Abstract:[Objective] The objective of this study was to analyze the characteristics and causes of the spatial-temporal changes of the annual runoff and annual sediment at the main hydrologic stations on the stem stream of the Heihe River, in order to provide decision basis for the ecological environment protection and water resource utilization.[Methods] The runoff, sediment and rainfall data form main hydrologic stations on the stem stream of the Heihe River during 1956 to 2015 were collected. Methods including Mann-Kendall trend test, cumulative anomalies and correlation analysis were applied.[Results] The results indicated that the runoff of the upper reaches of Heihe River had an obvious increasing trend from 1956 to 2015, with high flow during the period from the 1980s to the 2000s. Meanwhile, the sediment load was in a slightly increasing trend from 1970s to 2000s, but the sediment load of the Yingluoxia station had an obvious decreasing trend from 2001.[Conclusion] The increasing precipitation was one of the main contributions to runoff rise. In addition, the soil erosion caused the increase of the annual sediment load of the Zhamashike and Qilian station. Sediment captured by water reservoir was found to be the major cause of the decrease of sediment load in the Yingluoxia station.

Abstract:[Objective] The spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall erosion in the Jinsha river basin from 1998 to 2015 were analyzed, to provide references for optimizing the quantitative prediction of soil loss in watershed and the planning of soil and water conservation.[Methods] The rainfall data of the meteorological stations were used to verify the applicability of TRMM precipitation data. Upon which, the rainfall erosion force in Jinsha river basin was estimated using daily precipitation model. The estimation was conducted by combining with weather stations data, TRMM and DEM data, and in the support of Arc/Info software's map algebra operation function.[Results] The TRMM 3B42 rainfall data and weather station precipitation data were used to estimate the rainfall erosion force in Jinsha river basin for many years, and the average overall accuracy reached 82%, illustrating that the estimation of rainfall erosion by the two sourced data was within the reasonable range of error. The estimated rainfall erosion force had regional difference and elevation difference, from the southeast to the northwest, it had a general diminishing trend; the smaller the elevation was, the greater the rainfall erosion. The inter annual change in the basin also had spatial differentiation, and the overall temporal trend was decreasing.[Conclusion] It is feasible to apply TRMM 3B42 precipitation data to the annual mean rainfall erosion force estimation in the Jinsha River basin. However, the consistency of each site's estimation results was different, and the applicability of certain years was influenced by extreme weather.

Abstract:[Objective] The long-term trend, staged, abrupt, and multi-scale periodic variations of the discharge from the Yangtze River into the sea were analyzed in the past 150 years to provide theoretical support for revealing the long-term variation characteristics of the flow of the Yangtze River into the sea.[Methods] Based on the hydrological data of the Hankou station in the Yangtze River, this paper reconstructed the runoff series of the Datong Station, Yangtze River from 1865 to 2014, by using the regression model derived from Hankou station and Datong station, and made use of a variety of methods to carry out multi-scale analysis.[Results] The discharges from Yangtze River in nearly 150 years had an average flow of 29 432 m³/s, and had a coefficient of variation of 14.72%. The trend analysis showed that the discharges from Yangtze River in the past 150 years showed a decreasing trend with rate of -23.7 m³/(s·a)(p < 0.01) per year. Although, the periodic analysis showed that the change of the series had fluctuation characteristic. Two obvious different stages were recognized and it was separated at 1955. From 1865 to 1955, it was at a rising stage; from 1955 to 2014, it was at a descending stage. Abrupt analysis showed that the series had an abrupt point in 1940s, around which the water flow changed from wet period into dry term. The multi-scale periodic analysis showed that the series were obvious non-linear and nonstationary, with 150 years and 60 years of long-term trends, and with 34 years, 22 years, 3 to 7 years of high frequency oscillation cycles. Among of the cycles, the most obvious was 22-year one, which can be tested at 99% confidence level.[Conclusion] In the past 150 years, the flow of Yangtze River into the sea had been in a downward trend, especially since 1955, it declined significantly. The variation of precipitation in the Yangtze River basin was an important factor that affected the runoff in the Yangtze River.

Abstract:[Objective] The objective of the study was to explore the spatio-temporal changes of TN and TP of non-point source pollution, to find the main pollutants, main pollution sources and the most active units affecting TN and TP changes, and to carry out the prevention partition evolution of TN and TP pollution. All these were expected to provide reference for controlling the non-point source pollution of Nansi Lake basin.[Methods] Based on the land use data from 1990 to 2013, combining with 3S technology, the spatio-temporal distribution of non-point source pollution was simulated using the export coefficient model and standard pollution load method.[Results] Firstly, during 1990-2013, pollution emissions of TN and TP decreased after a first increase and tended to be stable afterwards, and TN was the main pollutant. Secondly, land use was the main pollution sources of TN, and the main sources of TP were agricultural life and livestock and poultry breeding. Thirdly, during 1990-2013, the most active element of non-point source TN and TP in Nansi Lake basin was precipitation.[Conclusion] Non-point source pollution of Nansi Lake basin had many characteristics, such as regional differences. The pollution in the west part of the lake was worse than that in the east part of the lake, but regional difference had a tendency to homogenize in the past 24 years. Finally, the west part of the lake was the key management area, owing to the non-point source pollution being more serious. The Beisha River basin, Guangfu River basin and Liangji Canal basin were the priority control and key management areas because their level of non-point source pollution had a tendency to increase.

Abstract:[Objective] The temporal trends of rainfall, erosive rainfall and rainfall erosivity in Dongfang City of Hainan Province from 1956 to 2015 were analyzed to provide scientific support for the study of ecological environment construction, the soil erosion and soil erosion mechanism.[Methods] Based on the daily rainfall data from meteorological stations in Dongfang City from 1956 to 2015, indexes of coefficient of variation, trend coefficient and climate tendency rate were used toanalyze the trends of rainfall, erosive rainfall and rainfall erosivity in different time scales.[Results] ①The average annual rainfall,the average annual erosive rainfall and the average annual rainfall erosivity in Dongfang City were 982.9 mm, 816.1 mm and 9 441.7 MJ·mm/(hm²·h·a), respectively. Their coefficients of variation were 29.1%, 35.7% and 45.5%, respectively. ②Over the past 60 years, the annual variations of rainfall, erosive rainfall and rainfall erosivity all showed increase trends, with coefficients of 0.129, 0.156, 0.198. At seasonal and monthly scales, though big differences existed for all of the three rainfall indicators, the overall pattern of change was similar, that was a unimodal distribution. ③There were a strong linear correlations among rainfall, erosive rainfall and rainfall erosivity, and also power function can reflect their relationships better than the linear one.[Conclusion] Over the past 60 years, rainfall, erosive rainfall and rainfall erosivity all showed obvious inter-annual trends of increase, they can be described well with power function among two of the three variables.

Abstract:[Objective] The objective of this thesis was to explore the spatial distribution of different cities and analyze how layout indexes, such as water flow length, and area ratio of both green space and buildings affect the runoff outlets. It was for the purpose of optimizing the spatial layout of urban typical bottom cushion and realizing the control of urban rainwater runoff.[Methods] Taking the central zone of Luohe City as the research object, based on the aerial image in March 2016, extracted the land cover information of the central urban area, and used the SWMM to analyze the runoff characteristics in different rainfall recurrence periods and to extract the factors affecting the rainfall runoff. At the same time, the influences of urban buildings and green spaces to runoff reduction and layout were also studied.[Results] There was a significantly negative correlation between the runoff coefficient and the values of green space and the construction area ratio. Additionally, the flow length of the water outlet had a significant effect on the runoff effect. The runoff coefficient of subcatchment was smaller which green space near the outlet was smaller than buildings, and it was found that the rate of runoff reduction got up to 44.49% when the recurrence period was 5 a.[Conclusion] Through reasonable arrangement of scale and layout of green space and construction in combination with factors as water flow length and area ratio, rainwater space redistribution can be realized, runoff reduction can be achieved.

Abstract:[Objective] The effects of natural alike management on carbon storage in Pinus tabulaeformis plantations under different forest ages were studied in order to provide theoretical support for establishing reasonable forest management mode in Pinus tabulaeformis plantation.[Methods] This article took the young, middle-aged and near-mature Pinus tabulaeformis planted forest under natural alike management as example, and compared it with the forests under conventional management and no treatment, studied the carbon storage of the artificial Pinus tabulaeformis forest at Wangyedian forest farm of Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia.[Results] ①The carbon storages of vegetation, trees and litters were ranked as follow:values of the no treatment > the ones of natural alike management > the ones of conventional management. Although the carbon storage of natural alike forest management was lower than those of no treatment, but was higher than those of conventional management. It was benefit for the increase of carbon storage. ②Carbon storage of herbs had the following rank:values of natural alike management > the ones of conventional management > the ones of no treatment. The natural alike management effectively improve the forest structure, and helped herbaceous grow well and hence carbon storage increased. ③Because there were few species and densities of shrubs were low, on obvious regularity with respect to the carbon storage of shrub layer of these forests was found.[Conclusion] On the whole, if we consider the increase of forest carbon storage, it is conducive for the no treatment in term of the accumulation of forest carbon storage; the conventional management is more conducive for improving the quality of forest timber; if both aspects are considered, the natural alike management is the most appropriate one.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to understand the non-point source pollution in Three Gorges Reservoir area of Hubei Province to find the main pollution sources and the key control area.[Methods] The non-point source pollutions of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions in 1990, 2000, 2005 and 2010 were calculated with the rainfall erosivity coefficient and simulated by river export coefficient model, the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions of various pollution sources and their contribution rates were analyzed.[Results] TN emissions was more than 2 500 t and TP emissions was more than 250 t, and they both got the highest in 2000. The average annual TN emissions were 3 612.78 t/a and TP was 393.75 t/a, the annual TN and TP emission intensity were 3.10, 0.34 kg/(hm²·a). Therefore the study area was mainly nitrogen polluted. Paddy field and dry land were the main causes of nitrogen pollution source, the followed source was rural population. Paddy field and dry land were the main contributions of phosphorus pollution, pig breeding was the next one.[Conclusion] The non-point source pollution in the study area had its spatial distribution characterized by its low pollution in both sides and high in the middle part. Badong district was recognized as the key control area of nitrogen and phosphorus emissions.

Abstract:[Objective] To study the distribution of soil heavy metals and evaluate its ecological risk in Jinzhong basin so as to understand the status of soil pollution in this area and to provide a scientific basis for the comprehensive control and prevention of soil heavy metals.[Methods] The heavy metals contents of Pb, Cr, Cd, Hg and As in 208 surface soil samples were tested in Jinzhong basin. The single factor pollution index, integrated pollution index and potential ecological hazard index were used to evaluate basin pollution, and the status of pollution was analyzed using GIS spatial analysis technology.[Results] The average contents of heavy metals Pb, Cd, Cr, As and Hg were 20.87, 0.316, 68.226, 10.457 and 0.129 mg/kg respectively, which were 1.42, 3.16, 1.23, 1.15 and 5.61 times of the soil background in Shanxi Province. The results of single factor pollution index showed that Hg and Cd were the main contributors to basin pollution, and Pb, Cr and As contributed less to the basin pollution. The results of the comprehensive pollution index and the potential ecological hazard index showed that the basin pollution level was more serious, over than 95% of the sample points reached medium pollution and heavy pollution levels. The spatial analysis of pollution showed that the overall pollution of the basin was severe, and there were obvious polluted areas in the northern of basin, Taiyuan, and in the southern of basin, Xiaoyi and Jiexiu area.[Conclusion] Due to the influence of human activities, heavy metals in soils of Jinzhong basin have been seriously polluted and should be paid enough attention.

Abstract:[Objective] The effects of different straw returning depths on nutrients and physical characters of yellow brown soil were studied in order to explore the optimal straw returning depth and to provide a scientific basis for improving straw utilization, and soil physical and chemical properties as well.[Methods] This research studied on yellow brown soil, and five treatments of straw returning were set:no straw turning(CK), straw covering surface(T₀), 10 cm-straw turning(T₁₀), 20 cm-straw turning(T₂₀) and 30 cm-straw turning(T₃₀), to analyze soil physical indexes and nutrient contents of 0-40 cm soil layer after wheat harvest.[Results] ① Straw returning decreased the soil bulk density and increased the soil total porosity, saturated water content, field water holding capacity and effective water content. These treatments improved the contents of SOM, AP and total-N in soil by 6.56%~9.96%, 2.81%~7.32% and 1.67%~10.00%, respectively; ② Straw returning treatments decreased the contents of NO₃^--N and NH₄⁺-N by 14.90%~53.42% and 1.48%~15.04%, respectively. There was a significantly negative correlation between NO₃^--N content and the depth of straw returning. ③ The principal component analysis showed that comprehensive score in different straw returning depth treatments decreased in the following order:T₂₀ > T₃₀ > T₁₀ > T₀ > CK, which elucidated that straw returning improved nutrients and physical properties of yellow brown soil, and it showed the most significant depth of straw returning was 20 cm.[Conclusions] If physical properties and nutrient contents were considered, the best depth of straw returning was 20 cm.

Abstract:[Objective] To provide theoretical basis for ecological environment construction and the work of soil and water conservation, water-holding capacities of litters were measured in different types of ecological landscape forest in Daxing Distrct, Beijing City.[Methods] Litters in 10 types of forest were taken as the study objects, the water-holding capacities were explored by indoor soaking method.[Results] The litter storages of the 10 forests ranged from 2.37 to 5.33 t/hm², ranked as:Populus tomentosa > Pinus tabulaeformis > Ailanthus altissima > Robinia pseucdoacacia > Sophora japonica > Ginkgo biloba > Ulmus pumila > Acer truncatum > Salix matsudana > Prunus cerasiferacv. The maximum water-holding capacities and rates ranged from 5.56 t/hm² to 24.92 t/hm², and from 208.64% to 481.62%; and the maximum interception amount and the effective interception amount ranged from 5.37 to 24.24 t/hm² and from 4.54 to 20.51 t/hm², respectively. Water-holding capacities of all types of litters changed logarithmically with soaking time as independent variable; whereas water absorption rates all followed power function.[Conclusion] The comprehensive analysis of water-holding capacities of the 10 forests indicated that Populus forest has a higher water-holding capacity and is more beneficial for water conversation.

Abstract:[Objective] Investigating the absorption rule of Cr and Mn in soil by Fenghuang Dancong tea, to provide a scientific basis for the integrated control of Cr and Mn pollution in tea garden soil.[Methods] The samples of tea tree and soil were collected from Baoshan tea garden which located at Jiedong County, Jieyang City, Guangdong Province. The contents of Cr and Mn in tea leaves, tea stems and tea roots were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer(AAS), and the acid exchangeable fractions of Cr and Mn in soil were extracted according to acetic acid extraction method and measured by AAS.[Results] The Cr contents distributed in tea trees were:tea root > tea stem > tea leaves; while the Mn content were tea leaves > tea stem > tea root. Correlation analyses showed that the content of Cr and Mn in tea leaves was highly positive with acid exchangeable fraction of Cr and Mn in soil, the same correlation was also found for the content of Cr in tea stems. Furthermore, the Cr content of tea leaves, tea stems and tea roots had high positive correlations with soil organic matter in soil, the Mn content of tea leaves had similar correlation with soil organic matter. The content of Mn in tea roots was highly negative correlated with the soil pH values.[Conclusion] It is possible to restrict the uptake of Cr and Mn in tea tree by adjusting the content of acid exchangeable fractions of Cr and Mn, organic matter and pH value in soil. The heavy metal contamination in tea leaves could be inhibited and the quality of tea leaves could be improved.

Abstract:[Objective] Studying the relationship between hydraulic lifting(HL) of Haloxylon and the dominance, richness and abundance of it neighborhood shallow rooted plants. To provide theoretical basis for understanding the interspecific relationships, the utilization and protection of plants in arid desert area.[Methods] Isotope tracing, community investigation and comparison analysis were employed to validate the HL of Haloxylon ammodendron, and to explore its influences on community species abundance and richness in arid desert region.[Results] ①Haloxylon. ammodendron had HL phenomenon; ②Those shrubs and herbs that grew under the Haloxylon ammodendron canopy(under community:UC) showed better growth status than the ones growing outside(outside community:OC); ③There were significantly higher species richness and abundance in UC than in OC(p < 0.05) along the plant growing season.[Conclusion] Haloxylon ammodendron HL significantly ameliorates the water conditions of the shallow soil, which then influences the growth condition of shrubs and herbs, and the diversity assembly in arid desert communities.

Abstract:[Objective] Analyzing the temporal and spatial changes of key phenological periods of spring maize and exploring the relationships between phenology and hydrothermal factors, to provide scientific references for understanding production and adaption of crop in the background of climate change.[Methods] Data of meteorological stations that are mostly closed to our phenological observation sites were used. Classical statistics were used to analyze the variation trend of phenology of spring maize and the relationships between phenology and hydrothermal conditions.[Results] ① Meteorological stations were observed having roughly equal increased and decreased trends during the growth period of spring maize, however, the precipitation showed an increased trend in most stations. ② There was a negative correlation between the length of growth period(GP) of spring maize and mean air temperature during 2000-2013. The length of GP was observed been affected by air temperature and it was shortened by 4.58 days when air temperature rose by 1.0℃, it was hardly affected by precipitation.[Conclusion] Air temperature showed a negative effect on the length of growth period. Warming and cooling trends of nationwide meteorological stations were both observed during 2000-2013.

Abstract:[Objective] A systematic analysis of the impact of meteorological elements on soil moisture in karst area of Guizhou Province was conducted to provide theoretical reference for the prediction of soil moisture, restoration of ecological environment and the optimization of agricultural industrialization in this karst area.[Methods] The effects of meteorological factors on soil moisture were analyzed using two divisional dataset. One dataset is that had increased daily soil moisture and air temperature, another dataset is that had arose soil moisture but declined air temperature. Meteorological factors had daily soil moisture, precipitation, temperature, surface temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and sunshine duration of 10 soil moisture automatic observation stations in karst area of Guizhou Province from 2011 to 2015.[Results] ① The effect of different meteorological factors on the daily soil moisture was lagged to some extent and its lagging time were 10~30 days. ② Precipitation, temperature and surface temperature were the main influence factors of soil water change, having correlation coefficients of 0.66~0.95. The effects of wind speed on soil moisture change were generally weak in majority of agroclimatic zones, its correlation coefficients were less than 0.40. The correlation coefficients of radiation, relative humidity and soil moisture were greater than 0.60 when air temperature was declined. ③ High preceding air temperature and low previous cumulative precipitation were followed by reduced lagging days of precipitation, but the lagging days of air temperature and surface soil temperature were prolonged meanwhile. ④ Precipitation played a major role in the daily soil moisture changes. Changes of other meteorological factors cannot change the downward trend of daily soil moisture when accumulative precipitation was more than 22.4~135 mm in arising stage of air temperature, or when it was greater than 11.2~54.7 mm in declining stage. ⑤ The model between soil moisture and meteorological factors had small (<5.00%), can reflected accurately the influences of meteorological factors on soil moisture.[Conclusion] The response of 10 cm daily soil moisture to climatic factors in Guizhou karst region was lagged. The differences of the lagging time and the correlation coefficient between meteorological elements and soil moisture were mainly caused by stage differences of agroclimatic zones, meteorological factors and daily soil moisture changes.

Abstract:[Objective] An experiment focused on the effect of different clay content on the permeability coefficient of loess was carried out, to reveal the influence of clay content on the permeability coefficient and its microscopic mechanism, and then to provide a scientific basis for the permeability of theory and engineering practice of loess.[Methods] Self-made wet sieve device under negative pressure was applied to screen loess samples with different clay content. Laser particle analyzer was carried out to track measurement clay content of the loess soil. Different clay content of the loess samples were made to the natural dry density, but with different moisture content using static pressure method, and then saturated by infiltration experiment.[Results] The clay content of the loess had a great influence on its permeability. For samples with the same moisture content, the permeability of loess reduced gradually as the clay content increased. In addition, permeability coefficient exhibited an exponential and negative relationship with the content of clay as independent variable. The permeability coefficient decreased with the increase of the initial water content for those samples with same clay content. With the increase of clay content, the microstructure of loess samples changed from a dispersed structure to a dense structure. The contact of some particles changed from bracket contact to mosaic contact. The particle connections were connected or bridged into embedded connections. The pores changed from stent macroporous to small ones among clay particles, whereby the permeability of the loess was reduced to some extent.[Conclusion] The responses of the permeability coefficient of loess to clay content and moisture content were similar. Its impact mechanism can be explained by the microstructure.

Abstract:[Objective] This study investigated the surface thermal environment and water temperature regulation of Binzhou City, and its influencing factors as well, and to provide scientific basis for urban layout planning of water.[Methods] Using Landsat image of 2009 and 2014 years, Mono-Window Algorithm was used to reverse the surface temperature and to analyze the surface temperature distribution characteristics of different land types, and to analyze the regulation effect and the influencing factors of water body temperature by laying temperature points on the temperature line and the water characteristic statistics.[Results] ① In summer and winter, building land had the highest temperature than cultivated land, woodland and water body had in terms of the average thermal grade. ② The temperature regulation effect by waterbody showed strong non-linear relation with the distance from it. ③ Large area water body was observed having better cooling effect. As water area is the same, temperature regulated area by small but many water bodies was larger than that of single large water bodies had. ④ The proportional increase of non-building land around the water body increased the range of water cooling. ⑤ A small water body having longer circumference as compared with the large one, and the range of water cooling is proportionally greater.[Conclusion] The relationship between temperature regulation function and distance of Binzhou water body showed a strong non-linear relationship. The cool effect was affected by the proportion of water body, the complexity of boundary and the surrounding land.

Abstract:[Objective] The thesis aims to provide scientific guidance for the conservation of ground vegetation, the protection of the island ecological environment, and its planned exploitation. Herein, the statistical relationships among soil physical and chemical factors on Nanchangshan Island, and their spatial distributions were researched.[Methods] Taking Nanchangshan Island as research area, we adopted quadrat method to investigate the statues of soil and vegetation and relevant indexes were calculated. Afterwards, these indexes would be studied in normal distribution test, correlation analysis, variance analysis and multiple comparisons based on SPSS.[Results] Most of soil samples belonged to grade four and was slightly acidic. The changes of soil bulk density and soil moisture content had obvious effects on available potassium. The trees and shrubs grew better on the top of the slope, where the contents of organic matter and available potassium were higher. Trees on the shady, semi-shady slope grew better and the nutrients in the soil were also higher.[Conclusion] Many factors can influence the spatial distribution of physical and chemical factors of soil on Nanchangshan Island, among which topography and vegetation are the dominant ones. The top and the middle of slope are mainly influenced by terrain and vegetative cover. The bottom of slope is mainly influenced by human activities. Regions with well-developed soil usually have something in common, such as better trees standing, gentle gradient and shady location.

Abstract:[Objective] Effective improves the soil fertility of abandoned lands of mines in gully region of the Loess Plateau, suitable plant species and cropping pattern selection were researched in order to provide a scientific basis for optimizing allocation of resources and promoting the sustainable development of agriculture in this area.[Methods] The experiments were conducted at the Changwu agro-ecological experimental station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences on the Loess Plateau. In order to explore the soil nutrient content under different available nitrogen condition in the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm, five species plants were choosed(Trifolium repens, Melilotus suaveolens, Amorpha fruticosa, Caragana korshinskii and Lolium perenne). The treatments included three fertilization conditions﹝Organic manure(sheep manure) was used with the amount of 30 000 kg/hm² as the treatment of A. Straw was used with the amount of 9 000 kg/hm² as the treatment of B. No fertilization was used as a control group﹞, to explore the effect of soil available nitrogen under the different cropping pattern of single and mixed condition.[Results] The content of the average nitrate nitrogen was 9.05 mg/kg in the soil under the cropping pattern of single, which was more than 0.44 mg/kg compared with cotrol. The content of average nitrate nitrogen was 9.02 mg/kg in the soil under the cropping pattern of mixed, which was 0.41 mg/kg more than the cotrol. Under the condition of non-fertilization, the effect of cropping pattern on soil improvement was the single better than the mixed. The content of average ammonium nitrogen was 4.49 mg/kg in the soil under the cropping pattern of single, which was 2.06 mg/kg less than the control. The content of average ammonium nitrogen was 7.06 mg/kg in the soil under the cropping pattern of mixed, which was 0.51 mg/kg more than the cotrol. The effect of cropping pattern on soil improvement was the single better than the mixed.[Conclusion] The effect of cropping pattern on soil improvement was the single better than the mixed under the condition of non-fertilization and straw-fertilization. The effect of cropping pattern on soil improvement was the mixed better than the single under the condition of organic-fertilization.

Abstract:[Objective] The probability of flood occurrence and its risk distribution in Lijiang River watershed were mapped to provide some references for regional flood risk assessment from the aspects of watershed eco-hydrological function.[Methods] The maximum and minimum water holding capacities in surface soil(0-10 cm) and annual rainfall were analyzed using geostatistics and spatial overlay analysis.[Results] The surface soil drain ability(difference between maximum and minimum water holding capacity) and annual rainfall displayed a strong spatial autocorrelation(spatial autocorrelation coefficient > 0.88). But the spatial autocorrelation of surface soil drain ability was controlled by random factors rather than by autocorrelation factors, which resulted to its lower spatial structure in comparison with the one of annual rainfall. The tri-junction area of Guilin urban area, New Lingui District and Lingchuan County has the highest risk of flooding; whereas three nature conservation areas, namely Maoershan National Nature Reserve, Haiyangshan and Qingshitan Water Conservation areas have the lowest risk of flooding.[Conclusion] Considering both the eco-hydrological function of watershed and climate change(mainly referred to rainfall) in this study, we can predict the probability of flood occurrence and map the flood risk distribution in Lijiang River watershed. The junction are of Guilin urban area and Lingchuan County is the flood-prone region. This study hopes to provide a scientific knowledge for regional flood disaster prediction and evaluation, also for prevention and mitigation of flood disaster.

Abstract:[Objective] Quantitative evaluation and prediction of land carrying capacity and diagnosis of its obstacle factors were carried out to provide a scientific basis for improving the land carrying capacity of Anhui Province, and also to provide new ideas for the evaluation of regional land carrying capacity.[Methods] Based on the DPSIR model, the evaluation index system of land carrying capacity in Anhui Province was constructed. The TOPSIS method and obstacle degree model were used respectively to evaluate the land carrying capacity and diagnose the key obstacle factors in Anhui Province in the past 2006-2015 years. The GM(1,1) model was used to predict the change trend of land carrying capacity in Anhui Province in the next 5 years.[Results] The results showed that the land carrying capacity of Anhui Province had gone through the change course of first descending and then rising in the past 2006-2015 years which was the same as the pressure and state subsystem, and the influence and response subsystem showed a significant fluctuation trend. In the next 5 years, the carrying capacity of the pressure and the state subsystem will experience decreasing year by year, which will result to a low level of carrying capacity which is needed to be paid attention to. During the study period, the amount of industrial wastewater discharge was always the primary factor that restricted the increase of land carrying capacity in Anhui Province. The proportion of environmental protection investment to GDP and the output of industrial solid waste were two important constraints.[Conclusion] Although the level of land carrying capacity of Anhui Province is on the rise generally, limited by the low level of carrying capacity of pressure and state subsystem, the land carrying capacity of Anhui Province is still at an intermediate level.

Abstract:[Objective] The paper studied the sand drift potential and the maximum possible sand-transporting quantity, and its spatial distribution features and variation on the southeastern edge of the Tengger Desert, then to provide scientific foundation and advice for the construction and management of railway protection system.[Methods] Based on the date of meteorological from 1980 to 2010, the variation tendencies of precipitation, wind condition, air temperature and sand drift potential were discussed.[Results] Precipitation varied greatly from year to year, and had fitful characteristics. The frequency of wind-sand in spring and summer was 72.3%, the wind direction was dominated by WNW-NNW and NE-E, strong winds were concentrated in spring. The sand drift potential and the maximum possible sand-transporting quantity had a good correlation.[Conclusion] According to the current situation of Baotou-Lanzhou Railway protection system at Shapotou section, it is better to shape the system to A shaped structure to achieve better protection effect.

Abstract:[Objective] To analyze the dynamic characteristics of ecological environment quality in Wujiang River basin of Guizhou Province in oreder to provide reference for ecological sustainable development in mountainous basins and ecological civilization construction in the water environment of Yangtze River basin.[Methods] Landsat in 1990, 2000 and 2015 and ASTER GDEM data were used to extract the basic data of vegetation coverage, soil index and soil moisture in Wujiang River basin of Guizhou Province. The weight of each index was determined by expert consultation method. The spatial and temporal changes of ecological environment quality in Wujiang River basin of Guizhou Province were analyzed by comprehensive index evaluation model.[Results] ① During the period from 1990 to 2015, the qualities of ecological environment in Wujiang River basin of Guizhou Province were mainly in "excellent" and "good" levels, accounting for more than 65%. The overall ecological environment quality was showed an upward trend. ② The data show that the spatial differences of ecological environment quality in Wujiang River basin of Guizhou Province were gradually increased, and the ecological environment improvement areas were mainly distributed in the lower reaches of Wujiang River. The degraded areas of ecological environment were mainly concentrated in the upper and middle reaches of Wujiang River. The quality of ecological environment showed that the downstream was better than the middle and upper reaches. ③ The quality of ecological environment in the study area was greatly affected by the level of urbanization, and the ecological environment quality of the main urban areas in the study area decreased significantly during the past 25 years, which was mainly affected by the increase of the built-up area.[Conclusion] The high-precision and long long-term evaluation of ecological environment quality can well reflect the changing characteristics of regional ecological environment quality change. In the future, we should further strengthen the ecological environment management in the middle and upper reaches of the Wujiang River basin in Guizhou Province, with particular emphasis on guiding the coordinated development of the urbanization process and ecological environment in the cities and counties in the study area.

Abstract:[Objective] To reveal the status of land ecological security development in Qingtongxia City, and to provide scientific reference for land ecological security and its sustainable development in Qingtongxia City.[Methods] The land ecological security, safety grade and the main factors affecting the ecological security of the land were evaluated by using entropy weight method, PSR model, comprehensive index method, geography detector and the GM (1,1) forecasting model. And the land ecological condition in the next nine years was predicted.[Results] ① The comprehensive index of land ecological security in Qingtongxia City showed a rising trend after an initial decline during the study period. The land eco-safety index declined from 0.446 3 in 2006 to 0.419 1 in 2009 and the value of comprehensive evaluation of land ecological security in Qingtongxia City from 2009 to 2016 increased continually, it was 0.419 1 in 2009 and 0.505 1 in 2016. Though, its safety level varied around the critical safety, the overall level of land ecological security in Qingtongxia City was getting improved. ② Factors, including population density, amount of agricultural fertilizer used, amount of waste water, energy consumption per 10 000 yuan, amount of industrial solid waste generated, greening coverage of the built area, ratio of water conservancy and environmental protection facilities to GDP, etc. were determined as the main influencing factors of land ecological security in Qingtong Gorge. ③ The GM (1,1) forecast model was used to predict the level of ecological security development in the next nine years. The results showed that the level of land ecological security in the region would increase from 2017 to 2025, but the safety level is not high enough and still in the critical state, it need to be improved.[Conclusion] During the study period, the ecological security of Qingtongxia City changed obviously, but the trend was generally rise. The ecological security of land was obviously improved.

Abstract:[Objective] The dynamic changes of the land use and ecological effects of Chongqing City were studied during the 12th Five-year Plan period, to provide suggestions on land use structure adjustment and ecological-sustainable development of Chongqing City.[Methods] Based on the fifth-issued TM images of Chongqing City during 2011-2015, land use dynamic degree, land use degree index, ecosystem service value evaluation methods were used.[Results] During the 12th Five-Year Plan period, the annual change rates of cultivated land, forest land, grass land, water area land, construction land and unused land were -0.37%,-0.01%,-1.98%,0.67%,6.77%,-2.54% respectively. The land use degree index increased from 248.89 to 250.11. The value of ecosystem service decreased 2.73 billion totally.[Conclusion] During the 12th Five-year Plan period, the dynamic change of different land use types differed from each other, among which, quantities of cultivated land, forest land, grass land and unused land decreased, while the water area land and construction land increased. The land use was generally developed in this period. The value of ecosystem service decreased, and the ecological environment evolved in a slight unhealthy direction.

Abstract:[Objective] The water quality of cold alpine wetland in Gansu Yanchiwan National Nature Reserve was investigated and evaluated to understand the security status of water resources in this area, and to provide basis for drinking water security and downstream safety water supply.[Methods] Twenty-six water samples were collected in the Gansu Yanchiwan National Nature Reserve, including 17 riverine wetland water samples, 3 lake wetland water samples, 5 marsh wetland water samples, and a thermal spring water sample. The pH value, total hardness, nitrogen content, permanganate index, anionic surfactant, chloride content, total phosphorus content, and the contents of the metal ions, Zn, Fe, Cu, Cd, Cr and Pb, were measured according to the national standard. The determination results were evaluated by single index evaluation method, comprehensive index evaluation method and Nemerow index method.[Results] ① All the water samples were alkalescent. ② The hardness of sampled water were all moderate. ③ The water of Xiaoquan marsh wetland was polluted by nitrogen; fifteen water samples were polluted by anionic surfactant; Xiaoderji Lake, midstream of Dahe River and midstream of Dashuihe River were polluted by Cd; midstream of Dashuihe River was also polluted by Pb; and eleven samples were polluted by Fe.[Conclusion] Most wetland water quality were good, reached to I or Ⅱ level of national surface water standards. The water quality of midstream of Dahe River, midstream of Dashuihe River and Xiaoderji Lake were all worse. Nemerow index method was identified as the optimum method for the evaluation on water quality of National Nature Reserve.

Abstract:[Objective] This study analyzed the characteristics and driving forces of land use in Zhaotong City of Yunnan Province in order to provide scientific basis for revealing the law of land use change in different scales.[Methods] This study calculated land resource information entropy and equilibrium degree, and analyzed the relevancy degrees among the total area of various types of land and factors of population, society, economy based on data of land use change, population and economics from 2009 to 2015 in Zhaotong City of Yunnan Province.[Results] ① The total area of agricultural land showed a decreasing trend, and the construction land area and other land use area showed an upward trend from 2009 to 2015 in Zhaotong City; ② The cultivated land area had the fastest decrease rate in Zhaotong City, and the comprehensive change degree of land was smaller than those of other regions. ③ The land use structure in Zhaotong City, and other counties gradually equilibrated and got stable, and the land use structures in Ludian and Qiaojia County were mostly obvious. ④ The first industry value, the tertiary industry value, population and urbanization rate were the main driving forces for the change of construction land; the second industry value was the primary driving force of agricultural land change in counties and districts; the gross domestic product(GDP) affected the changes of agricultural land, construction land and other land uses in different districts and counties in Zhaotong City.[Conclusion] The land use structure was affected by different factors such as population, society and economy. All kinds of land gradually developed towards equilibrium and stability in Zhaotong City of Yunnan Province.

Abstract:[Objective] A minimum cumulative resistance model was established to perform the function partition of landscape ecological safety pattern, and ecological source land was used to provide reference for the regional ecological environment protection.[Methods] The land use change data of Kaizhou District in Chongqing City in 1990, 2000 and 2010 were firstly adopted to analyze the distribution characteristics of land use types in terms of terrain gradient by using topographic index. Then, landscape pattern, elevation and slope were integrated to build a minimum cumulative resistance model.[Results] ① The topographic index ranges from 0.046 to 1.069 in Kaizhou District. The topographic index values of woodland and grassland are larger, and the topography index value of cultivated land is small; ② According to the minimum value of cumulative resistance and the partition principle of mutation point, the studied area was divided into four functional areas, termed as ecological conservation core area, ecological buffer area, ecological sensitive area, production and living area. During the period of 1990-2010, ecological conservation core area was small; ecological buffer area and ecological sensitive area did not change dramatically; production and living area became larger.[Conclusion] The topographic index is more advantageous for analyzing the spatial distribution characteristics of complex regional landscape with low altitude, elevation and slope combination.

Abstract:[Objective] The relationship between land use structure and carbon emission in Urumqi City was analyzed, and their correlation and the change characteristics were demonatrated analyzed in a certain time range, so as to explore a way to reduce carbon emission reduction from land use and to provide reference for rational utilization of lands and for the simultaneous improvements of ecological, economic and social effects.[Methods] Based on the data of land change and energy consumption in Urumqi City during 2001-2015, carbon emission, carbon emissions intensity and per capita carbon emissions were estimated. Grey relational degree model was constructed to measure the correlation degrees between land use structure and the above three variables.[Results] The carbon emission increased by nearly 2.6 times, from 8.31 million tons to 21 million tons during 2001-2015 in Urumqi City. The highest correlations between land use structure and variables of carbon emission, carbon intensity and per capita carbon emission listed as below:transportation land was 0.730 8, grassland was 0.765 1 and garden land was 0.821 5. And construction land was highly correlated with carbon emission.[Conclusion] Land use structure is closely related to the carbon emission, and it is feasible to control carbon emission through reasonable adjustment of land use structure.

Abstract:[Objective] To discuss the cognition of the left-behind personnel in mountain area for geological hazard (such as collapse, landslide and debris flow) in order to evaluate local government's emergency management capability.[Methods] Xiaoyudong Town in Pengzhou City, Sichuan Province was selected as a study area, which is threatened by debris flow and other mountain hazards. Based on field survey data and descriptive analysis with SPSS and Microsoft Excel software, we got the recognition degree of interviewees for effective disaster prevention and mitigation measures.[Results] The left-behind personnel is limited in basic theoretical knowledge of disaster prevention and short of emergency response capacity. There are some mistakes and misunderstandings in public awareness of disaster prevention and mitigation. Through the existing evaluation model, the evaluation score, with respect to the ability of emergency management of Xiaoyudong Twon's geological disasters, is 84, which indicated that the regional emergency management ability is good, and the local people are more satisfied with it.[Conclusion] Before drafting an urgent plan, the government should fully consider the expectations of the left-behind group and the actual evacuation ability, rather than rely on the imagined situation to complete the planned work. At the same time, local government should strengthen the construction of emergency management capability and improve the coping ability of the sudden geological hazard.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to provide scientific support for environmental evolution in Guizhou karst area and countermeasures for adapting to and mitigating climate change in the region changing regulations of temperature and precipitation in Yangtze River basin in Guizhou Province in recent 57 years were analyzed.[Methods] Based on data of monthly average temperature and precipitation of 12 meteorological stations in Yangtze River basin of Guizhou Province from 1960 to 2016, and applying methods of cumulative anomaly, 5 a moving average, Mann-Kendall mutation test and regression analysis, climate characteristics and change were analyzed.[Results] The results showed that temperature trend in the basin had increased in general, with an increasing ratio of 0.14℃/10 a. There was a slight fluctuated downward trend for precipitation, with a decrease ratio of 12.94 mm/10 a. A temperature inflection occurred in 1997, there was a great difference in temperature before and after the inflection point, but no obvious change was found in precipitation. Resulted from the different effect of longitude and altitude, temperature and precipitation is different obviously in east-westward direction. In all water systems, temperature was mainly in a rising trend. Precipitation showed a M shaped fluctuation with slight downward trend. Correlation analysis showed that precipitation decreased with increase of temperature, especially the change of precipitation in Wujiang River had very high sensibility with temperature.[Conclusion] In general, the basin is consistent with the trend of climate change throughout Guizhou Province and even in southwest China as well, and is evolving toward the directions of warming and drying. In order to slow down this trend, vegetation ratio should be increased so as to improve regional microclimate.

Abstract:[Objective] The investigation and evaluation of agricultural non-point source pollution in small watershed of Zhongxing Reservoir of Chaohu Lake basin, Anhui Province, were conducted to understand the status quo and characteristics of agricultural non-point source pollution in this area and to provide reference for the pollution prevention and control measures.[Methods] Using standard pollution load method, the pollution status in the Chaohu Lake basin, Zhongxing Reservoir small watershed was investigated by questionnaires method and measured whereafter. The non-point pollutions sourced from cultivation, breeding and human living of three villages around the reservoir, were classified and accounted.[Results] ① The pollution and pollutant discharge rate of aquaculture industry was the largest in the three villages around the Xingxing Reservoir project area. The pollutant discharge reached to 109.00 t, the maximum pollution load rate was 57.52%. The pollutant amount from planting industry fertilization was up to 25.52 t, had a load rate of 13.47%. The pollution load of human living was 29.01%, and the total amount of pollutants was 54.97 t. ② For the three evaluation factors of chemical oxygen demand(COD), TN and TP, they had the pollution load rates 74.26%, 21.13%, and 4.61%, respectively.[Conclusion] The discharge of pollutants in aquaculture in small watershed is the main influence factor for drinking water safety in Zhongxing reservoir water source, and it should be focused in agricultural non-point source pollution prevention and control.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper studied the regional difference and dynamic evolution of eco-efficiency in Fujian Province under the constraint of resources and environment, so as to provide theoretical support for a comprehensive understanding of the regional differences and dynamic evolution process of ecological efficiency in different regions of the province.[Methods] From the perspective of intrinsic traits of resource and environment in Fujian Province, using quantitative statistical methods, with the help of DEA-BCC and DEA-Malmquist index model, the panel data of 9 cities in Fujian Province from 2006 to 2015 were dealt with to illustrate technological progresses of eco-efficiency change index, including the variations of comprehensive technical change index, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency index of total factor analysis.[Results] In the 9 cities, 4 regions in Fuzhou, Xiamen, Putian and Ningde area had reached their optimal DEA efficiencies. There were regional differences in eco-efficiency among different regions, and the eco-efficiency in coastal areas was significantly higher than that in inland ones.[Conclusion] It is concluded that the annual average ecological efficiency was decreasing. The change of technological progress was the main driving force leading to the change of TFP. The coordination between production management and technological progress needs to be strengthened step by step.

Abstract:[Objective] On the basis of national geographical conditions monitoring data in Yibin City of Sichuan Province in 2010 and 2015, this paper analyzed land use dynamic and its landscape response by method of GIS and landscape ecology, aimed to provide reference for local land use and exploitation, and ecological security.[Methods] GIS and landscape methods were used.[Results] The results showed that the cultivated land and forest land composed the background of land use type in the studied area, and other landscapes distributed fragmentally among them. The land use pattern of this area had been changed conspicuously from 2010 to 2015, and landscape types converted into each other frequently. The shape complexity, fragmentation and aggregation were remarkable diverse for each landscape components in the studied area. From change pattern for each landscape component, it had been found that the stabilities of buildings, roads and water had been enhanced, while that of other components had been weakened. Because of urban construction and activity of agricultural production, the whole landscape had been distributed evenly in the direction toward the development of landscape, and fragmentation had been enhanced. Influenced by vertical zonality, the higher elevation was, the lower fragmentation of landscape; the simpler the shape of patches and the greater the dominance of landscape were.[Conclusion] In the future, the ecological protection and urban planning in this area should be combined with land use pattern and regional advantages, be governed and constructed by various ways for different regions. It should be reduced for the human activity in the ecological functional area, strengthen the conservation of water conservation function and the construction of the ecological barrier in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. In the key development zone along the rivers, it should be regulated for the development and utilization of urban space, so as to promote the sustainable development of this area.

Abstract:[Objective] To explore the change and the driving factors of landscape pattern in Hohhot City of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in order to provide theoretical support for the sustainable development of economy and society and the sustainable utilization of regional water resources in the study area.[Methods] In support of ArcGIS and Fragstats, this paper studied the land use/cover change and landscape pattern in a watershed of semi-arid region, Huhhot City in the past 20 years(1990-2010), based on three issues of remote images in 1990, 2000 and 2010.[Results] ① Land use types changed obviously in the past 20 years in the study area. The areas of cultivated land and forest land increased; and the area of grassland decreased; while the water area remained the same, although it experienced a process of changing from decreased to increased. ② The diversity of landscape structure, the number of type patches, and the degree of fragmentation all increased. ③ The changes of land use/cover and landscape pattern in the study area were the result of the interaction of human factors and climatic factors. The first and the second principal component were human factors, and the third principal component is the natural factor. The contributions of the 3 principal components to land use & landscape pattern were 51.34%, 23.49% and 10.90% respectively.[Conclusion] Human factors, policy factors had their direct impact effect. Land use/landscape pattern change was mainly caused by the factors of human activities and climate change, such as the cultivated land area, population, GDP, the primary industry production value, and the rainfall. The contribution of climate factor was not as large as the one of human influence, especially for policy factor, its effect is direct and large.

Abstract:[Objective] Site classification is the basic work of vegetation restoration in riparian, and is conducive to provide basic theoretical basis for the vegetation restoration of the riparian zone in the mountain area.[Methods] 60 plots totally having 80 m long in the riparian zone of Huaijiu River in Huairou mountain area, Beijing area, were investigated. 5 factors of soil layer thickness, slope material composition, slope, hardening area and slope length were used as the dominant factors of site classification.[Results] ① Sites of Huaijiu River riparian zone were divided into 3 types, 9 groups, 15 subgroups. ② Populus Canadensis, Salix Matsudana, Vitex Negundo heterophylla, Lespedeza were as suitable for local revegetation as dominant species and other suitable ones as subdominant or auxiliary species.[Conclusion] The riparian zone in Beijing mountain area is mainly covered by short slope with thin soil layer, and gravel-exposed obviously and is seriously disturbance. Hence, ecological environment safety construction of riparian slope should be accelerated.

Abstract:[Objective] The ecosystem sustainability of the Chan-Ba Ecological District of Xi'an City was evaluated to provide theoretical support for the ecological system from the aspects of health and sustainable development.[Methods] Based on energy theory, the author selected the corresponding indicators from two aspects of social economy and ecological environment, to compare and study the developments in three important stages of 2004, 2009 and 2014, in Chan-Ba Ecological District.[Results] The ecological sustainabilities of Chan-Ba Ecological District in Xi'an City dropped from 0.003 4 to 0.002 4 from 2004 to 2009, but increased to 0.005 1 in 2014. The overall sustainability of the study area showed an increase trend. The sustainability of the study area is analyzed from the view of energy enrichment. The energy indexes of enrichment(EIE) in 2004, 2009 and 2014 were 0.82, 0.82 and 0.59, respectively. The study area was a highly enriched area.[Conclusion] Because the Chan-Ba Ecological District in Xi'an City is a highly developed consumer-oriented economy with its small area, scarce natural resources and over-reliance on external energy, which lead to its low sustainable development ability. The emergy sustainability index(ESI) indicated that the sustainability of Chan-Ba Ecological District was improved. The Chan-Ba Ecological District is a highly energy-intensive area. The continued high enrichment of energy wealth of Chan-Ba Ecological District is of great importance to its rapid development.

Abstract:[Objective] The application of unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) low altitude remote sensing technology in soil and water conservation monitoring is explored, which lays the foundation for the application of this technology to the comprehensive treatment of small watershed, supervision and management of soil and water conservation, construction supervision and acceptance of soil and water conservation.[Methods] Taking the Changlongshan pumped-water-storage power station project of Zhejiang Province as the study case, in reference to the regulation of soil and water conservation monitoring for construction projects(trial), we carried out the application of UAV remote sensing technology to the monitoring case analysis of soil and water conservation, including background data analysis, remote sensing data acquisition, monitoring information extraction and application.[Results] Low-altitude remote sensing technology of UAV, combined with traditional positioning observation method, can complete the monitoring work precisely and quantitatively. The works included the monitoring of land-use types, disturbed range and soil loss, cuting and filling volume, hidden dangers and harm of soil erosion, measures for soil and water conservation, etc.[Conclusion] Application of low altitude UAV remote sensing technology to monitoring of soil and water conservation has high reliability and practicability, and it can meet the requirements issued in the regulation of soil and water conservation monitoring for construction projects(trial). The more important things are that it can level up the technical skills if UAV remote sensing technology as applied in real work of soil and water conservation monitoring, and can give strong technical support for the prevention of soil and water loss in construction projects as well.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to improve the quality and efficiency of the soil and water conservation monitoring in the power transmission and transformation engineering, an online monitoring system integrating the function of data collection, storage and analysis was developed.[Methods] The influence meteorological factors (including rainfall, temperature, humidity, wind speed, wind direction and other factors) and soil moisture were chosen as the research objects in accordance with the technical requirements of the sensor, the traditional monitoring device, the newest testing technology, computer technology and communication technology, the key technologies of the online monitoring system was successfully developed.[Results] With the verification by field test, the data error rates were lower than 5%, which demonstrated the high accuracy and reliability. The operating state of the system was steady. The software user interface is simple and functional, which makes the data collection and analysis visual, real-time and accurate.[Conclusion] The developed key technologies of online monitoring system of the soil and water conservation monitoring in the power transmission and transformation engineering are stable and reliable. The system can satisfy the technology requirements and can be applied in practice.

Abstract:[Objective] Using remote sensing to evaluate the treatment of sandpits wasteland in Mentougou District of Beijing City, to provide references for typical degraded ecosystem's ecological restoration and landscape reconsreuction for Beijing government.[Methods] Based on remote sensing image and field investigation, the possible utilization ways for all sandpits wastelands were listed. At the same time, we used landscape evaluation methods such as synthetic index method, GIS analytic method and expert scoring method, and selected relevant evaluating factor to establish an evaluation model. Finally we made a comprehensive evaluation system for the ecological management effect of sandpits wasteland in Mentougou District.[Results] The evaluation results showed that types of utilization on sandpits wasteland in Mentougou District can be divided into five ways:public green area or park, natural ecological restoration area, construction land, basic farmland, river comprehensive treatment area. The ecological management effect can be graded as public green area or park > river comprehensive treatment area > basic farmland > construction land > natural ecological restoration area.[Conclusion] In the past ten years, the utilization and ecological restoration of sandpits wasteland had got remarkable achievement, the overall effect of ecological treatment has reached a fine condition, especially, for public green area or park, from the aspects of vegetation coverage and landscape coordination, they got better recovery effects. However, the effect of natural ecological restoration was not good enough, way of natural ecological restoration is not suitable on sandpits wasteland.

Abstract:[Objective] The preparation method of superabsorbent compound by copolymerization of cellulose extracted from wheat bran with humic acid and its performance were studied in order to solve the existing problems of popular water retention agents, such as difficult to biodegrade, high cost, serious pollution, poor regeneration and others.[Methods] The composite superabsorbent compound was prepared for the first time using cellulose which was extracted from wheat bran by alkali method, with humic acid as an additive and acrylic acid as monomer by polymerization in this study. Its surface morphology and thermal stability were characterized respectively by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), thermal gravity analysis(TG). The effects of dosage on sodium hydroxide, initiator, crosslinking agent, cellulose and humic acid were investigated. Moreover, the effects of temperature, different kinds of crosslinking agents and regeneration properties were also discussed.[Results] The results indicated that:when 0.15 g of cellulose and 20 ml of acrylic were inputted, the cross-linking agent (N, N-methylene double acryl amide) would be 0.03% of acrylic, the initiator will be 0.8% of acrylic. When humic acid was 0.1 g, sodium hydroxide was 80%, the reactive temperature was 80℃, the maximum absorption rates of the superabsorbent to distilled water reached 989 g/g, to underground water and brine, the values were 120.34 g/g and 62.76 g/g.[Conclusion] The superabsorbent compound showed good thermal stability and renewable performance. In comparison with the similar products reported in relative references, it has better water absorbing properties, and could be popularized and applied in real life.

Abstract:[Objective] A simple closed air chamber method that was expected to overcome the disadvantages of traditional method, was proposed to measure soil respiration rate statically.[Methods] To solve the shortcoming of the traditional static and closed air chamber method, such as refill process of the same volume of gas sample that was taken out and the higher cost of equipment, this measurement method was designed. The apparatus consists of three parts, including a base that was used to set the static closed chamber, a barrel shaped body of static closed chamber and a suction pump detector CO₂ concentration of. According to the specific implementation steps, the test was carried out in the field, and compared with the measured value of the alkali absorption method, validity of this method was verified.[Results] The test results showed that this method not only can overcome the shortcomings in measurement process of traditional static closed chamber method, but also is accurate, low-cost, and easy to use.[Conclusion] This method can be applied to various field conditions in soil respiration rate measurement in situ.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper aimed to show present research on situation of rainfall erosivity, and to discuss the development of rainfall erosivity and to provide foundation for accurate calculation and prediction of regional rainfall erosivity.[Methods] The research progress of rainfall erosivity was analyzed by reviewing related literatures in different aspects.[Results] Rainfall erosivity index and erosive rainfall standard were summarized. In addition, the research progresses for simple calculation models of rainfall erosivity and dynamic change of rainfall erosivity were reviewed. The limitations of rainfall erosivity research were also analyzed and some suggestions were put forward.[Conclusion] Rainfall erosivity index, and dynamic change of rainfall erosivity have been made some achievements. Erosive rainfall standard, and simple calculation models of rainfall erosivity, influencing factors of rainfall erosivity research need to be strengthened in the future.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to solve the problems about transferring the existing data of soil texture between different standards, the soil census data based on Chinese soil particle size classification standard were applied to revise the wind erosion equstion model(RWEQ).[Methods] This thesis tried to use the lognormal distributed model to convert the soil particle size and discussed the applicability and feasibility of lognormal distributed model in describing the character of soil particle distribution in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Jilin Province, and Shaanxi Province, etc.[Results] The research result showed that lognormal distributed model can well simulate the content of soil particles. The regions with high soil crust factor and soil erodible fraction are those windy desert region in Northern China, followed by the regions with frigid calcic soils.[Conclusion] Soil crust factor can either decrease or increase erodible fraction in different cases. Determining rainfall amount that soil surface can crust and subsequently minimize the soil wind erodibility in different climate conditions should be the key to the future.

Abstract:[Objective] To provide reference for management decision of sustainable utilization of water resources, an evaluation and prediction research with respect to the carrying capacity of typical Yaoba oasis water resources was conducted.[Methods] We took 2016 as the actuality year and 2020, 2025, 2030 as planning level year. According to the oasis development history, current situation and related planning, we forecasted the water demand of each level year. Nine evaluation indexes were selected to construct evaluation index system of water resources carrying capacity, and to establish a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model of the water resources carrying capacity and made an analysis of the water resources carrying capacity of each level year.[Results] The fuzzy synthetic evaluation value of 2016 was only 0.251 2, which showed the carrying capacity of water resources had reached saturation; in 2030, it will reach on 0.434 4, which is a higher bearing level. However, the development potential of groundwater resources in Yaoba oasis is still limited.[Conclusion] The evaluation result showed that actuality year of water resources carrying capacity was in overload condition and the contradiction of supply and demand of water resources was obvious. The social economy system was the main stress-source of the improvement of water resource carrying capacity. Through taking a series of measures, the future situation of water resources carrying capacity will gradually improve. It need to take comprehensive measures to raise water resources carrying capacity to a higher level, and to build the study area into a harmonious and efficient oasis.

Abstract:[Objective] Using the combined floating bed of Suaeda salsa to repair the eutrophic and high saline mariculture waste water, to provide a new method for the treatment of serious marine environmental problems.[Methods] This paper designed a new type of combined floating bed of Suaeda salsa with physical, chemical and biological synergy. The total nitrogen in eutrophic mariculture tail water(TN), and total phosphorus(TP), potassium permanganate index(COD_Mn), ammonia nitrogen(NH₄⁺-N) were measured and its removal effects on them were studied and compared with the ones of traditional floating bed.[Results] The results showed that the removal rates by the combined floating bed of TN, NH₄⁺-N, TP, COD_Mn were 62.14%, 93.94%, 73.05%, 60.91%, increased by 27.36%, 21.27%, 19.51%, 12.43% as compared with ones of the traditional floating bed.[Conclusion] The combined floating bed has obvious ability to repair the eutrophic and high saline mariculture waste water.

Abstract:[Objective] To provide a simple, scientific and reasonable method for water environment forewarning of lakes(reservoirs), the evaluations of water quality and forewarning level of Putian Dongzhen Reservoir, Fuqing Dongzhang Reservoir, and Sanming Dongyaxi Reservoir in Fujian Province were conducted.[Methods] According to the Weber-Fechner's model, dissolved oxygen(DO), chemical oxygen demand(COD_Mn), total phosphorus(TP), inorganic nitrogen(NH₃-N), total nitrogen(TN) were taken as the evaluation indicators of water environment for reservoirs. The water quality and forewarning level were evaluated using comprehensive index k_i of water environment.[Results] The water quality warning levels of Putian Dongzhen Reservoir in the 1st and 2nd quarters of 2010, and the 3rd quarter of 2012 were evaluated as moderate or strong warning. In the 3rd quarter of 2013, it was mild warning. In the 1st quarter of 2012, it was moderate to strong for Fuqing Dongzhang Reservoir. For Sanming Dongyaxi Reservoir, the warning level were mild in the 4th quarter of 2010, 3rd quarter of 2011, 3rd quarter of 2012, 3rd and 4th quarters in 2013. Otherwise, the warning levels of the above reservoirs were moderate.[Conclusion] The organoleptic water environmental quality could be evaluated and reflected objectively by the Weber-Fechner's model, which was considered as an effective tool to assess the effect of water environment quality. The model has the advantages of simple calculation process, high evaluation precision and good application. It provided a new method for comprehensive evaluation of water quality warning level for lakes (reservoirs) and expanded its application.

Abstract:[Objective] Studying on the classification of geomorphologic types in Huaihe River Source to provide reference for land use, tourism, urban planning and biodiversity conservation in this area.[Methods] Taking Huaihe River source as an object of study, adopting the representative landform classification scheme in the Chai Zongxin scheme, Xu Hanming scheme and Gao Xuanyu scheme, using neighborhood analysis, reclassification, map algebra, and conversion tools in spatial analysis, the geomorphologic types of Huaihe River source were classified under each scheme and compared with the actual survey terrain based on the DEM data with a resolution of 30 meters so as to find the most suitable scheme for the basic morphologic classification of the Huaihe River source landforms.[Results] The Chai Zongxin scheme is single factor and can not reflect the basic features of the geomorphology. Gao Xuanyu scheme did not proved its advantages fully in the two grade classification for the study area, as it is more suitable for the area with high elevation and complex landform. The Xu Hanming scheme is based on 2 conditions, both relative height and altitude, that is to say, objective effect and subjective feeling of height were considered for basic morphologic classification of the geomorphology. Therefore, the Xu Hanming scheme is more suitable for the division of geomorphology in Huaihe River Source.[Conclusion] According to the Xu Hanming scheme, the geomorphic form of Huaihe River Source region was divided into 4 types:plain, hilly, low mountain and middle and low mountain, it is mainly covered by plain and hill, is low in the east and the north part and high in the west and the south part.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper studied the regional difference and dynamic evolution of agricultural eco-efficiency in Jiangsu Province to provide scientific basis for the vigorous development of ecological agriculture in the province.[Methods] Using DEA-BCC model, agricultural eco-efficiencies in 13 regions of Jiangsu Province in 2001-2015 were analyzed. The variations of technology development index, comprehensive technical index, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency of total factor index were demonstrated.[Results] A significant difference was found among different regions of Jiangsu Province with respect to agricultural ecological efficiency. Annual ecological efficiency experienced two different variation phases, which were "descending firstly and getting stable".[Conclusion] To further improve the level of production management and the coordination degree of technological progress, strengthening the innovation of technological progress is an effective measure to improve the agricultural eco-efficiency of Jiangsu Province.

Abstract:[Objective] To provide theoretical basis and technical support for low-benefit protection forest restoration and reconstruction on Yellow River delta saline alkali land, and improve the construction of existing protection forest system.[Methods] Based on a comprehensive in-depth investigation and research documents conducted previously, the possible causes of low benefit protection forest were discussed, and then combined with standing conditions and in situ growth status, the forest was zoned and improvement methods were put forward accordingly.[Results] Influenced by natural factors, non natural factors and their combined effects, a considerable number of protection forests have formed low-benefit forests in the Yellow River Delta, and the low-benefit forests can be divided into 6 main types. Different techniques and methods should be adopted for the transformation of low-benefit forests for each type.[Conclusion] Low-benefit forest restoration technique involves a serious of issues, such as causes analysis, low benefit classification and technique selection. They should be understood thoroughly before the practice of the restoration of low-benefit forest is carried out. Besides, the link between technique and present policy of public service forest should be dealt with well in the Yellow River delta.

Abstract:[Objective] The effects of drainage ditch on the distribution of soil salinity in saline soil were studied, and the effects of water and salt reduction in clear gully drainage were clarified to provide theoretical basis for improving the economic benefits and ecological protection of jujube and the long-term improvement measures of saline soil.[Methods] The effects of drainage on the salinization of salinized jujube soil were studied. The soil samples of salinized jujube fields were sampled. The contents of water soluble salt, electric conductivity, pH value and equivalent proportion of salt base cation were measured.[Results] The content of salt ions decreased first and then increased with the increase of the distance from the ditch. The content of salt ions was the highest at 0 m, and then decreased with the increase of distance, reached the lowest at 40 m, the content of salt ions increased significantly after 40 m. In addition, from the ditch of 40 m, wherein soil salt damage shifted and decreased from NaCl cation type of severe degree into CaCl₂ and Na₂SO₄ caused mild degree.[Conclusion] The best effect of ditch drainage salt reduction was observed around 40 m from the ditch. Impacted by drip irrigation and ion transport rate and other factors, salt ion aggregation phenomenon emerged in the soil surface and at the bottom as well.

Abstract:[Objective] A scientific and reasonable stability evaluation model for slope protection vegetation system was established to evaluate the stability of alternative slope protection vegetation systems in order to provide reference for the selection of slope ecological reconstruction scheme.[Methods] Using hierarchical analysis method, we established a stability evaluation index system of slope vegetation system by synthetically analyzing the main factors from slope and vegetation. And the main indexes include rock quality index, integrity ratio, community coverage, vegetation landscape grace and so on. Then, entropy method was used to calculate the weights of evaluation indexes and relative entropy evaluation method was used to calculate the relative closeness values of alternative schemes. Then we established an optimization model of slope vegetation system based on entropy method and relative entropy evaluation method. Finally, the model was used to evaluate the stability of the four slope protection vegetation systems that could be used to restore the ecological system of a highway slope in mountain area.[Results] The superior degrees of the four slope protection vegetation systems were 1.90%, 5.37%, 2.98% and 99.99%. The forth slope protection vegetation system[mixed planting 3 plants and the Trifolium repens:bermuda grass=1:3, the herb:bush plant (Magnolia multiflora)=1:5] was the optimal vegetation system. The optimum result was consistent with the optimum result based on fuzzy matter-element method and the result of engineering practice.[Conclusion] The model is effective and feasible, and can be used to guide engineering practice.

Abstract:[Objective] The purposes of this experiment was to clarify soil suitability for Lycium ruthenicum hardwood cutting and to provide technical reference for industrialized production of high quality seeding.[Methods] The annual branches of Lycium ruthenicum were collected in Yongjing County of Gansu Province as experiment materials. These materials were treated by rooting powder(BBT) and naphthylacetic acid(NAA) in different concentration, and then were planted in four kinds of soil matrixs. The survival rates, growth conditions, rooting rates and root system characters were measured and evaluated.[Results] ① Peat soil, loamy soil, sandy soil all could be used for Lycium ruthenicum hardwood cutting. The survival rates of BBT treatment and NAA treatment in different concentration were above 95% and 80% respectively. Sandy saline soil was not suitable for Lycium ruthenicum hardwood cutting. ② Ten weeks later after plantation, new root proliferation was the highest for peat soil, the second was for loam soil and the least was for sandy soil. In sandy soil, the newly proliferated root was observed having rapid growth rate. ③ Length of new shoots increased slowly in the first 5 weeks and then grew quickly. Afterwards, branch growth got obvious equality in size.[Conclusion] In terms of air permeability and root development, the Lycium ruthenicum hardwood cutting in peat soil performed the best. From the perspective of water-retaining property, the normal loam and sandy soil both can provide good conditions for Lycium ruthenicum hardwood cutting, but the sand soil was not suggested to be used for Lycium ruthenicum hardwood cutting due to its low rooting rate.

Abstract:[Objective] This article reviewed the mechanism of poly-γ-glutamic acid biosynthesis and its application to soil remediation and improvement, which was expected to provide references for further application to soil environment improvement and decontamination land remediation.[Methods] By reviewing domestic and foreign literatures, the synthesis mechanism of poly-γ-glutamic acid in different bacterial strains and their different roles in the restoration and improvement of soil environment were reviewed and analyzed.[Results] In this paper, poly-γ-glutamic acid was briefly introduced in terms of its physical and chemical character, molecular structure, biosynthesis and synthesis mechanism. The applications of poly-γ-glutamic acid to the improvement of arid soils, the remediation of saline alkali soil, the remediation of heavy metal pollution, the balance of soil PH value and the improvement of soil fertility soil were summarized in detail.[Conclusion] Some achievements have been made in the application of poly-γ-glutamic acid to soil remediation and improvement both here and abroad. In the future, it is necessary to strengthen the selection of high activity poly-γ-glutamic acid fermentation strains in different types of soil, as well as to focus the mechanism of interaction between poly-γ-glutamic and different types of soil materials.