Abstract:[Objective] Effects of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on erosion process were studied in red soil hillslopes, to provide a scientific basis for soil and water loss control. [Methods] An simulated rainfall experiment was conducted to quantify the effects of rainfall intensity (240, 180, 120, 60 mm/h) and slope gradients (25°, 15°, 5°) on runoff generation and sediment yielding on red soil slope. [Results] (1) In same slope gradient, the accumulative runoff and accumulative sediment load both significantly and linearly increased with the increase of rainfall intensity. In same rainfall intensity, slope runoff increased with slope gradient increasing, but sediment transport exhibited an elusory variaton. (2) The soil loss increased when rainfall intensity increased from 60 to 180 mm/h, while there was a critical slope at 15° in the rainfall intensity of 240 mm/h, wherein the soil loss increased at first and then decreased. Runoff rate kept a relatively stable stage after an initial fluctuated increased from 0 to 15 min, this fluctuation phenomenon was obvious under rainfall intensity of the 240 and 180 mm/h. The sediment generation rate rapidly increased and then decreased quickly. This pattern was more pronounced when there were heavy rains and steep slopes. (3) The average flow velocity of slope flow had a significant fitting relationship of power function with the unit width discharge and slope ratio. The flow rate experienced a similar regular pattern with respect to surface runoff and sediment generation. [Conclusion] Rainfall intensity is the main factor in the red soil erosion process, and velocity could be used as important indicators to assess red soil slope erosion features.

Abstract:[Objective] The surface soil characteristics of different vegetation types of ancient block stream-periglacial landform at mountain areas in Eastern Liaoning Province were studied to provide basic data and scientific basis for the management and protection of soil ecological environment of the periglacial landforms. [Methods] Quantitative characteristics of soil environment under different vegetation types in the periglacial area of Laotudingzi Mt., including broadleaved deciduous forest, mixed broadleaf-conifer forest, dark coniferous forest and shrub-grassland were studied by means of field survey and laboratory analysis. [Results] In the periglacial area, the investigated soils all belong to acid leached soil, containing a variety of oxides. Significant differences in soil properties among different vegetation types existed: in comparison, meadow thicket soil surface temperature is higher, the proportion of capillary pores is larger, and the water storage capacity is stronger. Theropencedrymion soil specific gravity is smaller, loose degree is better, soil organic matter content is higher. Dark coniferous forest soil acidity is stronger. There are more litters in deciduous broad-leaved forest and theropencedrymion, soil moisture conducive to plant growth, water conservation and soil and water conservation function is better. [Conclusion] Altitude had significant effects on soil properties, and there was a clear quantitative relationship between soil properties, and litter stock and nutrient reserves. The preservation of that area can maintain the habitat stability of soil nutrition.

Abstract:[Objective] The effects of sand-prevention along highways were observed to provid theorological basis and pratical experience for sand-prevention system in desert area. [Methods] According to the causes and types of sand-damage in Babusha desert area, cirresponding engineering and biological measurements were carried out to fix the sands. [Results] (1) Regardless of wind speed, the effective defending distance of internetwork of functional solid barriers were far greater than that of the uniform one. And also the reduction of wind speed near the ground before the nets of the functional solid barriers were greater. Though the sand-prevention effect of functional solid barriers behind the nets was a little worse than that of the uniform one, the sand flow was effectively uplifted. Whereby, sand errosion was reduced as a synergistic result of the decrease of sand movement by striking startup and the decrease of net-interwindspeed to the threshold of sand startup. (2) The functional solid barriers have a strcuture with thin upper part and close lower part, this structure can effectively uplift the wind flow, reducing the wind pressure upon the sediment control network and relieving the wind-catching problem. This can solve the erosion problem under the solid barriers. [Conclusion] The two kinds of sediment control networks both have their advantages. The uniform solid barriers can be used to make high upright solid barriers, and the functional solid barriers can be used to make short hidden solid barriers. The two types can both replace traditional materials and have great applicable value.

Abstract:[Objective] Cerasus humilis were unique economic fruit trees in China, its effects on soil physicochemical properties of slope field were studied to provide scientific basis for the extension and plantation in loess hilly area. [Methods] Relevant indexes of 5 fields with different standing conditions were measured before and after flood season. The effects of planting Cerasus humilis on soil fractal feature and soil erodibility on sloping cropland were analyzed by models of particle size distribution(PSD) and erosion-productivity impact calculator(EPIC). [Results] (1) During the flood season, planting had obviously buffer function against movement of soil clay particles on slop. Plantation in fish scale-like pit could effectively protect the slope surface soil; Plantation in level-terrace pit had significant effects on the interception and enrichment of soil fine particles in the middle and bottom of slope. (2) Soil fractal dimension was correlated negatively with soil sand particles with a coefficient of-0.611; while it had an significantly opposite correlation with clay particles, the correlation coefficient was 0.770. (3) By planting Cerasus humilis, the value of soil erodibility K could be reduced, correspondingly the anti-erosion ability could be improved. The effects on soil erodibility Kunder different land preparation methods of Cerasus humilis plantation had a rank as follows: level-terrace > scale-like > natural slope. (4) Negative correlations between soil erodibility K and the contents of organic matter and soil clay particles, their correlation coefficients were -0.957, -0.928, respectively. And positive correlations between K and soil bulk density, soil sand particles and soil silt particles, the correlation coefficients were 0.704, 0.667 and 0.512. [Conclusion] Planting Cerasus humilis had positive significance to control soil clay particles loss, to increase organic matter content, to optimize soil structure, and to improve anti-erosion ability.

Abstract:[Objective] Effects of rainfall on runoff and sediment in red soil region of Southern China were studied in runoff plots, to provide references for soil and water conservation engineering practice and fundamental research. [Methods] Based on three underlying surfaces (forest, agricultural land, bare land) of runoff plots in Mobu watershed of Yunnan Province, chrono-changes of rainfall, runoff, sediment and infiltration rate were observed from 2013 to 2015. Their relationships were analyzed by means of Mann-Kendall, grey correlation analysis and double cumulative curve, and so on. Meanwhile, effects of rainfall amount on runoff and sediment were studied. [Results] (1) The monthly rainfall during a year showed a fluctuated trend: firstly increased, and then decreased. The rainfall had no significant change among the three years. (2) Under same level of rainfall amount, significant difference in runoff among the three underlying surfac-runoff plots(p<0.05), they ranked as: forest > agricultural land > bare land. For runoff depth, it had the same rank. (3) Sediment yield had a strong correlation with rainfall and runoff. The correlative coefficients were 0.67~0.82 and 0.69~0.85 respectively. The sediment yield increased with the increase of rainfall intensity. Under similar rainfall scenario, forest had the minimum sediment, while bare land had the largest one. (4) The infiltration rate increased with the growth of rainfall and rainfall intensity in all three runoff plots. The infiltration rate was the biggest in forest with an average infiltration rate of 94.03%; the infiltration rate was the smallest in bare land, its infiltration rate was 86.28%. [Conclusion] As compared with agricultural land and bare land, forest plot increased soil infiltration capacity and reduced the runoff and sediment yield to some extent.

Abstract:[Objective] The characteristics and response of soil water to land use change(LUC) on Baicao loess tableland were demonstrated to provide information for water resources management and ecological construction. [Methods] Soil water contents in 0-10 m profile were measured under six typical land use types (farmland, grassland, alfalfa, apricot, apricot-caragana, and apricot-alfalfa land), and soil water storage(SWS), soil water deficit(SWD) and soil desiccation index(SDI) were calculated. [Results] The average soil water contents under the six land use types ranked as farmland > grassland > alfalfa > apricot > apricot-caragana > apricot-alfalfa. The depth of water profiles being influenced by vegetation were different. The effects of alfalfa and grassland on water content concentrated in 0-5 m profile, while the effects of other land use types as apricot, apricot-caragana, and apricot-alfalfa were detected in the whole measured profile, it was as deepen as 10 m. Except for farmland, SDIs were very large for all land use types in 0-5 m depth. In 5-10 m profile, SDIs were comparatively small under farmland, grassland and alfalfa; and were moderate under apricot and apricot-caragana; exhibited the largest under apricot-alfalfa. [Conclusion] The conversion from farmland to other land use types with apricot greatly impacted soil water at deep soil profile. These land use types reduced SWS and deteriorated soil water condition by desiccation.

Abstract:[Objective] The effects of different fencing time on physical-chemical property of soil in arid valley shrub were studied to provide theoretical basis for the restoration and management of natural vegetation in this region. [Methods] Field investigation and laboratory analysis were used. [Results] (1) Coverage, density, average canopy and height of the shrub layer were significantly increased after hillsides closing, but it is opposite for the herb layer. (2) With the increase of closing age, soil bulk density showed a V-shaped change and reached the minimum value in 13 a. However, vegetation community characteristics, soil porosity, soil water retention capability and soil nutrient all showed an inverted V-shaped curve, they reached the maximum values around 13 a after the hillsides was closed. As compared with the no closing hillsides, the average soil available N, P, K in 0-40 cm layer increased by 26.42%, 26.42%, 107.35%, respectively; total amount of N, P, K content increased by 168.42%, 47.62% and 31.12%. (3) After closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation was conducted, obvious surface convergence phenomenon was observed. Soil physio-chemical properties and carbon sequestration capacity increased. Soil organic carbon densities of plots(F) with different closing ages(n) showed as the following rank: F₁₃ > F₂₂ > F₃₀ > F₅ > CK. Soil organic carbon reserves was showed as: F₅ > F₁₃ > F₂₂ > F₃₀ > CK. It is showed that soil environment had more obvious improvement in Sophora viciifolia community along restoration process. (4) After close hillsides to facilitate afforestation was carried out, interference was decreased, the coverage of Sophora viciifolia bushes got increased, aboveground biomass and productivity also got increased. There was a positively linear relationship between biomass and closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation age. [Conclusion] After close hillsides to facilitate afforestation was carried out, Sophora viciifolia community vegetation characteristics, soil physio-chemical properties, soil organic carbon density and reserves were all better than the corresponding ones of no closing hillsides.

Abstract:[Objective] The soil infiltration rates under hedgerows in chernozem sloping farmland were studied to provide scientific basis for soil erosion control of sloping farmland in the chernozem area of Northeast China. [Methods] Plots experiment were conducted.[Results] Soil loss was decreased resulting from the decrease of soil bulk density and the increase of soil porosity and infiltration. As compared to the one of inter-hedgerow, the soil infiltration rates in the hedgerow increased markedly. Infiltration rate varied with the change of vegetation, had a rank as followed: blackcurrant > short carpopodium acanthopanax > mulberry. Besides that, it was also affected by slope steepness, the lower of slop steepness, the higher of soil infiltration rate. [Conclusion] As a measure of soil and water conservation, hedgerow could improve soil structure, increase soil infiltration rate, subsequently decrease surface runoff and soil loss. It should be applied in the chernozem area of Northeast China.

Abstract:[Objective] Analysis on spatial pattern of water conservative functionality of land ecosystem in the northern slope of Qinling Mountains to provide scientific reference for water resources planning and management, and balancing water resources allocation and urban economic development. [Methods] This paper analyzed the water conservation ability and the spatial heterogeneous pattern of the northern slope of Qinling Mountain at watershed scale in 2000 and 2010. Based on InVEST model, the influence factors of water conservation capacity were analyzed. [Results] (1) In 2000, the amount of water conservation in the northern slope of Qinling Mountains was 4.02×10⁹ m³, superficial 242.37 mm in an average. In 2010, the amount of water conservation in the northern slope of Qinling Mountain was 4.45×10⁹ m³, superficial 265.33 mm in an average. (2) The main water retention area in the northern slope of Qinling Mountain are Heihe River, Shitou River, Chanhe River and Bahe River basin. Their high value areas of water retention function located at some sub-watersheds, correspondingly as the souths of Heihe River, Shitou River, Shensha River and Bahe River. (3) Climate factor was found closely related to the ability of water conservation. Through the effect of vegetation change, land use/cover affected the regional water conservation function. For vegetation types, deciduous broad-leaved forest contributed the most proportion; for soil properties, brown soil had the highest contribution rate. [Conclusion] Water conservation capacity varied differently with regions by its comprehensive factors, such as climates, the way of land use, vegetation cover and soil conditions. In a word, the closer to the main ridge of Qinling Mountains, the stronger ability of water conservation in the northern slop of Qinling Mountains.

Abstract:[Objective] The variation characteristics of runoff and its driving factors in the past 50 years in the middle area of Hexi corridor in Gansu Province were analyzed to provide a scientific basis for the ecological construction and the sustainable development of social economy. [Methods] Based on runoff data in the study area, the characteristics of the inter-annual variability of runoff were reflected with annual extreme value ratio and coefficient of variation, and other statistics methods. [Results] (1) The distribution of the runoff showed an unimodal type in the middle area of Hexi region. The proportion was the highest in summer, and it was the lowest in winter. The runoff mainly was sourced from precipitation. (2) The runoff had a decreasing trend in recent years, and the change of hydrologic characteristic was positively correlated with elevation. The annual average runoff had a reducing trend and then gradually became an increasing trend from the west to the south. (3) The mutation characteristics of the annual runoff was poor consistent in the middle of the Hexi region and inter-annual variability of the annual runoff had a characteristic of multi-scale oscillation. The fluctuation had a quasi-cycle obviously in 8 a and 24 a, and the quasi-cycle in 8 a was more obvious, whereof 13 cycles as“much-less-much-less…”were observed. The runoff reduced after 2010, and might increase in 2018. (4) Runoff was both affected by the increase of temperature and precipitation, while was little affected by human activity. [Conclusion] Runoff is mainly supplied by precipitation in the study area. The changes were smaller in the past nearly 50 years. The annual average runoff had a reducing trend and then gradually became an increasing trend from the west to the south, and had a strongest quasi-cycle obviously in 8 a. Temperature and rainfall are the two main causes of runoff change.

Abstract:[Objective] Land use was studied based on landscape ecological security pattern to provide a scientific basis for relieving the contradiction between the increasing population and limited land, and for economic development and ecological protection. [Methods] Mianzhu City of Sichuan Province which located in the transition zone from Chengdu plain and Longmen mountain was took as a case study, where the land use change and its terrain factors response were extracted and analyzed from 1995 to 2015, based on remote sensing imagery, technology of remote sensing and GIS. To achieve the goal of ecological land protection, terrain and land cover types were selected as resistance factors, the minimum cumulative resistance model was applied to landscape ecological security pattern based on GIS spatial analysis method. Upon the spatial overlay analysis of land use status and landscape ecology security patterns in Mianzhu City by GIS, land resources in different levels of landscape security were divided. [Results] Land resources of landscape security included priority, appropriate, limited, prohibited development, having acreages of 7 218.39, 17 974.75, 21 545.39, 77 791.46 hm², respectively. The corresponding planning of land resources development and utilization was put forward based on the analysis of characteristics of each type land use in study area. The results can provide effective methods and means for regional ecological safety and reasonable development and utilization of land resources. [Conclusion] The land use planning whereon proposed by different ecological security level based on the theory of landscape ecological pattern and the corresponding method are conducive to regional ecological security protection and sustainable utilization of land resources.

Abstract:[Objective] Local microclimate variability of natural sand and artificial green land in different seasons over Taklimakan desert hinterland was investigated. Mutual feed mechanism of microclimate changing between natural desert and artificial green land was reflected by analysis of the observation data. The research was expected to offer theoretical support for the sustainable development of artificial green area in the desert region. [Methods] Based on the simultaneous observation data from four meteorological stations with different underlying surfaces of natural sand and artificial green land in Taklimakan desert hinterland, the microclimate different characteristics between natural sand and artificial green were analyzed, and the reasons for these differences were explored. [Results] Desert region has fast response to the up-down rate of temperature, while the oasis region had significant influences on the temperature variation range. In comparison with desert, oasis has cold island effect during humidification period, and has heat island effect during cooling period in four seasons. The specific humidity levels of oasis showed the maximum valued in summer, and the minimum values in winter. Beside the above mentioned, the moisture island effects of oasis last longest and strongest in the autumn. In spring, summer and autumn, the upper stream boundary was affected by moisture island effect, whereas in all four seasons, moisture island effect always existed for downstream boundary. The biggest daily variation of wind velocity in the desert occurred early and had the biggest percentage variation. Meanwhile, the oasis has the smallest one. In both spring and summer, as compared with desert, wind weaken rate in oasis is higher than that in the upstream boundary. [Conclusion] The effects of underlying surfaces on microclimate are quite conspicuous, which cause obvious“cold island”and“wet island”.

Abstract:[Objective] The nutrient loss characteristics in different land use types were studied in southwest mountainous areas of He'nan Province to provide scientific basis for regional land planning, and for the prevention and control of agricultural non-point source pollution, water loss and soil erosion. [Methods] Five kinds of common farmland were selected in Taozhuanghe basin and Tiewahe basin, and wherein the nutrients concentrations in runoff were monitored and the nutrients loss was estimated by SCS model in normal flow year from different fields. [Results] The nutrients contents in all kinds of farmland were coincided with their loss observed in normal flow year, but were different in different catchment. In Taozhuanghe basin, COD was the most, nitrogen fertilizer was moderate and phosphate fertilizer was the least; while in Tiewahe basin, nitrogen fertilizer was the most, COD was moderate and phosphate fertilizer was the least. This indicated organic and nitrogen fertilizer were more preferably used in Taozhuanghe basin; nitrogen and ^*organic fertilizer were more frequently used in Tiewahe basin. Nutrients loss varied in different fields, in Taozhuanghe basin the rank was: herbs > sesame > corn > peanut > orchard; In Tiewahe basin, it was: vegetable > corn > slope > woodland > orchard. Nutrients loss was not only related to fertilizer type and application quantity, but also to the condition of underlying surface, such as slope, crops, etc. [Conclusion] It is necessary that the crop structure should be adjusted and the traditional fertilization custom should be changed according to local conditions to reduce nutrient loss and non-point source pollution.

Abstract:[Objective] The selection of soil ameliorant formula and the effect on soil fertility of maize field in Hexi irrigated area in Gansu Province were studied to provide technical support for the sustainable development of corn industry in this area. [Methods] A field experiment was conducted in a field base that had been used successively for maize seed production in the past 15 years, to select multi-functional ameliorant formula and to determine the corresponding agent content that have good effects on soil fertility improvement. The field is located in Hexi inland irrigated area of Jiuquan City, Gansu Province.[Results] The multi-functional content of agent formula had the following best combination: corn fertilizer, poval, organic waste group and aquasorb weight ratio is 0.032 2:0.001 4:0.965 5:0.000 9. Doses of the multi-function ameliorant and variables as seed corn field applying content of agent content, porosity, aggregate, water holding capacity, organic matter and available NPK, were significantly and positively correlated. It had significant and negative correlations with bulk density, pH value. As compared with traditional chemical fertilizer, application of multifunctional content of agent, seed corn field bulk density and pH value reduced 6.88% and 5.10% respectively; total porosity, capillary porosity, non-capillary porosity and aggregate increased by 10.46%, 10.49%, 10.48% and 11.75%; saturated water holding capacity, capillary water holding capacity and capillary moisture capacity respectively increased by 10.47%, 10.46% and 10.48%; organic matter, alkali-hydro nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium and cation exchange capacity(CEC) increased by 9.03%, 1.11%, 4.12%, 3.82% and 32.03%; fungi, bacteria, actinomyces and bacteria amount respectively increased by 121.19%, 34.95%, 20.25% and 28.57%; Sucrase, urease, phosphatase, and polyphenol oxidase respectively increased by 44.74%, 44.73%, 38.46% and 62.50%. [Conclusion] Application of multi-functional content of agent can improve seed corn field profiting from the improved physio-chemical and biological properties, and from the enhancement of soil enzyme activity and water holding capacity.

Abstract:[Objective] Considering the serious salinity grassland in western Inner Mongolia, we chose two main compositions of the saline soil, NaCl and Na₂SO₄, mixed in 1:1 molarity salt solution, to test alfalfa germination characteristics and to choose salt-tolerant alfalfa varieties that were suitable for local production. This work was expected to provide theoretical basis for alfalfa production of Western Inner Mongolia saline meadows. [Methods] A series of mixed salt solution with 11 concentrations of 0.0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1.0%, 1.2%, 1.4%, 1.6%, 1.8%, 2.0% were used to test salt tolerant traits with regard to seed germination of 25 alfalfa varieties. Of which, germination rate, relative germination index and relatively simple seed vigor index were examined to rank salt-tolerant relevant varieties.[Results] Slight salt stress (0.2% and 0.4% salt concentrations) was observed that can promoted the alfalfa seed germination. Under the two concentrations, seed germination rate, relative germination index and relatively simple seed vigor index were all increased. Obvious differences of appropriate salt concentration, half lethal salt concentration and lethal salt concentration among different alfalfa varieties existed. For most varieties, their appropriate salt concentration was 0.0%~0.6%, and half lethal salt concentration was 0.8%. Zhongcao No.3 was an exception, its half lethal salt concentration reached 1.4%. Upper limit of salt concentrations varied between 1.0% and 2.0% mostly. [Conclusion] Considering both results of clustering method and germination index performance, we can concluded that Zhongcao No.3 and Xinmu No.2 alfalfa varieties showed better salt tolerance and belonged to tolerant varieties. On the contrary, magnumV-wet, Chimu No.1 presented worse salt tolerance and belonged to salt sensitive varieties.

Abstract:[Objective] The Characteristics of water quality variation and its impact factors were analyzed in Hulun Lake to provide theoretical basis for the eutrophication mechanism of Hulun Lake. [Method] Monitoring data from 2012-2014 were used to analyze the spatio-temporal distribution of chlorophyll a (Chla), TN and TP. Integrated nutritional status index method was use to evaluate the eutrophication of Hulun Lake and the main impact factors were discussed.[Results] Temporal concentrations of Chla, TN, TP ranked as: July, August > September > January, and the spatial concentrations of TN and TP ranges were 1.70~2.31, 0.15~0.25 mg/L, with their averaged values of 1.94 and 0.19 mg/L, respectively. The water quality of Hulun Lake belonged to levels Ⅳ to Ⅴ according to the water standards of surface water, and the lake was phosphorus limited lake.The concentrations of Chla, TN at southeast, northwest corner were greater that at midle part. Except that one sampling point showed a little high concentration of TP, no obvious spatial variation was found for other points. The eutrophication of Hulun Lake was thought moderate in Summer, but light in Autumm and Winter. [Conclusions] The Hulun Lake has been in eutrophication, this is a result of rich exogenous inputs in non-frozen period.

Abstract:[Objective] Carbon emissions under different land utilization types in Northeast China region from 2000 to 2014 were analyzed to provide references for optimization of land utilization structure and reduction of carbon emission in Northeast China. [Methods] With the method of carbon emission coefficient, data of land use and energy consumption and other information were utilized to calculate carbon source/carbon sink under different land utilization types in Northeast China from 2000 to 2014 and to analyze regional differences and intensities of carbon emissions. [Results] (1) Construction land is the major source of carbon emissions in Southeast China, contributing to above 88% of the total carbon emission; Also the amount of Liaoning Province ranks the top. (2) Northeast China is rich in forest carbon-sink resources, and Heilongjiang Province is the major source for carbon absorption in Northeast China. (3) The per capita carbon emission intensity shows a slow-growth trend in Northeast China; The carbon emission intensity per area increases before reduction; The carbon emission intensity per unit GDP keeps decreasing stably, but the decline is insufficient for the reduction of total carbon emission. (4) Northeast China is an unbalanced area with Heilongjiang Province making contribution to other regions with respect to carbon absorption, the impacts of carbon emission in Jilin Province on ecological environment are assumed in an equliarated status by province wide itself; While Liaoning Province is over emitted at the expense of other regions. [Conclusion] Heilongjiang Province and Jilin Province are facing certain pressure of carbon emission reduction and Liaoning Province is facing relatively high pressure. Generally, Northeast China area is facing relatively high pressure for reducing carbon emission.

Abstract:[Objective] The effect of precipitation on runoff sequence of Hulun Lake during 1963-2014 was analyzed to provide reference for sustainable utilization and efficient configuration of river basin water resources. [Methods] Based on the observed data of Hulu Lake Station during 1963-2014, we used the methods of cumulative anomaly and Mann-Kendall to illustrate the change trend of precipitation and runoff and to demonstrate change ratio of cumulative quantity slope. We calculated quantitatively the contribution rate of the precipitation and human activities on runoff. [Results] Two inflection points occurred in 1972 and 1999. According to the two points, the cumulating process of the variables was divided into three periods, 1963-1972(T₁), 1973-1999 (T₂) and 2000-2014(T₃). Taking T₁ as the base referred period, the contribution rates of the precipitation to the decrease of runoff were 0 in T₂, and 40.7% in T₃. [Conclusion] Since the twenty-first century, the precipitation and runoff were obviously less. Annual runoff and precipitation had a good linear correlation. And the precipitation reduction was the main reason for the decrease of runoff. In recent years, population increased and animal husbandry development have their certain influence yet.

Abstract:[Objective] Taking the typical oasis of Ganzhou District of Zhangye City, Gansu Province as an example, the temporal and spatial pattern of farmland productivity in that oasis and the effect of global change on the farmland productivity were researched, to provide decision-making basis for regional agricultural resource management and planning. [Methods] Using the data such as MOD17A3 NPP product, meteorological data and agricultural statistics data, the research was conducted by GIS spatial analysis technology. [Results] The minimum and maximum values of different types of net primary productivity(NPP) in Ganzhou District appeared in 2001 and 2007 respectively. The range of annual average farmland NPP in Ganzhou District was 109.3~420.5 g/(m²·a), and its spatial distribution was approximately consistent with the farmland. For same type of farmland, its productivity of high elevation area was less than that of low elevation. All of which indicated that the agricultural productivity was determined by both of farmland type and altitude. The NPP trend had an obvious spatial heterogeneity. Area of increased agricultural productivity covered 40.9% of the total area, among which, the mainly increased types were dry land and irrigated cropland in high altitude region. The dry land and irrigated cropland above 1 800 m had a higher increasing trend of annual precipitation than that of average temperature, which made the NPP a significant increasing trend. [Conclusion] The ecosystem productivity of Ganzhou District from 2001 to 2010 had obvious spatial and temporal differences, the annual NPP of dry land and irrigated cropland exhibited an increasing trend, while the paddy NPP showed a decreasing trend.

Abstract:[Objective] The monitoring and evaluation of the changes for cultivated land quality at Xiushan karst mountain county was carried out to provide a scientific basis for the protection of cultivated land. [Methods] Monitoring and evaluation were carried out by plot sampling method. [Results] Through the analyses of natural conditions and social economic status of Xiushan County, and the analyses of regional compartment and superimposition, the cultivated land was classified as 10 types according to the occurrences of drought and subsidence. Upon which, 40 transitional regions of the cultivated land in Xiushan County was marked up. The monitoring indexes of each gradation type area were obtained by plot sampling method. According to the published“agricultural land quality classification procedures”, the calculated values of the monitored factors could designated the indices of the arable land use in 2014. [Conclusion] The average cultivated land of different gradational areas in Xiushan County was stable in 2014, including the quality difference among different gradational cultivated land, the average grade along transitional regions and the acreage changing into other gradational types.

Abstract:[Objective] The remote sensing monitoring research of vegetation cover and engineering factor(CP) in the important engineering projects of Yangtze River Committee on Xihe catchment of the Danjiang basin was conducted to provide scientific basis of comprehensive control and evaluation based on quantitative monitoring of water loss and soil erosion in the Danjiang River basin and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. [Methods] HJ-A-B satellite image data in 2010 of Xihe catchment, Shangnan County in Danjiang basin were collected and analyzed with Erdas software to get the coverage of different vegetation types. Vegetation factors calculation method that was put forward by Bu Zhaohong, termed as remote sensing monitoring models(QRSM) for soil erosion quantitative was used to get the formula relationship between vegetation factors and vegetation coverage. and to study the vegetation cover factor of Xihe catchment by remote sensing monitoring. [Results] The vegetation cover and engineering measures factor value in the harnessed north area and the southern mountain of Xihe catchment are quite low. Higher values of them can be found sparsely distributed in rive sides. It is mainly because of house and road constructions taking over vegetation. A consecutive higher vegetation cover factor was found in the middle of the Xihe catchment, where though the population is concentrited, the measurement factor is lower. [Conclusion] There are many natural factors affecting soil and water loss, among which the vegetation cover is the greatest one. Human activities should not be neglected, the over-exploitation and utilization of land resources can also change terrestrial ecosystem. Therefore, study of soil and water loss should take into account the geographical, natural and economic development. According to local condition, reasonable planning should be carried out to ensure sustained and stable economic development and ecological security.

Abstract:[Objective] This study was to simplify the estimation of phosphorus loss intensity, through identifying key soil properties affecting non-point source phosphorus loss by spectral analysis, in agricultural land of Taihu Basin. [Methods] To identify the key soil physical and chemical properties affecting non-point source phosphorus loss, the spectral characteristics of soil from arable land and orchard land at Meiliang Bay watershed, Taihu Basin were contrasted. [Results] The characteristic bands of non-point source phosphorus loss were 650~670 nm, 1 475 nm and 1 680~1 695 nm in arable land, suggesting that soil organic matter was the main factor controlling non-point source phosphorus loss due to the positive correlation between soil organic matter content and non-point source phosphorus loss intensity. The characteristic bands of non-point source phosphorus loss were 685~690 nm, 710~720 nm, 1 110~1 115 nm, 1 150~1 155 nm and 2 170 nm in orchard land, which suggested that soil organic matter, moisture and Fe²⁺ were the main controlling factors of non-point source phosphorus loss intensity. Non-point source phosphorus loss intensity was negatively correlated with soil organic matter content and Fe²⁺, while it was positively correlated with water content. The effect of the source phosphorus loss on the arable land was more significant. The correlation coefficient between the surface source phosphorus loss intensity and the spectral index reached 0.74 at 1 685 nm in arable land. The highest correlation coefficient was only 0.48 at 715 nm in orchard land. [Conclusion] The key soil property in arable land was soil organic matter, and the key soil properties in orchard land was soil organic matter, moisture and Fe²⁺.

Abstract:[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the factors that affect the investment efficiency of recycled water, and to provide a theoretical basis for the comprehensive evaluating investment efficiency of the reclaimed water projects in small and medium cities in Western China. [Methods] Using the method of system dynamics, the study worked out a computer simulation of 2005-2014 in Weinan City of Shaanxi Province and illustrated the change of investment efficiency of the total output in the reclaimed water project in consideration of the external additional effect. The simulated data included the processing factors of sewage treatment rate, total amount of investment, and the project output, etc. [Results] The sewage treatment rate in Weinan City had increased gradually, but the traditional evaluation method showed a decreasing trend of the investment efficiency. The study indicated that if the external effect was considered, the evaluation of investment efficiency considering was in accordance with the actual trend of increasing. [Conclusion] On the condition of considering the external effect, the evaluation method of the reclaimed water project was comprehensive and can provide decision support for the construction of the reclaimed water project.

Abstract:[Objective] With the using of CSLE model, we calculated the soil loss in two situations under certain conditions of rainfall, soil and vegetation: taking terraces as a terrain factor or as an engineering measure factor. It was expected to provide a new idea for quantitative evaluation of soil erosion. [Methods] This thesis choose Zhifanggou watershed and Yangou watershed of Loess Plateau as experimental sample plots and used DEMs of the study regions with a resolution of 5 meters, images of WorldView 3 with a resolution of 0.3 meters and Landsat 8 with a resolution of 30 meters, precipitation data, soil data and land use data, etc. [Results] (1) In Zhifanggou watershed and Yangou watersheds, as a terrain factor, the calculated average soil loss of watershed in slope terraces are both greater than the ones taking terraces as an engineering measure factor. However, the comparison results between the average soil loss of watershed in level terraces and taking terraces as an engineering measure factor varied in different watersheds. (2) As the increase of the proportion of terraces, the average soil loss of watershed taking terraces as an engineering measure is much lower than the one taking terraces as a terrain factor. [Conclusion] Taking terraces as terrain factor or engineering measure factor can change the calculation of soil loss, especially when the proportion of terraces is larger.

Abstract:[Objective] Considering the disturbance to environment caused by highway construction in order to found the optimal protection measures of soil and water loss caused by highway construction was demonstrated. [Methods] Based on the comprehensive analysis of factors affecting soil erosion during the construction, a multi-level and multi-index highway construction evaluation system with respect to soil and water loss was established. Via engineering parameter analysis, a parameter, termed as SWⅡ, was introduced into the evaluation of different sections of highway. The entropy method was chosen to determine the influence degree of each evaluation index of the evaluation system. 9 preliminary sections of liangping-zhongxian highway project were chosen to evaluate. [Results] 4 sections were classified as severe loss level and as key protection areas. [Conclusion] This article verified the rationality of the evaluation system and eliminated man-made interference. This evaluation system can determine key areas of soil and water loss under highway construction in a more objective and scientific way.

Abstract:[Objective] Extraction methods of spectral information of inland surface water in the Yellow River basin were elucidated and compared to provide guidance for the extraction of spectral information of water bodies with large sediment concentration in the Yellow River basin. [Methods] Two methods that were thought effective at present were chose to extract the spectral information of water body. They were modified normalized difference water index(MNDWI) and linear spectral mixture model. Landsat 8 OLI imagery of reservoir, wetland, lake and river in the Yellow River basin was exemplified to analyze the accuracies of the two methods, and to discuss the regional applicability. In which, the study area was divided into two categories: water and non-water, and high resolution imagery was referred.[Results] The accuracy of linear spectral mixture model in extracting spectral information of reservoir, wetland and lake was higher than that of the MNDWI. The two methods performed better in the large-area water bodies, such as lakes and reservoirs, than in the linear like body as rivers. [Conclusion] In high resolution image, mixed pixels were also existed. Based on that, the linear spectral mixture model had covered the effect of mixed pixels on the spectral information extraction from water bodies, whereby it remarkably improved the extraction precision. The linear spectral mixture model is superior to the modified normalized difference water index.

Abstract:[Objective] To select different evaluation methods for evaluating groundwater water quality of Fenghuang Town in Southern Shaanxi Province, and to provide a scientific basis for the further development of soil and water conservation work. [Methods] Based on dry season water quality monitoring data of Fenghuang Town in October 2015, selecting total hardness and sulphate etc. elven water quality evaluation indexes, respectively, using the single index evaluation method, the comprehensive index evaluation method, regular and modified Nemerow pollution index method and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method were used to evaluate groundwater quality.[Results] This paper comprehensively introduced the application process of each evaluation method. The five kinds of methods used in evaluating the water quality were the similar. But through the analysis of contrast, regular, modified Nemerow index method and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method water quality evaluation have good applicability about water evaluation in the Fenghuang Town. [Conclusion] Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation results are more reasonable and reliable, which can evaluate groundwater water quality of Fenghuang Town more accurately.

Abstract:[Objective] The accuracies of GPM and TRMM precipitation data were measured to evaluate the applicability of TRMM and GPM data in the Haihe River basin. [Methods] The precipitation products from April to October 2014 in the Haihe River basin were compared with the corresponding data measured with rain gauges from 35 meteorological stations. the coefficient of determination R² and relative error BIAS were used as statistical indicators to evaluate the performance of GPM(global precipitation measurement) and TRMM (tropical rainfall measuring mission). [Results] GPM performed slightly better than TRMM did. The coefficient of determination R² between satellite precipitation product and in-situ data were 0.758 2 and 0.760 7 for TRMM and GPM, the slope K were 0.810 5 and 0.833 5, respectively. Although the difference between TRMM and GPM was minor and both of them underestimated the real precipitation, accuracies of them still were relative high. [Conclusion] GPM IMERG precipitation product has potentially good application prospect in monthly scale hydrology for its high spatial resolution.

Abstract:[Objective] The measured spectra data of several typical bare surfaces were analyzed such to provide references for desertification prevention and control. [Methods] Methods of spectral analysis as moving average, reciprocal take logarithm(RLR) reflectance, first derivative transformation(FDR) and continuum removal(CR) were used to identity the sensitive band range of each ground feature. The paper aimed to explore the application of GF-1 and other extended use of that. The spectral indexes, such as normalized difference index(NDSI), simple ratio index(SR), spectral difference entropy index(SDI) were used to separate each other. [Results] Differences of the original spectral signatures among several bare surfaces were small. Spectral reflectance transited slowly from invisible value to near-infrared one, but the rate of increasing was different among each ground feature. The differences among bare surfaces could be magnified by first order derivative transformation, reciprocal logarithm transformation and continuum removal spectra. The effectiveness of transformation was all better than original spectrum. [Conclusion] Because the calculated difference was magnified between the original and the transformed spectral index, the first order derivative transformed SDI can distinguish the surface features much better.

Abstract:[Objective] Health of land use system on resource-typed city was assessed to provide reference to coordinate land use and promote social and economic development. [Methods] The center of the mixed whitenization weight function of grey clustering model was used to build evaluation index system from the structure, function and efficiency. Upon that health condition and trend of land use system in Daqing City of Heilongjiang Province from 2005 to 2014 were analyzed. [Results] (1) Health level of land use system in Daqing City evolved gradually from“unhealthy”to“healthier”. (2) The proportion of construction land, the amount of per capita water resources, the average industrial output value of land, the degree of land marketization were the key factors restricting the health of land use system in Daqing City. [Conclusion] Grey clustering model plus center whiten function provided new evaluation criteria for land use system health assessment. This consolidated method exhibited good compatibility than the one of single index with regard to land use system health assessment. Some aspects are needed to be paid attention for Daqing City: to broaden the potential of construction land utilization, to optimize the land use layout, to actively conserve water resources, to enhance the reform of land market, and to continuously improve the health of land use system.

Abstract:[Objective] Ecological water tank catchment and utilization system of road rainwater resources was demonstrated to give some guidances of the collection and recycling of road rainwater and of effectively improving the collection rainwater quality. This was also helpful for providing excellent water sources for greening plant growth. [Methods] The system's was used as water storage facilities, which can provide the basis for follow-up system of“free breathing”. The porosity of polypropylene plastic rainwater collection module was 90%~95%. And the impervious facilities laid stratified double geotextile and waterproof membrane. In which, 30 cm thickness filled-in soil can sufficiently ensure the dynamic equilibrium between catchment and supply of the rainwater resources. [Results] Ecological water tank system has the functions of dynamic equilibrium adjustment of water resourses catchment and supply, and sewage interception as well. It can efficiently collect high-quality rainwater on the road, and effectively control the pollution of soil and groundwater caused by rainwater. [Conclusion] This system can also provided the conditions and new approaches for efficient recycling of rainwater resources and provides a new way for efficient management and use of regional rainwater resources.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to create an excellent water-holding material, using wheat straw as raw material, acrylic acid(AA) as graft monomers, the N, N'-methylene bisacrylamide as crosslinker and the potassium peroxydisulfate as free radical evocating agent, the super absorbent polymer was prepared by water solution polymerization. [Methods] The optimized reaction conditions were determined based on a single factor and an orthogonal experiment. In addition, the absorbency, retaining capacity and surface morphology of the obtained water retention agent in the experiment were characterized. [Results] Optimal reaction conditions were as follows: temperature 70 ℃, deionized water 160 ml, 2%N, N-methylene double acrylamide solution 9 ml, initiator accounted for acrylic monomer 2%, degree of neutralization of AA was 70%, reaction time was 1 h. Under this experimental conditions, the water retention agent had stronger water absorbency, and the 1 g dry super absorbent polymer can absorb water 41.2 g/g in 0.9% NaCl solution and 430.9 g/g in distilled water. The colloid graft polymerization of water retention agent was successful, and the surface morphology was good. [Conclusion] Super absorbent polymer has faster fluid and good characteristics of water retention and reuse. The product can absorb water 113 g/g in ferric chloride solution of the different ions solution and the maximum water absorption was 57 g/g in compound ion solution.

Abstract:[Objective] We aimed to reveal the regularity of spatial distribution of cultivated land by spatial autocorrelation analysis and multivariable regression, in order to provide a rapid evaluation method for land development, reclamation, and consolidation. [Methods] Coverage ratio by cultivated land was as response variable, and methods of spatial autocorrelation and mosaic plot were utilized to demonstrate its spatial pattern. Nine factors such as Euclidean distances, terrain, NDWI, population density, simulated cultivated land distribution suitability, etc. were used as independent variables, and multivariate regression of them with the response variable was conducted to test the distributional suitability of cultivated land. [Results] The Euclidean distances and terrain have significant impacts on the spatial distribution of cultivated land, and the Moran's I index is 0.701 5. In addition, the main types of local indicators of spatial association(LISA) distribution are not significant. L-L(low spatial autocorrelations) and H-H(high spatial autocorrelations) and insignificant types are three of the main types, especially the third type covered over 65% of study area. Multivariate regression behaved well in the distribution suitability simulation of cultivated land, it was remarkably coincided with the present distribution of cultivated land. The regression model was testified reliable and had goodness of fit (R²=0.846). [Conclusion] (1) The spatial distribution of cultivated land in the study area generally exhibits a strong positive correlation. And the distribution of cultivated land is affected by distance and terrain significantly. (2) The regression model can well reveal the spatial distribution of cultivated land in the study area, showing that the study area has a potential for cultivated land supplement. (3) We can improve the quality of additional cultivated land, reduce soil erosion, and optimize the land utilization structure if under the guidance of the regression model for land development, reclamation and consolidation.

Abstract:[Objective] Water resource security was evaluated to provide scientific basis for water environment management and sustainable development in Karst area.[Methods] A case study of Guizhou Province in karst was carried out and an evaluation index system of water resources security was established. The BP artificial neural network model was constructed to evaluate the water resources securities of 9 cities in Guizhou Province, and the results were compared with entropy weight matter element model.[Results] Water resource securities of 9 cities were evaluated in Guizhou Province, among which two cities were assessed at relatively safe level, six cities at general level, and one city at relatively unsafe level. The evaluation results were basically the same to the results of the entropy weighted matter element model. [Conclusion] The results are reasonable and the method is simple and intuitive. The model has certain reference value for similar areas of water resources security evaluation.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to provide theoretical evidences for the selection and arrangement of plants on damaged slope in South China, a research on plant niche for slope rehabilitation were conducted. [Methods] Community investigation of four typical slope restoration projects in Shenzhen City were carried out. Niche breadth and niche overlap were analyzed based on the important values of plants. [Results] The investigated plants belonged to 53 families, among which, Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae, Leguminosae were in a majority. Species of Leucocephala, Tephrosia candida, Mimosa sepiariia comparatively had large important values. Shrub niche breadth ranked similarly with their important values. Leucaena leucocephala, Heteropanax fragrans and Tephrosia candida ranked higher. For herbaceous species layer, Cyclosorus parasiticus, Pteris semipinnata and other ferns had relatively higher niche breadths. Niche overlap indicated that competition among Leucaena leucocephala, Heteropanax fragrans and Syzygium cumini was intensive, while competition intensity among Trema cannabina, Rhaphiolepis Schefflera octophylla and other plants was small. For slope rehabilitation, those plants with wider niche breadth and strong vigor were suggested to be used as pioneer species, such as Leucaena leucocephala and Acacia mangium. In addition, plants havingsmall niche overlap with the dominant species should also be selected reasonably, for instance, Rhaphiolepis indica, Trema cannabina and vines. [Conclusion] To establish a stable plant community on slope, all community processes as plants'adaption to slope environment, competition of species and succession should be taken into consideration.

Abstract:[Objective] Groasis Waterboxx and technology from Holland were introduced to solve the problem of sand dunes afforestation, and the technology application were analyzed. [Methods] Desert plants such as Haloxylon ammodendron, Hedysarum scoparium, Caragana korshinskii, Tamarix chinensis and other sand-fixing plants were used in Groasis Waterboxx afforestation on the mobile and semi-fixed dunes. Wind erosion was observed after the waterboxx plantation, and the ground temperature, seedling survival rate, dry weight, soil water-moisture content were measured. [Results] In the case of spring afforestation on dunes with Groasis Waterboxx, the wind erosion degree of mobile dunes was 2.0~6.0 times of the one of semi-fixed dune. Afforestation on mobile dunes was not as good as the one on semi-fixed dunes. Either for the mobile dunes or the semi-fixed dunes, the wind erosion degree on windward sides exhibited a normal rank at dune positions as: the top > the middle > bottom. (2) In terms of temperature effect, we observed that, in high temperature season, Groasis Waterboxx effectively reduced nearly 50% of soil temperature in the seedlings rhizosphere comparing with the one on bare ground. It can protect seedlings from high temperature burn; whereas in low temperature season, it maintained the rhizosphere surface ground temperature at about 5 ℃, can prevent seedling from low temperature freezing injury. (3) Using Groasis Waterboxx afforestation on sand dunes, moisture content of 0-40 cm topsoil was maintained to be a relative stable level of 6%~12%, ensuring the seedlings a constant supply of soil water. (4) In the end, afforestation using Groasis Waterboxx on dunes significantly improved the seedlings survival rate by 30%~60%, which may provide new idea and pattern to those difficult site conditions for afforestation. [Conclusion] Groasis Waterboxx afforestation is more applicable on semi-fixed dunes than on moving dunes. It can significantly increase the survival rate of seedlings.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper aimed to review the application of remote sensing technology in the research of soil erosion to provide some bases for the development of remote sensing research on soil erosion, and to provide references for researchers to select the appropriate remote sensing data sources and methods. [Methods] The application of remote sensing on soil erosion research was analyzed through literature review in different aspects. [Results] According to the research area and theme, erosion remote sensing platforms and data sources, and the usage of remote sensing technology in regional soil erosion feature recognition, monitoring and scale analysis were summarized. In addition, the application of remote sensing to obtain key parameters in RUSLE was introduced. The problems existed in the current research were also analyzed and some suggestions were put forward. [Conclusion] Remote sensing technology was an important technology to carry out large-scale and long time series of soil erosion research, and it has played a significant role in the study of soil erosion in China. However, there are some problems in practical application. The collaborative development of technology, personnel and economy was needed in the effective use and promotion of remote sensing on soil erosion research.

Abstract:[Objective] The low compensation leads to extensive cultivation on hydro-fluctuation belt, which continue to affect the water environment in the reservoir area. The compensation criteria should be redefined based on the value of cultivated land resources. [Methods] We adopt double-bounded dichotomous contingent valuation method(CVM) to evaluate the non-market benefits of cultivated land in the water-level fluctuation zone of Three Gorges Reservoir area, which is to provide reference for economic compensation criteria of eco-fallow. [Results] (1) The interviewees are basically able to build up the CVM hypothetical market, and the reliability of survey data is high because the questionnaire survey showed that interviewees'understanding level reached 84.73%. (2) The interviewees'willing to pay(WTP) is obviously different between households and urban residents, the former's WTP is 75.65% but the latter's WTP is only 64.80%. (3) The Probit regression model and Logit regression model analysis showed that income is the main factor affecting the interviewees'WTP. [Conclusion] We take the interviewees'WTP 1 516.76 yuan/(hm²·a) as economic compensation criteria of eco-fallow in this area, so the non-market benefits of cultivated land is 3.015×10⁹ yuan in the research area.

Abstract:[Objective] The effect of reverting farmland to forest project in Northwest China on grain production and farmers'income was assessed to provide bases for the effectiveness and feasibility of the project implementation in the northwest area. [Methods] Data of reverted area of farmland to forest, grain sown acreage, grain yield, farmers'net income, runoff throughout the catchment of Yellow River, and soil erosion amount of northwest provinces(regions) were collected and used. Data was analyzed by SPSS and Excel software. [Results] The implementation of the project apparently resulted in the decrease of grain sown area and total grain yield, but the net income of farmers increased year by year in the northwest region. Returned area of farmland to forest and grain sown area, and grain yield were both negatively correlated, but reverted area was positively correlated with the net income of the farmers. Runoff throughout catchments of the Yellow River increased with the increase of the reverted area. Soil erosion decreased with the increase of the reverted acreage. [Conclusion] The ecological engineering project of returning farmland to forest has little effect on grain production in the northwest region of China. It can level up farmers'income and plays an important role in conserving soil and water and in improving regional ecological environment.

Abstract:[Objective] The characteristics and driving mechanism of land use change in Chaohu basin were explored to realize optimal allocation of land resources and to promote sustainable development of social economy. [Methods] According to land use investigation and economic & social statistical yearbook in Chaohu River basin during 1996-2014, indices of land use quantity and intensity were used in spatial differences measurement model, and in principal component analysis to simulate the land use change in Chaohu River basin and its driving factors. [Results] Over the past 20 years, all types of land use had been changed in Chaohu basin, the amount, range and rate were different. Among which, cultivated land, vegetable land and grassland decreased remakbly, woodland increased slightly, half of the miscellaneous agricultural lands were changed into other types of lands that was mostly used as contstruction land. Especially, urban industrial infrastructure and traffic land increased rapidly; Rural residential land decreased slightly. Since 2004, land use intensity had increased year by year, high utilization intensity centralized around Hefei City and the surrounding regions was relatively low. In terms of the decreasing rate of cultivated land, districts of Jin'an and Yaohai, counties of Feixi, Hanshan had comparatively great values; The increase rates of urban land in counties of Feixi and Changfeng were relatively great. In the last 10 years, investment, economic development, industrial advancement, population growth and urbanization were the main driving factors of land use change in Chaohu River basin. [Conclusion] To accelerate the construction of the subcenteral group cities around the world-class city in Yangtze River delta and to set up an ecocivilized demonstration area, we need tooptimize land use spatial pattern, to release stocked land for construction, to improve the use efficiency of construction land. For all of these, land use pattern having resource-saving and environment friendly traits was prefered.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to control the water environment carrying capacity and achieve the balance of ecological environment. this paper evaluated the water environment carrying capacity of agricultural production and the pollution risk, aimed to provide reference, and opinion for rational planning of agricultural production density and regional distribution, and for further sustainable development of agriculture. [Methods] According to the statistical data of 7 crop-growing areas of 24 provinces in China during 2006-2014, the paper estimated the water environmental carrying capacity of agricultural production with surplus nitrogen and water surplus methods. [Results] Chinese load alarm value of agricultural production on water environment was closed to the critical value of pollution. The pollution risks of Liaoning, Henan, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Ningxia's was in the highest list. [Conclusion] The highest pollution risk areas should enforce the total amount control of agricultural production and pollution reduction measures. The Northeast plain, the Yangtze River basin and South China had no pollution risk, having some potential to expand the scale of agricultural production. Hetao irrigation district and Fenwei Plain had low pollution risk. The government should also consider the endemic traits of industrial development in the enhancement of pollutant abatement.

Abstract:[Objective] The objective of this research is to evaluate comprehensive benefits of ecological engineering in the lake buffer zone in Zhushan Bay in Zhoutie Town, Yixing City, Jiangsu Province to quantitatively analyze the value of ecological conservation and to provide a basis and reference for the benefit assessment of ecological engineering in Taihu Lake basin and other watersheds. [Methods] Based on long-term fixed point observation of the ecological engineering construction in Zhoutie Town, we build an evaluation system from three aspects of economy, society and ecology. Indicators of evaluation system include water purification, water conservation, protection of biological diversity, air modulation, providing employment opportunities, research and education, social stability, leisure tourism, aquatic production and so on. Methods of indicators value evaluation are reference method, shadow project method, travel cost method, contingent valuation method, substitution method and direct market method. [Results] The comprehensive benefit of lake buffer zone ecological engineering in Zhoutie Town is 1.766 6 million yuan per year, including 1.255 5 million yuan per year of ecological benefits, 336.1 thousand yuan per year of social benefits and 175 thousand yuan per year of economic benefits, that means ecological benefits > social benefits > economic benefits. The result of single index value comparison found that the value of water purification is largest, up to 605.2 thousand yuan per year. The following is the value of air modulation, which is 471.5 thousand yuan per year. [Conclusion] Ecological engineering in Zhoutie Town effectively improved the aquatic environment of lakes. The ecological benefit is most remarkable, which is in accordance with the principal that priority of ecological value is in priority in ecological engineering.

Abstract:[Objective] A typical basin was taken as study area, we demonstrated the evolution of water resources in Central Yunnan Province, to supply scientific support for integrated water resources management. [Methods] Runoff data was collected in Qingling River basin of central Yunnan Province. Linear trend estimation, Mann-Kendall non parameter test, wavelet analysis method and R/S analysis were used. [Results] (1) Runoff is extremely non-uniform at the annual scale, and concentrating on the summer and winter. (2) Since 1960s, runoff of Qingling River basin showed a decreasing trend with a of 4.80×10⁷ m³/10 a, but the trend not yet reached the significant level of 0.05. (3) The periodical evolution of runoff experienced“rich-lack-rich-lack”processes, in 2010, an abrupt change occurred. (4) From the aspect of multi-time scale variation, it was locally prominent but not over all covered. Comparatively a 15 year-periodical variation was obvious. (5) A significant Hurst phenomenon existed for annual runoff of Qingling River basin, whereby the decrease probability in the future was great. [Conclusion] Water resources in Qingling River basin are unevenly distributed in seasonal and inter-annual time scale. A decrease trend will continue in the next period, hence rational planning is important.

Abstract:[Objective] The risk of debris flow in Ya'an City was evaluated to provide scientific basis for predicting and dealing with debris flow scientifically and reasonably. [Methods] Firstly, a quantitative-hierarchy factors assessing system, including nine factors of three categories, was established. The factors were weighted by method of analytic hierarchy process(AHP). Finally, assessment model of hazard was applied to the spatial overlay analysis and took debris flow hazard division in Ya'an City. The division map of debris flow hazard included low-risk zone(I), risk zone(Ⅱ), high-risk zone(Ⅲ)and higher-risk zone(Ⅳ). [Results] Baoxing county had the lowest risk, only 8.8% was covered by Ⅳ zone.Risk of debris flow in Tianquan County was determined as fairly low as well. About 20.0% of Yucheng, Lushan, Mingshan County are covered by Ⅳ zone, and the two counties have moderate level risk. Risk of debris flow in Yingjing and Hanyuan County is fairly high, Ⅳ zone covered 45.0% approximately. The debris flow risk in Shimian County hits the top. The percent of Ⅳ going up to 57.4%, and the percent of Ⅲ up to 24.4%. [Conclusion] The capacity of debris flow disaster should be enhanced in prevention of Ⅳ grade risk, be alert to the potential danger in Ⅲ. The measures have monitoring, weather forecast, tree and grass plantation.

Abstract:[Objective] The water status and utilization potential of the non-growing growing season on the Loess Plateau were analyzed to provide reference for the efficient utilization of water resources in the process of ecological environment construction. [Methods] Data from meteorological stations in Loess Plateau and test in situ was used to analyze the status of water and heat during non-growing season. [Results] Plants in most parts of the study area go through spring germination and autumn dead process. Soil has freeze-thaw cycles with the maximum frozen depth of 186 cm. And there is a certain amount of snowfall and the maximum snow depth record is 30 cm. On average, precipitation during non-growing season accounted for 7.7% annual precipitation. In the north area of Shaanxi Province, the freezing time of typical observation field station is up to three months. [Conclusion] Water and heat should be studied and use efficiency of the limited water resources should be improved. It is very important for vegetative restoration in the region.

Abstract:[Objective] The temporal-spatial changes of wetland resources in Yantai City of Shandong Province in recent 30 years were studied to provide basic data and scientific basis for the rational utilization and conservation of wetland resources. [Methods] With RS and GIS, this paper took the TM images in 1986 and 1995, the ETM⁺ image in 2005 and the OLI image in 2015 as data sources, to interpret and extract the information of wetland resources in Yantai City, and to make quantitative analysis on the area of wetland resources, the change rate or transformation beween various types of wetlands. Upon which, the temporal and spatial variation of wetland resources in Yantai City in the latest 30 years were demonstrated. [Results] The total area of wetlands had an increasing trend year by year at a rate of 5.46 km²/a; The increment acreage attained 158.47 km² in Yantai City for almost 30 years. In the process of wetland transformation, the shallow sea-water area still covered mostly. Other types of wetlands had different change processes. Among which, coastal tidal flat and estuarine wetland, declined year by year; Whereas, culture pond plus salt pan had been increased at yearly-averaged speed of 4.59 km². River wetland exhibited a fluctuating trend. The area of reservoir or pond increased 35.8 km² at a rate of 1.23 km²/a. The transformation between wetland types was less, but the conversion between wetlands and non-wetlands was strong in Yantai City. [Conclusion] Due to the interference of human activities, the temporal and spatial changes of wetland resources were very significant in Yantai City in recent 30 years, so we must take measures to strengthen the rational utilization and protection of wetland resources.

Abstract:[Objective] Studying the spatio-temporal variations of water storage in He'nan Province to provide a theoretical basis for the rational planning of agricultural development. [Methods] The spatio-temporal variations of terrestrial water storage changes(TWSC) of He'nan Province were derived from GRACE during 2002-2014, and the influence factors were analyzed. [Results] (1) The annual variation of TWSC in He'nan Province presented a cosine-shaped curve, in a loss state between January and July, and getting surplus between August and December. The lag time between the peaks of TWSC and precipitation was two months. (2) He'nan TWSC presented a decreasing trend during the observation period at a rate of-6.34 mm/a. Geographically, the reduction rate of water reserves was higher at the south part than that at the north part. [Conclusion] Through quantitatively calculation of the annual variation ratio of total water consumption of human activities and TWSC, it can be concluded that about 1/3 variation of water storage in He'nan Province is contributed by human activities, and the other part, about 2/3 of the variation came from natural factors.

Abstract:[Objective] The constitution of ecological footprint and condition of ecological carrying capacity in Rizhao City were measured during 1994-2013. The relationship between the ecological footprint and Rizhao's GDP, the ecological footprint and the three industries was analyzed to provide theoretical suggestion for ecological construction. [Methods] Based on theories of the ecological footprint, co-integration, error correction model, the constitution of ecological footprint. [Results] There was an increasingly tendency in the fluctuating of the per capita ecological footprint, an average annual growth rate of 7.23%. Fossil energy land accounted for the highest proportion of the per capita ecological footprint. The per capita ecological carrying capacity could not meet the needs of the per capita ecological footprint, which revealed the ecological deficit obviously, ecological pressure index increased by 3.42 times during study period. The GDP elasticity of ecological footprint was 0.489 5, and the three industries elasticity of ecological footprint were 0.651 5, 0.624 2,-0.378 6 separately. [Conclusion] The economic development in Rizhao City relied on consumption of substantial resources in a long run, there was long-term and stable relationship among ecological footprint, Rizhao's GDP and the three industries. In order to promote coordinative development of resource, environment, economy and industry of Rizhao City, improving the efficiency of resource utilization, developing circular economy and upgrading the third industry are imperative.

Abstract:[Objective] Land renovation and the subsequent environmental impact were assessed in 20 land consolidation plans in Qingyang City of Gansu Province to provide a reference for environmental impact assessment by land consolidation in the mountainous area of eht Loess Plateau.[Methods] Based on the DPSIR(driving-force-pressure-state-impact-response) model, a scientific and reasonable evaluation index system was established to assess the environmental impacts of land consolidation in Qingyang City. [Results] (1) The per capita GDP and the increment of arable land had strong driving effect on land change. Impact on ecological environment was prominent by land pollution. City's forest coverage had an important effect on variation of land resources. People's feeling to environment was important with regard to land management, and the interlinks among population, resources and environment, as well. The impact of comprehensive utilization of solid waste was mostly important. (2) The maximum comprehensive environmental impact of land consolidation was assessed at 0.256 9 in Zhoujia village, Shancha Town, Zhenyuan County, and the minimum one was assessed at 0.130 4 in Miaoshan mountain, Taibailiang Town, Qingcheng County. [Conclusion] The comprehensive indexes of all the 20 consolidation areas largely varied between 0.150 0 to 0.250, indicating that the ecological environment in Qingyang City has great improvement potentiality.

Abstract:[Objective] Land use change and its influence factor analysis of river urban-Dexing City of Jiangxi Province in the process of rapid urbanization were explored, in order to provide scientific basis for the land use structure adjustment of river city and the development of similar river city experiencing rapid urbanization in China. [Methods] Based on the land use change data of remote sensing image of Dexing City from 2000 to 2014, the association degree between information entropy change of land use structure and related factors in Dexing City were analyzed using entropy model and grey correlation analysis. And on this basis, the dynamic correlations between information entropy change of land use structure and the main factors in Dexing City were further explained using impulse response function and variance decomposition of vector autoregressive model. [Results] (1) The areas of construction land, forest land, grassland, water, and other land-use types was decreasing, on the contrary, construction land area was rising. Moreover, the land use structure was in a disorderly development state, and the equilibrium of land use type was enhanced but the dominance of a single type was reduced. (2) According to the results of the impulse response function and variance decomposition analysis of VAR model, long-term total population, gross output of grain and urbanization level had positive effects on information entropy change of land use structure in Dexing City, and the impact effects gradually diminished and finally tended to be stable with time lag increased. Thereinto, total population and urbanization level had promoting effects on the information entropy change of land use structure in Dexing City, but the role of gross output of grain contributing to the degree of variance was declined with time going by. [Conclusoin] The degree of land use in Dexing City was not high. The land use structure was in a disorderly development state from 2000 to 2014. Total population, gross output of grain and urbanization level were the main factors influencing information entropy of land use structure.

Abstract:[Objective] The contents and pollution state of heavy mentals of soil in Xiaoyi bauxite mine of Shanxi Province were studied to provide scientific basis for the understanding and evaluating the risk of heavy metal pollution in reclaimed soil in mining area. [Methods] The contents of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, As and Ni by ICP-MS were measured, and their changes along different reclaimed years were analyzed. Single factor index and Nemerow comprehensive index methods were used to evaluate the potential pollution degree and risk. [Results] (1) The mean value of Cd was 5.19 mg/kg, exceeding the 0.3 mg/kg of national stand by 17 times. Other elements was not exceed the national stand and no pollution risk was observed. With the extension of reclamation time, the content of Cd increased at 0-15 cm and decreased at 15-30 cm layer. (2) The single pollution index of Cd is the highest of all sampling plots, was assessed at 5th level severe pollution. Other 5 elements are lower, and are at 1st degree of safe level. The Nemerow comprehensive index ranged from 12.08 to 13.14, with an average of 12.43, at severe pollution level, and it exceeds the 5th degree by 3~4 times. (3) Soil which was used to reclaim is the mainly pollution resource, the contents of 6 heavy mental elements exceeded the national stand. [Conclusion] The soil in reclamation area have been polluted by Cd sourced from reclaimed soil, manure and dust. When considering reclaimed mine, the quality of soil which will be used to reclaim should be protected strictly.

Abstract:[Objective] Dynamic change features of agricultural area and the driving factors were elucidate to provide theoretical foundation for the sustainable utilization and protection of cultivated land in Tarim River basin. [Methods] Change characteristics of agricultural area and superficial orthocenter were analyzed according to the statistical data of all regions, including so-called“nine sources and one main stream”. Both PCA and multivariate regression analysis were used to detect the driving factors. [Results] (1) Total cultivated area from 1.01×10⁶ hm² to 2.05×10⁶ hm², from 0.131 hm² to 0.194 hm² for each person. Orthocenter of the agricultural area moved northeastward with a distance about 61.10 km. (2) Three main factors as socioeconomic development, increase in population and development of agricultural production drove the changes of agricultural area. (3) The established multi-linear regression model (R²=0.960) between agricultural area and driving factors showed that there was no significant difference(p>0.05) between the simulated values and the actual values. [Conclusion] It was always in a dynamically changing status for agricultural area and orthocenter. Human factors were the major influencing cause of the cultivated land.

Abstract:[Objective] The spatial distribution of nutrients and pollution status of Tangpu reservoir were elucidated to provide relevant basis for water quality protection. [Methods] The contents of total organic carbon(TOC), total nitrogen(TN), ammonium-nitrogen(NH⁺₄-N), nitrate-nitrogen(NO₃-N), total phosphorus(TP) and available phosphorous were analyzed. Meanwhile, the sediment pollution status was assessed using organic nitrogen index (ON) and organic index(OI). [Results] The mean contents of TOC, TN and TP in the basin were 12.23 g/kg, 1.22 g/kg and 0.49 g/kg, respectively. In 0-20 cm layer of sediment, TN, TP and TOC concentrations are higher than those in other layers of sediment. With the increase of sediment depth, the content of pollutants decreased. The concentrations of pollutants are roughly constant below 40 cm. The organic index of the sediment is 0.13(level Ⅱ). [Conclusion] The pollution of sediment in Tangpu Reservoir is slight, but the content of nitrogen is high. Therefore, attention should be paid to the nitrogen pollution in the sediment.

Abstract:[Objective] The risk of desertification was evaluated in Loess Plateau to provide scientific basis for the restoration, construction and protection of ecological environment. [Methods] Data of landform, climate, vegetation, soil and other socio-economic data were collected. Spatialization and digitalization were conducted using GIS and remote sensing. Upon which, desertification reasons were analyzed, and evaluation indices and risk assessment model were framed based on index of environmentally sensitive areas. [Results] (1) According to the bio-physical index in the framed model, under the scenario only considering natural factors as soil, climate and vegetation, 25.2% of Loess Plateau was determined as high desertification risk area, where desertification was worst; 62.8% and 11.5% of Loess Plateau were determined as moderate and potential desertification risk areas; only 0.5% was considered having no risk. (2) If both natural factors and human interference were considered, risk area changed: coverages of extreme low, low and extreme high risk levels decreased by 5.6%, 1.1% and 3.8%, respectively; whereas, coverages of lower and higher risk levels increased by 4.4% and 4.5%. [Conclusion] (1) The ESAI model can well explain the spatial distribution pattern of desertification risk of Loess Plateau, and the degree of desertification is gradually weakened from the northwest to the southeast. (2) Human activities have upset the long-term evolved stability of the natural eco-system to some extent, and have narrowed the gap between different risk levels of desertification.

Abstract:[Objective] A study on the growth and yield of spring maize by different irrigation quota under shallow subsurface drip irrigation was conducted. We aimed to find out the most effective irrigation quota that was suitable for Eastern Inner Mongolia region, which was expected to provide theoretical support for application and popularization of shallow subsurface drip irrigation. [Methods] A field experiment with 6 irrigation quotas as 400.20 m³/hm²(CK), 1 050.53 m³/hm²(DG₁), 1 700.85 m³/hm²(DG₂), 2 351.18 m³/hm²(DG₃), 3 001.50 m³/hm²(DG₄), and routing irrigation 3 201.60 m³/hm²(GG) was conducted. [Results] (1) Height, leaf area index and relative chlorophyll content of spring maize under shallow subsurface drip irrigation increased with the increase of irrigation quota. (2) The net photosynthetic rate and the transpiration rate were both the largest in DG₄, and followed in DG₃. Leaf water use efficiency of DG₃ were higher than those in DG₄ and GG treatments. (3) Yield and water use efficiency of DG₃ treatment increased by 6.03% and 44.50% as compared with those of GG treatment. [Conclusion] Irrigation schedule with quota of 2 351.18 m³/hm² was considered as the most optimal one with respect to saving water and mulch, and increasing yield of spring maize under shallow subsurface drip irrigation.