Jing-Jin-Ji region. While energy intensity and water intensity were two of the most negative factors, and the followings were industrial structure, per capita water resource consumption, population and carbon emission coefficient. (3) Under all scenarios, CO₂ emissions in 2015 and 2020 will increase 553.6 Mt and 819.2 Mt in comparison with the one in 2005, respectively. Water resource consumption will increase 3.36 and 9.97 billion m³in comparison with the one in 2012.[Conclusion] Water resources consumptions of three major industries in Jing-Jin-Ji region during the study period were relatively stable, which implied that the adjustment of industrial structure and improvement of industrial water use efficiency are the priority for regional water resources management of this region.

Abstract:[Objective] The characteristics of land use change and the comprehensive effects on eco-environment were assessed to provide a support for ecological reconstruction of the study area.[Methods] Based on the Landsat images of August 2006 and 2015, land use data of Wengniute Banner was extracted with ENVI 5.1.Indicators as land use dynamic degree, and land use type of spatial transfer matrix, and biological richness index, ecosystem service value and sensitivity index, spatial-temporal evolution characteristics and ecological environment effects of Wengniute Banner, Inner Mongolia were used.[Results] (1) The main land use types of Wengniute Banner were farmland, woodland, grassland and sandy land. In recent 10 years, farmland, grassland, construction land increased remarkably; while woodland, sandy land and water area manifested a decreasing trend. (2) Biological abundance index decreased from 43.47 in 2006 to 42.69 in 2015, reduced 1.97%. This is not beneficial to the development of bio-diversity; The total value of ecosystem services declined from 1.023 1×10¹⁰ yuan to 9.847 0×10⁹ yuan during 2006 to 2015, decreased amount and rate were 3.84×10⁸ yuan and 3.75%, respectively. Generally, the ecological environment maintains largely a balance, but with a slight degradation; (3) The sensitivity coefficients of various land use types were less than 1, indicating that the ecosystem service value is not sensitive to the coefficient, lacking flexibility.[Conclusion] In the study area, the sharp decrease of ecosystem service value can be attributed to the decrease of woodland and water area, and the increase of construction land. The decreased ecosystem service value and biological abundance resulted from land use change will exacerbate the vulnerability of local ecological environment.

Abstract:[Objective] The effects of thinning on the water holding features of forests understory litter were studied to provide theoretical basis for local regional forest tending.[Methods] The experimental had thinning treatments of heavy thinning(thinning 35%), medium thinning(thinning 25%), light thinning(thinning 15%) and the control(no thinning) in Quercus wutaishanica forest of Huanglong Mountain in Loess Plateau. Typical sampling method, drying method and soaking method were used to measure water holding traits.[Results] Total litter volumes ranked as:CK(23.500±0.780) > light thinning(22.950±1.012) > medium thinning(22.708±0.365) > heavy thinning(20.725±1.041). Only the difference between CK and heavy thinning was significant; The total water holding capacities ranked as:light thinning(9.37) > CK(8.29) > medium thinning(7.61) > heavy thinning(6.39); the total effective retain capacity of light thinning is maximum. The litter water holding capacity presented a significant logarithmic function with soaking time as independent variable and the R² was above 0.93. Meanwhile, water absorption rate had a significant power function with soaking time, their R² was above 0.99.[Conclusion] Water holding capacity of light thinning performed the best. This is theoretically important for regional forest tending.

Abstract:[Objective] The relationships between NDVI and the impacting variables of climatic factors and human activity in central Yunnan Province were demonstrated to provide scientific basis for the sustainable social and economic development of the Province.[Methods] MODIS NDVI(normal difference vegetation index, NDVI) data sets, climate data from standard meteorological stations and socio-economic statistical source were dealt with overlay method, spatial statistical analysis and correlation analysis to study the characteristics of temporal and spatial variation of vegetation NDVI.[Results] Vegetation growing season in Central Yunnan Province starts from early May and ends around late October. From 2001 On 2010, vegetation NDVI showed a rising trend and a rate of 0.03/10 a. Though vegetation coverage area showed an increasing trend overall, there still existed decreases region for vegetation coverage in Central Yunnan Province. The increased and decreased area covered 70.24% and 29.76% of the total area of central Yunnan Province. The most prominent areas with decreased vegetation NDVI were found mainly around the people-centered cities and towns; and the increased areas were mainly in the high-altitude. The average relative humidity, minimum relative humidity and precipitation were the main factors affecting the annual change of vegetation NDVI. The implementation of returning farm land to forestry played a key role for the enhancement of vegetation coverage in Central Yunnan Province; On the contrary, the process of urbanization led to vegetation degradation. [Conclusion] The short term change of vegetation NDVI in central Yunnan Province, for example, the annual change was determined by climatic factors; While long-term change was mainly affected by human activities.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to improve the understanding of people's perception and adaption to climate change, we attempt to review the progress in this field.[Methods] Recent relevant literatures about public perception and adaption behavior of climate change were extensively reviewed and analyzed. By the comparison of study contents, methods and respondents, the study progress of the public perception and adaption behavior of climate change were reviewed and forecasted, and flaws in the existing studies and the key points in future studies were listed.[Results] Current researches mainly focus on the examination of public's perception of climate change, including perception of climate trends(temperature, precipitation, disasters), climate change knowledge, phonological change, private adaptive measures, assessment of adaptive measures, the needs of policy and influencing factors of perception and adaption of climate change.[Conclusion] Under the background of the climate change, studies should be enhanced in the measurement of perception and adaption behavior of climate change, the interaction mechanism of perception and adaptation to climate change behavior, the discussion of general representative questions and regional problems, on the multi-disciplinary research, and management recommendations. The research framework involves initial climate data analysis and subsequent social enquiry and analysis, so it is important that has embodied a balance of natural and social science analysis. This trend is not only an innovative and empirical theory of the social dimension of climate change science, but also a need of national development strategy.

Abstract:[Objective] Consumer behavior of rural household energy and its influencing factors of different livelihood models were analyzed, which can provide reference for the development of energy utilization and environmental protection planning and policy.[Methods] 381 survey questionnaires in suburban area of Xi'an City were collected. Dominant energy coefficient method and the Tobit model method were used.[Results] Consumer behavior of rural household energy is influenced by livelihood model. Biomass energy such as straw, corncob and firewood are mainly used by the pure agricultural households, in which economy and availability of energy consumption are concerned firstly; coal and its products, electricity, solar energy and other commercial energy are prominent in the non-agricultural households, where the convenience, clean and high efficiency of energy use are preferred; as for households with combined occupations, the advantageous energies as biomass energy, liquefied petroleum gas and solar energy were preferred from the view of availability and convenience. The key factors affecting biomass energy consumption is the availability of energy. This is mainly reflected by the planted area, but per capita income increase will reduce biomass energy consumption. The non-agricultural households of the suburbs are lack of the biomass energy, coal and its products and electrical energy are the dominant household energy. The more resident population. the larger consumption. At the same time, the per capita income, and the effective family highest education level have the positive influence on the electrical energy consumption. Liquefied petroleum gas and solar energy consumption of households with combined occupations is mainly affected by family size and per capita income.[Conclusion] Consumer behavior of rural household energy is affected by family characteristics, per capita income, energy availability, and so on. With the increase of income level, and development of energy commercialization and the quality, all of the three livelihoods presented an improved energy use step by step. Around city center, coal and its products with high emission coefficient are not encouraged to use frequently. And that's not conducive to improve the environment of urban region, so attention should be paid to the energy consumption orientation of these groups.

Abstract:[Objective] The change research of soil and water loss in the previous 10 years in Yongding County of Fujian Province was expected to make scientific basis for the rehabilitation of soil erosion in the region.[Methods] Landsat TM images of 2000 and 2010, combined with the 1[DK]:10 000 digital topographic map of Yongding County were used for the dynamic monitoring research of soil and water loss.[Results] The results showed that the soil and water loss in Yongding County mainly occurred in two main areas of northeast, southeast. In Yongding county, mild erosion, moderate erosion, and intensified erosion were mainly distributed. Very strong, intense erosion were sparsely distributed. Soil erosion is mainly distributed in low mountain foothills of 300~800 m. Over the past 10 years, a reducing trend with regard to the area and level was observed.[Conclusion] Yongding County has the representative traits in southern red soil region of wide range of water loss and soil erosion, large harness strength, prolonged management. The serious soil erosion in that area are the outcome of overburdened development projects and human activities. Therefore the monitoring and management of soil and water loss in the course of projects development should be strengthened, and the influence of human activities should be reduced.

Abstract:[Objective] Taking Kashgar City, a typical oasis city in Xinjiang area, as the research area, where the rural transformation development in the last 20 years and the influence of land use change on it were discussed.[Methods] Two evaluation system were used to evaluate the rural transformation degree and the urban-rural accordance. TOPSIS method was used to quantify the change of rural transformation development during 1995-2015 in Kashgar City. The influencing factors of rural transformation development were elicited by Pearson correlation analysis.[Results] The degree of rural transformation on the whole was in a rising trend, but the rate is slow. The annual change rate was 0.55%. The urban-rural accordance degree in the whole scheduling was in a weak downward trend, the annual change rate was-0.06%. The rural transformation development in Kashgar City during 1995-2015 had experienced 5 stages, they were low speed-coordinated, intermediate speed-more coordinated, intermediate speed-more-uncoordinated, high speed-uncoordinated and intermediate speed-coordinated. The comprehensive index of rural transformation development level had a slight rise and a large fluctuation, the annual increasing rate was 0.31%. The influencing factors included:the proportion of agricultural population, the rural GDP per capita, the net income of farmers per capita, the first industry labor rate and the rural pollutant treatment rate.[Conclusion] The coupling degree between the proportions of agricultural population in quantity and quality and the rural transformation development degree were 0.786 and 0.559, respectively; the coupling degree between the proportion change of rural GDP per capita and rural transformation development degree was 0.877, the coupling degree between the proportion change of the conversion of cultivated land to construction land area and rural transformation development degree was 0.641. These implied that rural transformation of Kashgar City was in a positive development way and had high consistency with population transformation, economic transformation and land use transformation.

Abstract:[Objective] The characteristics of soil salinization on the coastal wetland of Jiaozhou bay were studied to provide scientific basis for coastal wetland conservationof Jiaozhou bay and regional soil salinization prevention.[Methods] Based on the tests of soil pH value, conductivity and main salt concentration of layered soil samples, four typical coastal wetlands of Jiaozhou bay including Phragmites australis wetland, Suaeda glauca wetland, the barren wetland and Spartina anglica wetland were sampled in August 2014.[Results] The soil salt contents ranked as:Phragmites australis wetland < Suaeda glauca wetland < barren wetland < Spartina anglica wetland, the salinization type of the above transited from sulfate-chloride type to chloride salinization soil type. In terms of the vertical distribution, soil salinity were obviously accumulated at surface soil layer in Spartina anglica wetland and Phragmites australis wetland; while soil salinity was accumulated at deep soil layer in Suaeda glauca wetland and barren wetland. Except for CO₃^2- and HCO₃^-, other main salt ions contents in coastal wetland of Jiaozhou bay were consistent with total salt content and conductivity. Main salt ions contents in soil ranked as:Cl^- > Na⁺+K⁺ > SO₄^2- > Mg²⁺ > HCO₃^- > Ca²⁺.[Conclusion] The coastal wetland soils of Jiaozhou bay had severe soil salination, and the soil salt content increased from Phragmites australis wetland to Spartina anglica wetland. The wetland soils in Jiaozhou bay was non-alkalized and the sample salt contents in it varied oppositely, whereby, the wetland plants were affected by the potential poisons of soda alkalized soil.

Abstract:[Objective] With the development of urbanization, a large number of natural lands or agricultural lands are changed into urban land, which bring about dramatic changes in soil carbon stocks. It has an important significance for understanding of urban soil carbon pools and the response to global change to research the soil carbon storage in city area.[Methods] The inner Xi'an beltway area was selected as research range, where the soil carbon pool was researched. Total 230 surface soil samples under different land uses/functions were collected, and soil organic carbon of each sample was analyzed by Vario ELⅢ elementer.[Results] The soil organic carbon ranged 0.88~27.18 g/kg with a mean of 5.59 g/kg; and the organic carbon density was 0.22~7.11 kg/m² with a mean of 1.41 kg/m². The total carbon storage was 6.32×10⁵ t in the city area of inner Xi'an beltway, the average per square kilometer was 1.37×10³ t. The scenic recreation and traffic area were the regions with high soil organic carbon content, and the industrial zone was relatively lower. A north-south strip of high soil organic carbon with city center as concentrated core was recognized.[Conclusion] The soil organic carbon distribution pattern of Xi'an City maybe relate to some indices prior to urbanization, as soil use, green management, garbage of food and fuel residues and waste water into the soil. The organic carbon content near traffic road was affected by black carbon settlement from vehicle exhaust emissions. The overall topsoil organic carbon content of Xi'an urban was significantly lower than that of other domestic cities.

Abstract:[Objective] Studying the occurrence and distribution characteristics of condensed water of forest land in Beijing mountain areas in order and to provide a support for rational utilization of water resources.[Methods] We used four high precision weighing lysimeters at a site of China forest ecosystem research network(CFERN) during 2011-2012 to observe the distribution characteristics of woodland condensed water and meteorological factors in Beijing mountain area, and to analyze the distribution characteristics and the impact factors of condensed water in different kinds of woodlands.[Results] (1) There existed significant difference of woodland condensed water for different seasons in Beijing mountain area. The days and amounts of condensed water in the autumn and winter were far longer and higher than the corresponding values observed in spring and summer. The mean amount of monthly condensation water was about 4.5 mm in non-growing season, was 1.6 mm in growing season. (2) The order of the condensation water capacity in four forests was:grassland (38 mm) > Quercus variabilis plantations(36 mm) > Pinus tabulaeformispure plantations (30 mm) > Platycladus orientalis plantations(25 mm). The amount of condensed water of grassland was more than that of trees, and the broadleaf forest was more than the value of coniferous forest. (3) We can learn from the amount, the spatial and temporal characteristics of those different species that the temperature gradient, relative humidity and the leaf surface properties were the most important affecting factors on air water condensation.[Conclusion] The temporal distribution of condensed water of forest land is non-uniform in Beijing mountain areas, and the condensed water distribution was affected both by environmental and vegetation factors.

Abstract:[Objedtive] The characteristics of precipitation in the hinterland of Taklimakan Desert were explored to provide support for the construction of ecological environment.[Methods] Based on the hourly precipitation data from April to October during 2005-2014 from Tazhong meteorological station, the rainfall intensity, precipitation and the days of precipitation, etc. were analyzed to describe the rainfall characteristics of Tazhong area.[Results] The diurnal variations of hourly precipitation and rainfall frequency were consistent in the study area. The peaks of hourly rainfall and rainfall frequency both occurred from 23:00 to 08:00, and the minimum value occurred from 17:00 to 22:00. The frequency of rainfall(represented by R₁)≤0.5 mm were the most and accounted for 64.5% of all rainfall events, the following intensities were 0.6 mm≤R₁≤1.5 mm and R₁≥4.6 mm. The contribution of 0.6 mm≤R₁≤1.5 mm was the highest and accounted for 26.4% of the total precipitation amount. In terms of the magnitude of precipitation(R), light rain or less of 0.1 mm≤R≤2 mm occurred the most, but R≥6.1 mm precipitation events had the highest contribution to the total precipitation, the value was 52.6%. The rain was more frequently occurred in night time. Moderate rain focused from May to July, especially in June, half of that occurred in the first half of night. The precipitation duration of less than or equal to 5 h accounted for 85.5%.[Conclusion] The precipitation in the study area were mainly composed of short-time night-rain. In recent years,the precipitation of≥6.1 mm showed a trend of stable increase, so the large precipitation in desert area may be possible.

Abstract:[Objective] The objective of this paper was to analyze the variation of vegetation coveragein in semi-humid and semi-dry transitional region of Taohe River basin through high resolution RS image in order to provide a reference for the implementation of new way of returning farmland to forest and grassland, and for decision making of the basin's ecological civilization construction and sustainable development.[Methods] Landsat 5TM in 1993, Landsat 7ETM⁺ in 2000, Landsat 8 OLI in 2015 and ASTER GDEM data sets were used in this paper. Firstly, Dimidiate Pixel Model was used to invert vegetation coverage. Then base units extracted from the basin partition, elevation, slope and aspect were used to count and analyze the mean and variation area ratio of vegetation coverage.[Results] On a whole level, vegetation coverage mean increased by 17.52% in Taohe River basin from 1993 to 2015. Increased area covered 62.24% and the decreased covered 6.41%. The date sets showed that the lowest vegetation coverage was below the altitude of 2 000 m. The sum area ratio of decrease and no significant change run up to the maximum as the altitude is above 4 000 m. Vegetation coverage reached the lowest but increased fast in the slopes between 0°~5° and 10°~15°. The sum area ratio of decrease and no significant change grew with the increase of slope, and reached its highest as it was above 60° (covered 67.48%). Effect of slope exposure to the the distribution of the vegetation coverage was weaken.[Conclusion] The results showed that the basin's general trend of vegetation coverage was increasing, but there were still decrease in some areas and had significant variation features. In the future we should pay great attention to vegetation restoration in the areas as the elevation is below 2 500 m, slope grade is below 20° and the slope aspect is western, southern or at level ground. Existing vegetation should be well protected in the elevation above 4 000 m, and when slope is above 45° and slope aspect is eastern and northeast.

Abstract:[Objective] To explore the spatial variation of urban land use efficiency in the process of new-type urbanization, and to provide theoretical basis for economic growth and urbanization quality promotion.[Methods] Urban land in the process of new-type urbanization was taken as research subject, and the process was divided into two stages. Improved two-stage DEA model and Tobit model were used to analyze the spatial variation of urban land use efficiency and the related reasons.[Results] There is spatial variation for urban land use, which is the outcome of obvious land spatial correlation. Urban land use efficiency is relatively at a low level, although it is continually getting improved.[Conclusion] The reasons mainly include the followings:(1) economic development is the main cause for spatial variation of urban land use efficiency; (2) secondly, social attributes of land and protection of natural resources are neglected; (3) thirdly, at present, the contribution of human capital to the enhancement of land use efficiency is greater than the one of technical factors.

Abstract:[Objective] Rainfall distribution characteristics of broad leaved forest in typical karst area were studied for considering contribution to soil and water conservation and forest ecological function analyze in karst area.[Methods] The rainfall distribution characteristics of broad leaved forest in Guizhou karst area were studied using the method of in situ observation. During the observation period, there were 25 rainfall recorded, and most of them were light or moderate rain.[Results] During the observation period, the total rainfall was 208.25 mm, the total amount of stem flow was 21.83 mm, which accounted for 10.48% of the total rainfall, and the variation range was 0~14.3%. Penetrating rain was 186.89 mm, which accounted for 89.7% of the total rainfall. The total amount of shrub layer interception was 34.86 mm, accounted for 16.74% of total rainfall. Canopy interception amount was 22.58 mm, which accounted for 10.84% of rainfall. When the rainfall was more than 1.15 mm in the study area, the stem flow occured and showed well positive linear correlation with rainfall. The shrub interception amount increased with the rainfall, but there was no significant linear correlation between the canopy interception rates and rainfall.[Conclusion] In general, broad leaved forest in karst area has a strong interception and redistribution effects on the rainfall, which can effectively influence the regional water balance and soil erosion.

Abstract:[Objective] The plant community characteristics and species diversity patterns in restored urban wetland were researched to provide scientific basis for urban wetland protection and restoration strategies of vegetation.[Methods] Plant community of restored urban wetland at Lingany District of Tianjin City was investigated using quadrat sampling method. Species diversity-patterns was analyzed through group average clustering with data of important values.[Results] (1) The community's dominant species of tree layer, shrub layer layer and herb layer were Sophora japonica and Robinia pseudoacacia, Tamarix chinensis, and Phragmites communis. In shrub layer, Tamarix chinensis had the maximum important value. (2) Vegetation was divided into 4 groups, 17 cluster types. Widespread species in the transitional area owned the biggest frequency(32.7%); Sophora japonica+ginkgo community accounted for the largest proportion; Tamarix chinensis-Phragmitesaustralis community accounted for the largest proportion in waterfront wetland patch which had the smallest frequency(17.3%). (3) The overall change trend of Shannon-Wiener diversity and Simpon diversity was consistent. The highest value appeared in Ulmus pumila-Amorpha fruticosa community. The ratio of≥0.8 Pielu evenness accounted for 53.8% of the total sample plots, and species richness of water-around green patches showed greater intensity. (4) Robinia pseudoacacia, Salix matsudana and Rhus typhina seedlings were found, which meaning community succession and natural regeneration emerged.[Conclusion] Plant species is very abundant in overall research area, water around green patches own high species diversity and the dominance of hygrophyte community is not obvious.

Abstract:[Objective] To show present situation, progress and future research trend of land ecological research in China.[Methods] Based on CNKI database, this paper used the methods of bibliometrics and content analysis, papers of Chinese land ecological research from 1992 to 2015 were analyzed.[Results] (1) The amount of land ecological literatures showed a trend of steadily increasing year by year. Especially after 2004, the number of literatures showed a sharp growth and most of the papers(76%) had got the national scientific funds support; (2) Scientific institutions and higher educational schools were amassed in the land research, among which, the Chinese Academy of Sciences ranks first; (3) Topics focused on land ecological evaluation, land ecological value research and land ecological restoration and reconstruction. Land ecological security evaluation is a hot spot in the present. Improved topsis method, entropy weight method, gray model method increased gradually. Researches of natural area were dominated by the topics of mining area.[Conclusion] Land ecological research has become the focus of land science and ecological science, and has obtained enhanced support from state and government. In the future, method innovation and the basic theory research need to be strengthened.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper analyzed the research status of soil-retaining dam aimed to provide a reference for future research on this topic.[Methods] Based on the network database of journal papers and bibliometric analysis, the research works in the past 16 years were analyzed and reviewed in terms of area, methods and deposition mechanism.[Results] The total number of research papers was in a fluctuated decrease trend in the past 16 years. Some arguments as the assessment of sediment retention function and dam heightening and other dispute topics still existed.[Conclusion] Soil-retaining dam was the key initiative in the watershed management of the Loess Plateau and years of practice have been proved significant on soil and water conservation. Scholars need to expand soil-retaining dam studies and multidisciplinary cooperation is necessary for improving theoretical level.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to optimize the course teaching and improve the teaching quality, the content and teaching methods of the course of soil erosion principle(SEP) were discussed.[Methods] Considering the current education goal of colleges or universities, some problems existed in teaching content and method for SEP were analyzed and some relevant reforms had been applied.[Results] The teaching contents of SEP were reorganized that can increase the course's theoretical and practical cases. The time of classroom discussion, including teacher-student interaction, was increased in teaching process. Furthermore, the evaluation method was also changed somewhat through improving the weight of the students' performance in class discussion and of the practice ability in total score.[Conclusion] Therefore, an appropriate teaching reform is needed to stimulate students' learning enthusiasm and initiative, and it would be significant for teacher to obtain good teaching efficiency.

Abstract:[Objective] Studing the effects of long-term-fertilization in wheat-corn rotation field with Lou soil on water stable aggregates and soil nutrient distribution in different sizes of aggregates, to provide a scientific basis for the evaluation of long term-fertilization on its improvement effect.[Methods] The wheat-corn rotation field with long-term application of chemical fertilizer was selected as the study site. The composition of aggregates was analyzed using the wet sieve method. Contents of organic carbon and nutrients in different sizes of aggregates were measured.[Results] Long-term application of chemical fertilizers significantly affected soil water stable aggregate contents. Long-term fertilization reduced the contents of >2 mm soil water stable aggregates, but increased <1 mm soil water stable aggregate contents. To a certain extent, the amount of organic carbon in water stable aggregates increased, but the organic carbon contents of 0.25~0.5 mm and <0.25 mm soil water stable aggregates under high nitrogen and phosphorus treatments were significantly lower than that of the low nitrogen and phosphorus treatment. The changing tendencies of contents of total nitrogen in soil water stable aggregates were essentially in agreement with organic carbon in soil water stable aggregates under different fertilization treatments. Distribution of phosphorus in different size soil water stable aggregates was even in no fertilization treatment. The difference of phosphorus content in each size soil water stable aggregate was insignificant under low nitrogen and phosphorus treatment, while the trend in high nitrogen and phosphorus treatment was not obvious. The total potassium contents of >2 mm soil water stable aggregates decreased due to long-term application of chemical fertilizer, whereas total potassium contents of <2 mm soil water stable aggregates increased under long-term application of fertilizer.[Conclusion] Soil water stable aggregates influenced the quantity of soil organic carbon and nitrogen. The contents of soil water stable aggregates, soil organic carbon and nitrogen of soil water stable aggregates varied irregularly under long-term application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. In addition, conservation and supply capacity of phosphorus and potassium in soil were affected by long-term application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. Therefore, reasonable use of chemical fertilizers and management were needed to improve the soil structure, maintain soil fertility and promote the sustainability of farmland productivity.