Abstract:[Objective] Characteristics of soil moisture and soil structure in different land types were studied, and the responses between them were analyzed, to provide a scientific reference for reasonable selection of desertification control.[Methods] Space-time-substitution and paired-sites methods were combined to research soil characteristics in lands with Pinus sylvestris plantation, Populus simonii plantation, Caragana microphylla community, and fencing land, fixed sandy land and shifting sandy land. Soil water characteristic curve was established by membrane pressure gauge, soil mechanical composition was analyzed by laser particle analyzer, soil bulk density was measured by oven drying method.[Results] ① Soil water holding capacity was significantly enhanced by the treatment measures, soil available water content in Caragana microphylla community was the highest of all control measures, which was 0.05 cm³/cm³. ② The soil sand content and soil bulk density were decreased in each treatment. Caragana microphylla community had the best recover effect on silt content, it was 7.49% higher than that of shifting sandy land. The highest clay content was observed in fencing land which was 1.08%. ③ Soil clay content is the main factor affecting soil available water and excess water, the regression coefficients of soil clay content to available and excess water were 2.54 and -2.65, respectively.[Conclusion] Caragana microphylla community and fencing treament can improve the sandy land soil structure and soil water holding storage capacity.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper illustrated the characteristics of mountainous wind power project areas in Jiangxi Province. Soil erosion characteristics in mountainous wind power were studied, in order to provide scientific basis and reference for mountain wind power project environment protection and soil erosion control.[Methods] 6 different typical mountain wind power projects in Jiangxi Province were taken as the research object. Related previous research was consulted to elicit important, soil and water conservation indexes, such as land area, earthwork, soil erosion, etc., they were quantitatively analyzed.[Results] ① The averaged single wind turbine covered an area of 2.44 hm², with 45 100 m³ of excavation, 14 400 m³ of abandoned soil. The amount of newly soil and water loss was 364.38 t.Each unit of kilowatt capacity covered an area of 11.63 m³, having excavation of 2 148.19 m³, abandonment of 684.53 m³; 0.17 t of soil and water newly lost. ② The added amount of soil and water loss in road engineering area, fan unit area and spoil area accounted for 53.87%, 21.84% and 10.13% of the total newly loss respectively. They were the area with the most serious soil and water loss in mountainous wind power projects as well as the key area for soil and water conservation.[Conclusion] Considering the regional environmental characteristics of mountainous wind power project, attention should be paid to route selection(site) of road engineering area and wind turbine area, optimization vertical design, decrease of earth and rock excavation and filling, and avoiding the destruction of land and vegetation from the source. In addition, attention should be paid to the protection and utilization of topsoil and vegetation resources, road blocks design, roadside protection and drainage measures under the wind turbine generator units to restore and rebuild the regional ecological environment.

Abstract:[Objective] The study on species diversity of typical community of artificial desert vegetation in central Hexi Corridor in order to provide theoretical basis for ecological restoration and artificial vegetation construction in arid desert areas and restoration and reconstruction of vegetation diversity in sand areas.[Methods] Based on the investigation of species diversity of typical community of artificial desert in sand control station at Linze County of Zhangye City, Gansu Province. Using the Simpson and Shannon-Wiener species diversity index, the Margalef species richness index, the Simpson species dominance index, and the Pielou species evenness index.[Results] The shrub community had high richness index and diversity index, while the herb community had high evenness index. The species diversity index and richness index showed the same trend, while the uniformity index showed the opposite trend. β diversity is consistent with the α diversity reaction result; There were significant correlations between richness index and diversity index and evenness index. Plant diversity was proportional to soil conjunctival thickness, and had little effect on soil moisture content.[Conclusion] The shrub is dominated by the Haloxylon ammodendron-Nitraria tangutorum community, and the herb is dominated by the Bassia dasyphylla-Haloxylon ammodendron community, which has the characteristics of simple species composition and low diversity. The community is dominated by small shrubs and annual herbaceous plants that are xerophyte, extreme xerophyte or salty in plant life.

Abstract:[Objective] Studying the processes and driving factors of runoff and sediment in a typical watershed in the upper reaches of Ganjiang River, to provide bases for soil erosion control, land use and function adjustment in this area.[Methods] Daily runoff, sediment and precipitation data from 1980-2015 were used in this study. The characteristics and relationships between precipitation, runoff and sediment yield were analyzed by using Mann-Kendall method, hydrological method and double mass curve, from this the driving factors of runoff and sediment yield changes were determined.[Results] ① There was a significant decrease in sediment yield, while an abrupt change appeared in 2005. From 2003, the runoff yield also showed a decreasing but not apparent trend. ② Runoff and sediment yield were different in term of the beginning time of the abrupt change. The change of runoff was divided into two phases, which were from 1980 to 2002 and from 2003 to 2015, while the sediment yield had two change phases of 1980-2004 and 2005-2015. ③ The decrease value of annual average runoff during 2003-2015 was 7.26×10¹⁰ m³. The decrease value of average annual sediment yield during the period of 2005-2015 was 8.82×10⁷ t. ④ The runoff reduction volume caused by human activities was 5.77×10¹⁰ m³/a, accounting for 76.8% of the total; the sediment decrease was 8.44×10⁷ t/a, accounting for 95.7% of the total sediment yield.[Conclusion] Runoff and sediment yield were all reduced, and the amount of sediment yield was reduced significantly. Either for runoff reduction or for sediment discharge, the ratios caused by precipitation and human activities was about 4:1.

Abstract:[Objective] To reveal the response of tree-ring width to hydroclimate factors, reconstruct long-term streamflow change by tree-ring width data in order to analyze its long-term change characteristics and finally provide scientific basis for water resource planning and management in Qingshui Basin at the southern slope of Tianshan mountains.[Methods] Pearson correlation analysis was used to reveal the correlation relationship between tree-ring width index and hydroclimate factors. The exponential transfer function was set up to reconstruct the runoff history of Qingshui River.[Results] In the common period, the positive correlation coefficients between tree-ring width index and precipitation from previous July to May of Baluntai meteorological station, and streamflow from previous August to July of Keerguti hydrological station were 0.579 and 0.641, respectively. Based on the exponential transfer function between tree-ring width index and streamflow, the annual streamflow from August in previous year to July of Keerguti station during 1639-2015 was reconstructed.[Conclusion] Tree-ring width showed its insufficiency to capture the extreme flood year. The low frequency characteristics revealed that there existed four drought periods and four flood periods in the past four hundred years. In the recent one hundred years, especially since 1950s, the frequency of extreme drought year was higher. The extreme drought years in this study showed good consistency with the drought events in the precipitation and hydrology series recorded by tree ring in the Tianshan Mountains area.

Abstract:[Objective] By analyzing the formation mechanism and dynamic characteristics of the debris flow disaster, this paper aims to provide a scientific reference for prevention and mitigation research of the future disaster.[Methods] By field investigation and analysis.[Results] The disaster formation conditions of the Rangjia gully, in Anhua County, Yiyang City, Hu'nan Province, including topography, formation lithology and hydrology, are all prone to the formation of large-scale debris flow. Due to the continuous heavy rainfall, a large-scale landslide was formed and blocked the gully channel, but then the landslide-dam failed and formed outburst debris flow with the peak flow up to 190.65 m³/s.[Conclusion] The most striking feature of this debris flow is the conversion of landslide to debris flow. However, two manmade check dam along the downstream of the channel were all destroyed by outburst flow from the upstream, which magnified the peak flow.

Abstract:[Objective] Studying the spatial distribution characteristics of soil nutrients and analyzing its relationship with topographical factors in order to provide theoretical bases for fertilizer regionalization of oasis agriculture in arid areas, and for sustainable utilization of soil resources and promotion of precision agriculture.[Methods] Chabchar County, Xinjiang Wei Autonomous Region in Ili river valley's typical oasis was taken as a study region, and GIS and Geo-statistics were used to analyze the characteristics of soil nutrients' spatial distribution and its variation of plow layer soil in Ili River Valley's typical oasis. The relationships between soil nutrients and topographical factors were analyzed using CCA ordination(canonical correspondence analysis).[Results] ① The coefficients of variation of soil organic matter, available nitrogen and available potassium ranged from 24.22% to 46.76%, belonging to moderate level of variation. The coefficient of variation of soil available phosphorus content was 107.51%, which showed a strong variation. Geo-statistical analysis suggested that there were moderate and strong spatial auto-correlation among soil nutrient items. Spatial correlation of available potassium was stronger than that of available nitrogen. ② Spatially, soil nutrient were distributed in patchy pattern. Soil organic matter of the west was higher than that of the east. Available nitrogen of the central region was lower and the variation of available nitrogen was severe in east and west regions. Available phosphorus of the northeast and the southwest were lower. Available potassium of the north-central and the southeast were lower and the variation of available potassium was severe in the east. ③ Available nitrogen was extremely positively correlated with elevation and roughness of the terrain(p<0.01), while soil organic matter was significantly and negatively correlated with the slope and the roughness of the terrain(p<0.05). Available potassium was positively correlated with the horizontal curvature and the profile curvature. ④ Elevation, slope, roughness of the terrain and profile curvature were the major topographical factors that affect the soil nutrients' spatial distribution in this area.[Conclusion] The organic fertilizer should be properly increased in the east, the nitrogen fertilizer should be increased appropriately in the central, phosphate and the potash fertilizer should be properly increased in northeast of the region.

Abstract:[Objective] To Explore the effect of land use/cover change on the net primary productivity(NPP) in grassland ecosystem of Ordos City in order to provide theoretical basis for the efficient implementation of grassland grazing mitigation measures and the reasonable management of grassland resources.[Methods] Based on multi-source remote sensing image data, multi-period land use/cover data and meteorological data, using Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach(CASA), the NPP of grassland ecosystem was simulated and the land use change was demonstrated. Upon which, the impact of land use/cover change(LUCC) on grassland NPP in Ordos City was analyzed.[Results] ① The grassland NPP in Ordos City increased gradually from 5 700.16 Tg in 2001 to 7 634.61 Tg in 2015. There existed significant regional difference in NPP spatial distribution. ② From 2001 to 2015, the area of arable land continued to decrease. While, the area of forest increased, with a total increase of 4 593 km². The net reduction of grassland area was 786.38 km². For the mutual land use conversion, the one between grassland and unutilized land was the largest. And also there were a large amount of arable land and the woodland, with total area of 376.5 km², were converted into grassland. In contrast, the largest decreasing in grassland that was converted to unutilized land was 1 211.50 km². ③ From 2001 to 2015, the NPP increased by 1 999.42 Tg in grassland covered area. The changes of grassland to other types of land led to a NPP reduction of 303.98 Tg. Among of them, the conversions to cultivated land, forest and unused land accounted for 35.08 Tg, 69.81 Tg and 118.28 Tg, respectively. Additionally, the conversion of other types of land to grassland resulted to an increase of NPP, totaled to 128.96 Tg. The increments of grassland NPP from farmland, forestland and water were 36.30, 31.39 and 17.58 Tg, respectively.[Conclusion] Land use/cover has a greater impact on grassland NPP. Conversions of cultivated land and forest to grassland and reuse of unused land all increased grassland carbon sink. The conversions of grassland to unutilized land, water areas, and urban-rural residents' land for industrial and mining uses could all weaken carbon sinks of grassland ecosystem.

Abstract:[Objective] To explore the influence of different shading on the growth and development of winter wheat and water utilization efficiency, and to analyze the growth and water consumption characteristics of wheat under the condition of shading, so as to provide a new way for water-saving irrigation.[Methods] The characteristics of leaf area, dry matter, yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat plants were studied through cell experiments, which sets five treatment groups:non-shading(CK), 20% shading(L₂₀), 40% shading(L₄₀), 60% shading(L₆₀) and 80% shading(L₈₀).[Results] The growth period of winter wheat was prolonged and the leaf area was increased through shading treatment, but there was no obvious change in plant height in each treatment; The shading of L₄₀, L₆₀ and L₈₀ inhibited the accumulation of stems and ear dry matter in winter wheat, and had the function of inhibiting leaf dry matter first and then promoting it; The allocation proportion of dry matter in stems, leaves and ear organs of winter wheat was changed by shading, but there was no significant impacts on the accumulation and distribution of winter wheat stem, leaf, and dry matter in L₂₀ shading; Both soil evaporation and total water consumption of winter wheat were significantly reduced in shading, and the larger the shading degree, the greater the decrease; Compared with CK, the yield of L₂₀ treatment was decreased by 4.23%, the water use efficiency was increased by 10.11%, and the yield and water use efficiency of other shadings was decreased.[Conclusion] It can be seen that the water-use efficiency is effectively improved and the water saving effect is obvious without obvious effect on yield in L₂₀ shading.

Abstract:[Objective] The paper aimed to explore the difference of physiological mechanism of different stay-green maizes under drought resistance, which can provide a theoretical basis for promoting the application of crop stay-green traits and guiding the improvement work of crop drought resistance.[Methods] Pot experiment was conducted to investigate the physiological and biochemical indexes related to drought resistance and leaf senescence characteristics of stay green maize inbred lines Qi319 and early senescence maize inbred lines B73 after 1 week of flowering. And the normal irrigation water was made as control.[Results] Under drought stress, the activities of peroxidase(POD) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) of green maize Qi319 were higher than those of early aging maize B73, and Qi319. The two indices of Qi319 increased by 32.53% and 18.84%, B73 increased 12.79% and 10.82% as compared with the control respectively. The leaf MDA contents of the two maizes inbred lines increased significantly compared with the control by drought stress. The MDA content of Qi319 increased by 14.23% while that of B73 increased by 37.43%. Compared with the control, the proline content in the leaves of Qi319 increased by 57.95%, and that of B73 increased by 43.67%. Under drought stress, Qi319 had a relatively high net photosynthesis photosynthetic rate(P_n), stomatal conductance(G_s) and transpiration rate(T_r). The number of green leaves, green leaf area, leaf green retention and photosynthetic pigment content of stay-green maize Qi319 were higher than those of early senescence maize B73, while the activities of protease and chlorophyll hydrolase of Qi319 were all lower than those of early senescent maize.[Conclusion] Under drought stress the stay-green maize Qi319 had strong drought resistance.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to reveal the hydrochemical characterization of groundwater and provide a theoretical basis for the rational exploitation of groundwater resources, the hydrochemical characteristics and irrigation suitability of groundwater in Jianyang City of Sichuan Province were analyzed and evaluated.[Methods] Some research methods such as Gibbs plot, molar ratios and other statistical analysis were employed to study the hydrochemical characterization of groundwater in this area. Combining the entropy weight theory with the fuzzy matter-element method, the fuzzy matter-element model based on entropy weight is established by using Matlab to evaluate the groundwater quality comprehensively.[Results] The results indicate that groundwater in the study area is fresh water for shallow aquifers and brackish water for middle-deep aquifers. The shallow groundwater was dominated by the HCO₃-Ca and HCO₃-Ca·Mg types, and the middle-deep groundwater was dominated by the HCO₃-Na·Ca, HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg, SO₄-Na·Ca types. The groundwater in the study area was primarily controlled by weathering of rocks, including the dissolution of minerals(halite, calcite, gypsum and silicate) and ion-exchange adsorption. The shallow groundwater was primarily affected by human activities, and the middle-deep groundwater was affected by mixing from deep brine.[Conclusion] The results of comprehensive evaluation of water quality show that the shallow groundwater is suitable for agricultural irrigation, but the middle-deep groundwater is not suitable for agricultural irrigation in the long run. The groundwater quality gradually become worse from shallow aquifers to middle-deep aquifers.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to provide a theoretical basis for the restoration and protection of soil resources, we explore the composition and stability of different forest soil aggregrates in Fengyang Mountain Nature Reserve.[Methods] This study determinated soil aggregates particle size distribution and the content of different forms of Fe and Al oxides in different soil layers(0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm), and analyzed the effects of various forms of Fe and Al oxides on the stability of soil aggregates in four main forest types(broad-leaved mixed forest, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, Chinese fir forest, bamboo forest)during 1 300~1 400 m of Fengyang Mountain Nature Reserve, Zhejiang Province.[Results] ① The content of soil water-stable macroaggregates(WSA)(>0.25 mm) in four forest types were above 90%, and the order of the content of water-stable aggregates and mean weight diameter(MWD) of soil aggregate were fir forest > coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest > broad-leaved mixed forest > bamboo forest. ② The order of Fe and Al oxides contents in different forms is Free Fe(Fe_d) > Free Al(Al_d) > Amorphous Fe(Fe_o) > Amorphous Al(Al_o) > Complexing Fe(Fe_p) > Complexing Al(Al_p) ③ The result of boosted regression tree(BRT) analysis showed that soil aggregate MWD was mainly influenced by Al_p in various forms of Fe and Al oxides, which produced a 43.6% contribution rate, followed by Al_d(23.5%) and the Fe_d(19.5%); Fe_o(6.9%), Al_o(4%) and Fe_p(2.4%) had less effect.[Conclusion] Al_p, Al_d and Fe_d can promote the stability of soil aggregates. The effect of complexed alumina Al_p on the stability of soil aggregates is greater than that of free Fe and Al oxides Al_d and Fe_d.

Abstract:[Objective] In the background of global warming, the impact of climate changes on non-point source pollution load in Shaanxi section of Weihe River Basin was discussed in order to provide a basis for comprehensive river basin management measures, and the adverse effects of climate changes on water environment can be mitigated.[Methods] Based on the non-point source pollution distributed simulation model (SWAT model), the runoff and non-point source pollution loads in Shaanxi section of Weihe River Basin were simulated under the changes of climate factors such as temperature and rainfall in 2020, 2030 and 2050, respectively. The impacts of climate change on runoff and average annual loads of nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) in water were analyzed.[Results] ① Climate changes had a great influence on runoff in Weihe River Basin. The runoff increased with the future climate changes due to the increased temperature and precipitation. By 2050, in the case of the mean temperature increased by 2.2℃ and the rainfall increased by 7%, the runoff in the Weihe River will increased by 11.9%, which were comparing with the temperature, rainfall and runoff in 2012. ② Under the influence of the rising temperature and increasing in the future, the annual average total phosphorus load will increase. By 2050, in the case of the average temperature increased by 2.2℃ and the annual rainfall increased by 7%, the average annual nitrogen load in the basin increased by 20.9% and the total phosphorus load increased by 13.3%, which were comparing with 2012.[Conclusion] Under the future climate changes with the coefficient of rainfall increase and warming, the runoff of the river increased, and the total load of N and P in water environment increased, which will result in a rather serious problem of agricultural non-point source pollution.

Abstract:[Objective] Studying the quantitative relationship between soil boundary water content and mechanical composition of dolomite slope farmland in Central Guizhou Province, which provided scientific basis for the study of soil erosion process mechanism of sloping farmland in this area.[Methods] Field sampling, laboratory test and analysis by SPSS software.[Results] In the dolomite area of the slope farmland, the relationship of the plastic limit with the soil clay content, powder content and fine sand content has a positive correlation, but has a negative correlation with the content of coarse sand; the soil liquid limit increases with the increase of soil clay content, but reduces with the increase of coarse sand. The soil liquid index was positively correlated with soil clay content, but negatively correlated with coarse sand content, and there is no significant correlation between the soil mechanical composition and the plastic index of the soil.[Conclusion] The soil mechanical composition of the slope farmland in dolomite area of Central Guizhou Provinceis closely related to the limit water content, the soil moisture content can be obtained by soil mechanical composition.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to reveal the characteristics of phosphorus composition in closed inland lake,and the influencing factors of endogenous release.[Methods] The phosphorus content in different medium of Dali-Nor Lake was determined. Using factor analysis to classify the factors affecting sediment release.[Results] The average value of total phosphorus (TP) in the water on Dali-Nor Lake was 2.00±0.02 mg/L, and the mean value of interstitial water TP was 2.50±0.02 mg/L. The sediment TP is between 206.09 to 940.49 mg/kg. Inorganic phosphorus (IP) in sediments accounts for 47.9% of TP, which is one of the main forms of phosphorus in sediments. Followed by iron-aluminum bound phosphorus (Fe/Al-P, 62.73±28.34 mg/kg) and exchangeable phosphorus (Ex-P, 36.50±19.13 mg/kg) By using the factor analysis method to analyze the influence of 13 sediments release indicators, there are 4 main factors, the 13 indexes are divided into 3 categories:TP, Ca-P, Fe/Al-P and bioavailability of phosphorus content in sediments classified as phosphorus in sediments and interstitial water factor; phosphorus concentrations of pH, DO, Eh of the water as the interface influence factor; The third is water depth to lakes characteristic factor.[Conclusion] There is a risk of release of sediment phosphorus sediment in Dali-Nor Lake. According to the results of factor analysis, the factors affecting sediment release are divided into three categories:sediment phosphorus, water-sediment interface physical and chemical indicators and lake water depth.

Abstract:[Objective] The spatial distribution characteristics of landslides in the Zhong County syncline in the Three Gorges Reservoir area were studied in order to provide theoretical basis for the prevention and control of geological disasters in this area.[Methods] On the basis of detailed field geological investigation, this paper took the Zhongxian County syncline in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area as the research focus and made in-depth discussions on the relationship between Zhongxian County syncline and landslide distribution characteristics by applying relevant theories of structural geology.[Results] The local structure of Zhongxian County syncline can be divided into three sections:the composite section by Northern Zhongxian County syncline and Wanxian County syncline, the main section of Central Zhongxian County syncline, and the composite section by southern Zhongxian County syncline and SN trending structure.[Conclusion] The landslide is mainly distributed in the northern and southern sections, and the landslide scale of the main section is relatively small. The spatial evolution characteristics of landslide in each section are different correspondingly as local structural features change.

Abstract:[Objective] Comparative study on ecological water consumption of typical land use types in Taihu Lake basin was conducted, in order to provide a theoretical basis for optimizing land use structure and improving water regulation capacity of the watershed ecosystem.[Methods] Based on water flux monitoring points, a field scale model, soil-water-atmosphere-plant model(SWAP), was applied to simulate the ecological water consumptions in forest land, tea garden and cultivated land.[Results] ① Ecological water consumption in the forest land showed a single peak from June to August, in which tree's transpiration contributed 87.80% of it, hence it played an important role in regulating the amount of water. ② Ecological water consumption in tea garden changed relatively in a flat mode during the year, tea plant transpiration(69.17%) and soil evaporation(25.69%) accounted for the majority of the water consumption together. ③ Yearly change of ecological water consumption in cultivated land had two obvious different periods, corresponding to wheat season(January to May) and rice growing season(June to November), respectively. Annual transpiration of cultivated land(61.28%) and the evaporation(33.45%) accounted for 94.73% of the water consumption. ④ The evaporation of forest land was relatively smaller than those of garden and cultivated land. This can ascribed as the following reasons:litter layer and canopy were thick in forest, whereas branch leaves did not recover in tea garden, and crops were at the stages of initial growth.[Conclusion] Annual variance of ecological water consumption was mainly affected by rainfall and temperature, but growth period of crops and tea pruning may also have their impacts on ecological water consumption.

Abstract:[Objective] Exploring key technical measures for ecological restoration technology of borrow pits in Tibetan plateau protected areas in order to provide references for ecological restoration of slopes in plateau protected areas.[Methods] Taking the No.4 borrow pit slope of National Highway No.569 Manda to Datong Expressway in Xianmi National Forest Park Nature Reserve as an example, and based on the local climate characteristics, soil and vegetation status of borrow pit slope, the key technical measures for the ecological restoration of earth borrowing pits are introduced in detail, including cut slope, drains at the top of slopes, and stream trough. Meanwhile, the technological key points of borrowed soil greening and borrowed soil spraying methods and the choice of Elymus dahuricus, Poa crymophila, Puccinellia tenuiflora, rapeseed and peaas mix proportion.[Results] The results of 45 days after construction showed that the drainage system has a good drainage effect, there is no ponding water at the bottom of the slope, the slope remains intact and no soil and water loss occurred. The vegetation coverage rate on the slope with the method of borrowed soil greening is more than 60%, and the vegetation coverage on the slope with the method of borrowed soil sraying reaches more than 70%.[Conclusion] The ecological restoration effect of the borrow pit slope meets the requirements. We should make full use of local resources to maximize ecological and economic benefits when carrying out ecological rehabilitation.

Abstract:[Objective] Studying the windbreak efficiency of shelterbelt in Yudaokou pasture in Bashang Area of Hebei Province to provide a theoretical basis for the construction of pasture shelterbelt.[Methods] Taking The Pinus sylvestris shelterbelt as the research object, the spatial multi-point observation method was applied.[Results] When the desert wind speed was 3.84 m/s, the wind speed was the smallest at 1 H(H stands for the average hight of the forest shelterbelt) after the forest, and the wind efficiency was the most, but with the increase of the horizontal distance, the wind speed was gradually increased and the wind efficiency gradually decreased. The greater of the desert wind speed, the higher of the windbreak efficiency, and the larger of the effective protection distance. When the wind speed level in the open field was 5~6, in the forest, 1 H and 5 H of the wind protection efficiency were the best, and the wind efficiency range was 67.97%~94.27%. Windbreak efficiency at diffent vertical heights ranked:30, 50, 150 and 300 cm, and the rank of wind speed distribution was opposite to that of windbreak.[Conclusion] After the pasture shelterbelt of the 1 H to 10 H area is the best protection area and the action scope of the forest belt. The windbreak efficiency of the post forest 1 H is best, but it will vary with the change of wind speed and vertical height.

Abstract:[Objective] The lithologic mechanism of Pisha sandstone erosion, and the mechanism and technique of anti-erosion and vegetation-promoting, and the corresponding application effects were analyzed systematically. The scientific problems and key technique needed further research were proposed to provide support for the comprehensive control of Pisha sandstone area.[Methods] On the basis of revealing the lithologic mechanism of Pisha sandstone erosion, a novel material of anti-erosion and vegetation-promoting, which is suitable for the application in ecological restoration in Pisha sandstone, was developed by the method of polymerization modification. The novel material was applied in a demonstration. Moreover, the problems and key techniques that needed to be studied further were proposed and discussed.[Results] Some of the chemical compositions were detected active and released when Pisha sandstone met water, which was the main reason for Pisha sandstone being eroded easily. A novel material of anti-erosion and vegetation-promoting was developed by the method of coating-polymerization modification. The novel material could form a consolidation layer on the surface with monomer-modified Pisha sandstone particles through physical-chemical action. The layer had the functions of hydrophobic water-holding, anti-swelling and growth promotion. The novel material behaved well in the performances of mechanical strength and resistances to UV degradation, freezing and thawing, and hydrolysis, and it would not cause pollution to the soil and water wherein.[Conclusion] Runoff and sediment yield on the slope could be reduced 70% and 90% respectively in the control area where was treated by the technique of anti-erosion and vegetation-promoting, as compared with those of the contrast area. And the vegetation coverage in a small demonstrated watershed increased from 25% to 75%, through which, the integration of anti-erodibility and growth promotion was achieved. The technique might provide a new approach for soil and water conservation and ecological restoration in Pisha sandstone area.

Abstract:[Objective] The environmental geological carrying capacity of Beichuan County, Sichuan Province is evaluated to provide scientific basis for development planning and construction.[Methods] Combined with the environmental geological characteristics and social development of Fujiang River basin. the environmental geological bearing capacity evaluation system based on geological environment, ecological environment and social environment was constructed. The weight of each evaluation index was determined by analytic hierarchy process and expert scoring method. The environmental geological bearing capacity of Beichuan County is evaluated comprehensively through GIS grid function.[Results] The present situation of Beichuan County is obtained. And four regions of high, higher, lower and low bearing capacity are divided.[Conclusion] The distribution of current environmental carrying capacity in Beichuan County is related to human engineering construction. In general, there is a trend of high degree of human aggregation and low bearing capacity.

Abstract:[Objective] To verify the applicability of the method that combined self-organizing map neural network (SOM) and dynamic index methods in the analysis of interactions between land use types and structures in a certain period, and to analyze the evolution of land use types and structures from multiple scales in order to provide reference for the sustainable development and utilization of urban land resources.[Methods] Based on the land use data of Huangshi City, Hubei Province in 2005, 2010 and 2015, we used the single dynamic degree of land use to analyze the change and transition characteristics of land use types at the city level, and constructed a SOM model to express the spatial distribution of land use structures at the township-level, and explored the overall land use evolution with a method integrated K-means clustering and comprehensive dynamic degree of land use.[Results] ① The area of build-up land increased obviously, and they were transformed from cultivated land, woodland and unused land. The area of cultivated land was continuously decreased, as a result of conversions into construction land, mining land and bare land. The area of unutilized land reduced substantially. ② The transformation among types of land use structure was mainly from cultivated land to urban/cultivated land. ③ The central, western, and southern towns had experienced their slight changes in land use; while the towns in the northeast changed significantly, so did its structure.[Conclusion] The method in combination with SOM and land use dynamic index is suitable for comprehensive analysis about the spatial and temporal evolution of land use.

Abstract:[Objective] Studying whether the implementation of land supervision is effective in arable land protection and solving the sample selection bias for land supervision improvement.[Methods] Based on province-level panel data from 1999 to 2008, propensity score matching(PSM) was employed to estimate the effect of land supervision on arable land protection.[Results] ① Kernel matching is the best method by balancing test. This study estimates that the loss of arable land due to construction use decreases 8 037.489 hm² per year because of special land supervision in effect and the loss of arable land due to construction use decreases 62 741.880 hm² per year because of regular land supervision in effect by Kernel matching. ② The sample selection of special land supervision is not random, resulting in the effect of special land supervision on cultivated land protection larger in previous studies. ③ The sample selection of regular land supervision is more random, resulting in the sample selection bias smaller and the effect of regular land supervision on cultivated land protection more accurate compared with the special land supervision in previous studies.[Conclusion] The effect of cultivated land protection by regular land supervision is better. In the evaluation of land policy, we need to consider the difference of the relationship between the policy and its object, in order to choose the method used in policy effect evaluation.

Abstract:[Objective] The key factors affecting the change of land ecological security status were further identified in order to provide the basis for optimizing land use pattern and implementing the construction of ecological civilization in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.[Methods] Based on the PSR model combined with the NES(nature-economy-society) and PRED(population-economy-environment-development) framework, a four-level evaluation system was constructed, including the target layer, criterion layer and index layer, factors level. The catastrophe progression method(CPM) was applied to reveal the land ecological security overall trend in Guangxi Autonomous Region from 2005 to 2015, and through calculating the grey correlation degree, we can identify the influence factors of different stages.[Results] The results show a rapid upward trend of the land ecological security level in Guangxi area from 2005 to 2009 and reached at a relatively safe state, which was mainly attributed to the positive effect of the improvement of land ecosystem situation. From 2010 to 2015, the level of the land ecological security first increased steadily and then dropped to a critical state. Although the significant increase of ecosystem pressure caused a decline of the land ecological security, the increase of ecosystem response year by year brought positive effects. The results of grey correlation analysis show that the changes from 2005 to 2009 were mainly attributed to the afforestation project and ecosystem improvement. And the changes from 2010 to 2012 were mainly due to social and economic advancement and social development. From 2013 to 2015, the changes were mainly due to population growth and the response of human activities to the natural environment.[Conclusion] In view of the main limiting factors affecting the level of land ecological security, Guangxi area should pay more attention to the transformation of economic growth mode, improving resource utilization efficiency, control ling industrial pollution emissions and enhancing the level of agricultural science and technology and so on.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to provide technical reference for the study of the relationship between plant and groundwater depth in desert areas and the search for groundwater resources, several rapid and accurate techniques and methods for obtaining groundwater depth in desert area were analyzed and selected.[Methods] Through the analysis of observation wells, soil impedance coefficient, ground penetrating radar and nuclear magnetic resonance, the principles, advantages and disadvantages and application of several methods for measuring groundwater depth, such as seismic exploration technology, and factors such as comprehensive operation convenience, accuracy and equipment price, etc., are analyzed to select several rapid and accurate techniques for obtaining groundwater depth in desert areas.[Results] When detecting groundwater depth in desert area, we should be familiar with the principle, advantages and disadvantages of these methods, and consider the convenience of technical operation, data precision and the price of instrument and equipment, labor costs and other factors as well to comparative trade-off analysis for the selection of scientific, reasonable technical programs.[Conclusion] It is the cheapest and most accurate method to determine the groundwater depth in desert area, and when the terrain conditions are complex and the traffic is not convenient. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), seismic detection in one case, if groundwater depth is measured in homogeneous sandy land, a soil impedance meter could be used.

Abstract:[Objective] In recent years, environmental problems caused by coal and other construction projects have become the focus of the whole society, while evaluating the benefit of ecological restoration in construction projects and quantifying the effect of soil and water conservation in the construction projects can provide reference for the construction project evaluation in the future.[Methods] Taking resource integration project at Yongxing coal mine in Zichang County, Shaanxi Province as an example, the benefit evaluation system of soil and water conservation and ecological restoration for construction projects has been established, the values of different evaluation indexes in different construction periods have been scaled, the weights of the indexes which are calculated by the principal component analysis and the analytic hierarchy process method have been synthesized according to the Lagrange multiplier method, and the benefit index is finally used to make a comprehensive analysis of the environmental benefits of ecological restoration.[Results] The comprehensive weight calculated by the Lagrange multiplier method, which considers the subjective and objective information, can reflect the characteristics of the different indexes in the construction projects during each construction period. The ecological benefit index based on the comprehensive weight calculation shows that the ecological benefits index of this project in the early stage is the highest, while the ecological benefit index of the trial operation period is 0.392, which is higher than the construction period 0.318. The ecological restoration project began to play the role of soil and water conservation in the trial operation period.[Conclusion] The evaluation system and evaluation method of ecological restoration benefit proposed in this paper are feasible, which can provide a certain reference for other production and construction projects.

Abstract:[Objective] Discussing the influence and the mechanism of a self-developed soil anti-erosion material on the water-stability property of soil aggregates to provide a better theoretical insight for the treatment of sloping farmland.[Methods] Investigating the changes of red soil aggregates water-stability used a self-developed polysaccharide polymer soil anti-erosion material named SA-01.[Results] The soil aggregates water-stability became 2.6 times of the original ones after 0.25% SA-01 treated and became 100% after 1% SA-01 treated.[Conclusion] The SA-01 could greatly enhance the water-stability property of red soil aggregates and the thin permeable film which was formed on the surface of soil was the key factor to the enhancement.

Abstract:[Objective] Studying the spatial and temporal variations of autumn rain in Panxi region(Panzhihua City and Liangshan Prefecture) during 1961-2017, to provide bases for autumn rain prediction and preparedness against consequent disaster.[Methods] Based on the daily precipitation data from 18 meteorology stations in Panxi region during 1961-2017 and the multi taper method-singular value decomposition(MTM-SVD), the spatial and temporal variations of the autumn rain were analyzed.[Results] ① The first mode of EOF expansion in the autumn rain was accordant all over the area and the contribution rate of variance was 46.1%, which is the main mode of the autumn rain. The sliding t test showed that the main mode of the autumn rain had a significant sharp change around 1995. ② MTM-SVD analysis showed that the autumn rain had a significant 3.2 year period in 1961-2017. The slip window analysis showed that before 1995, the quasi 3 year cycle of the autumn rain was very obvious, and the latter period suddenly disappeared, which turned into a significant quasi 2 year cycle. ③ The 3.4 year cycle of autumn rain in 1961-1994 reached a level of 99% confidence, and the 3 year cycle reached a level of 95% confidence. The typical cycle reconstruction of the quasi 3 year showed that before 1995, the autumn rain was mainly characterized by the inter-annual change of "more-less-less". ④ The 2 year cycle of autumn rain in 1995-2017 years reached a level of 99% confidence. The typical cycle reconstruction of the quasi 2 year showed that after 1995, the autumn rain main manifested an abnormal evolution of the alternation of strong and weak.[Conclusion] The autumn rain in Panxi region had an abrupt climate change before and after 1995. It was mainly quasi 3 year periodic oscillation before 1995, and then was replaced by quasi 2 year cycle.

Abstract:[Objective] Analyzing water quality of the Yellow River reservoirs in order to provide a method that is reasonable and effective in reservoir water quality evaluation, and conducive to the comparison of water quality and generalization of it.[Methods] An improved integrated water quality index(WPSPAQI) method was applied to evaluate the water quality in Donghai and Xihai Reservoirs of Binzhou City, Shandong Province based on the water quality data of four monitoring sections from April, 2011 to April, 2014. Firstly, the water pollution index(WPI) value was used to choose proper sub-index. Secondly, the exceeding standard multiple method, principal component analysis and analytic hierarchy process method were used to determine the weight values. Thirdly, the water quality index(WQI) was introduced and the improved method WPSPAQI was used to analyze the overall state of water pollution, of which include the temporal and spatial characteristics.[Results] ① Most of the water body met the standards of class Ⅰ-Ⅱ and the general water quality in the given period was good. ② The proportion of water quality in class Ⅰ gradually increased, but some pollution factors had not been correspondingly improved. In spatial variation, the difference of water quality between the two reservoirs was small. ③ It also showed that the reservoirs have a certain self-purification ability, since the water quality of the inlet was better than that of the outlet.[Conclusion] Compared with other assessment methods of the reservoir water quality, the improved WPSPAQI method is more reliable in the aspect of data processing and weight determination.

Abstract:[Objective] The purpose of this study was to analyze the evolution trend of policies of supervision and maintenance of land consolidation projects between 2000 to 2016 and thus reveal the evolution law in order to provide a theoretical reference for further formulating reasonable management policies for land consolidation.[Methods] The content analysis method was employed.[Results] ① A large number of relevant policies had emerged during study term and the average items reached 6 from 2009 to 2016, involving 20 provinces; ② The existing policies' forms were mainly notices, opinions, and management regulations and so on, and therefore, the level of effectiveness of those policies was rather low; ③ The national policies were concentrated in 2000 to 2008, mainly about subject and measurement, and the local policies were mostly released in eastern and central regions, mainly about subject and fund; ④ The number of specialized policy was far less than the comprehensive policy.[Conclusion] The existing policy system is still lack of detailed rules and regional difference and it is strongly suggested to evaluate the policies' effect, increase the interactivity between national and local policies, and improve the institutional structure of the policy system.

Abstract:[Objective] Taking a solid waste treatment plant in Dagang Area of Zhenjiang New Area in Jiangsu Province as the research object, the groundwater pollution was simulated to provide a reference for the prediction and control of groundwater pollution of similar construction projects and enterprises.[Methods] By systematically analyzing field water level, water quality observation data and hydrogeological conditions of the solid waste treatment plant, the groundwater flow and solute transport model were established by Visual Modflow software.[Results] We simulated the migrations of COD_Mn and NH₃-N characteristic pollutants after seepage damage of the factory sewage treatment station, predicted the barrier effect of surface hardening pollution control measures on pollutants, and predicted the pollutant influenced range, over standard range and maximal migration distance by numerical simulation. It was predicted that after 20 years, the pollutant would have the largest influence range and the farthest migration distance, and the influence range of COD_Mn would be larger than that of NH₃-N, and the migration distance be more than that of NH₃-N. After the surface hardening, the pollution feather would not exceed the scope of this assessment.[Conclusion] The pollutants mainly migrate in the direction of water flow, the impact on water environment increases with time, the pollutant concentration decreases with the increase of migration distance. Different contaminants have different solute transport ranges and migration distances in groundwater aquifers. And surface hardening measures can effectively control the spread of pollutants.

Abstract:[Objective] Studying the rules of wind and sand flow in lateral transport engineering around desert line to provide theoretical basis for the application of lateral transmission engineering.[Methods] Based on the wind data in the Liaodun area of Xinjiang Autonomous Region and 3D numerical simulation of CFD, the wind and sand flow fields of three lateral transmission engineerings were compared and analyzed under different working conditions.[Results] Due to the structure differences of lateral transportation engineering, wind and sand flow were guided laterally by the spacing of open feather-row, while closed feather-row and straight-row were conducted in front of the engineering. The flow field of three lateral transportation engineerings were all consist of the transportation area and the deceleration zone, but the deceleration zone area of open feather-row was less than those of the other two. Large wind speed and rich sand source should use straight-row engineering. Large wind speed and general sand source should use open feather-row engineering; general wind speed and rich sand source should use closed feather-row engineering.[Conclusion] Lateral transport engineering can effectively transport wind sand flow, and different types of lateral transportation structure are suitable for different conditions.

Abstract:[Objective] To explore the soil quality evaluation method of soil stripping in tillage layer in building Qingdao New Airport, and to determine the soil stripping depth of the tillage layer according to the soil quality grade, so as to provide the basis for the soil stripping utilization scheme of the tillage layer.[Methods] According to index design principles, we analyzed the concept and the demand of the tillage layer stripping and drew a conclusion of soil quality evaluation system. The fuzzy membership model was used to estimate the soil fertility. The Nemerow multi-factor index was used to estimate the soil contaminating degree of the heavy metal and organism. The comprehensive quality of soil was evaluated by soil quality index to rank soil qaulity, then the stripping depth of tillage layer is achieved.[Results] Soil quality grade of tillage layer was achieved, that sample points of 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 11, 12 were the first, sample points 2, 6, 9 are the second, sample points 7, 10 were the third.[Conclusion] The first grade soil quality is the best, and the average thickness of tillage layer is 20 cm. The recommended soil stripping depth is 30 cm.The second grade soil quality is the better, and the average thickness of tillage layer is 20 cm. The recommended soil stripping depth of the occupied and damaged tillage layer is 20 cm for the new airport construction project.The third grade soil quality is medium, the average thickness of tillage layer is 20 cm. It is suggested to select part of damaged and occupied tillage layer with high quality to strip for the new airport construction project. The recommended soil stripping depth is 10 cm.

Abstract:[Objective] The ecological vulnerability of Wan'an county, Jiangxi Province, was quantitatively studied in order to provide a reference for the quantitative evaluation of land vulnerability at county level, so as to promote the sustainable development of social-economy-ecological environment.[Methods] The paper took Wan'an county, Jiangxi Province, as study area, to construct natural ecosystem vulnerability assessment model using the entropy and gray correlation analysis methods from three aspects, i.e., ecological supporting pressure, ecosystem sensitivity and ecological resilience, in accordance with the "pressure-state-response" assessment framework. Landscape fractal dimension, fragmentation, dominance, landscape adaptability index, human disturbance intensity, vegetation cover, topographic index and landscape type indexes and data of remote sensing of 1987,1995 and 2015 were used. The ecological vulnerability of Wan'an County was analyzed and assessed dynamically based on grid scale.[Results] The results showed that the land ecological vulnerability was exacerbated increasingly in 1987-2015 and 68.72% of our research area was in an increased ecological vulnerability. The distribution and trend map of land ecological vulnerability showed that high value areas of ecological vulnerability were concentrated in the central and the northern regions, while low value areas were concentrated in the south and the northwest. Method of spatial analysis were applied to analyze spatial cluster characteristics and the significance of ecological vulnerability. The spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed that the landscape vulnerability had high and increased spatial autocorrelation in 1987-2015. The main driving factors of ecological vulnerability in Wan'an County were per capita net income, the amount of fertilizer of per unit cultivated area and non-agricultural population proportion.[Conclusion] The ecological environment of the study area was severe. It was necessary to plan for rational land use and arrange the ecological functional areas according to the conditions in resources, climate, terrain and soil of Wan'an County.

Abstract:[Objective] Exploring the restoration control model and control cost of ecological environment in abandoned quarryes, which can provide references for the environmental restoration and management of the remaining quarrying mines in Xishan, Hancheng City of Shaanxi Province.[Methods] Through the investigation, exploration and indoor experiment, the geological environment of the abandoned rock quarrying in the west of Hancheng City was analyzed, which is exposed rock slope deformation characteristics, waste slag occupation of arable land and mud and other issues.[Results] The paper put forward engineering treatment and ecological restoration treatment of slope and waste slag. Ways of skiving the top and heaving foot, vegetating the concrete into the slope were adopted. Wasted slag was used to dig the high place, fill the low place, and fill compaction by grades, to bulid retaining walls on the slope foot, cover the slide with soil and planting flowers. Trees had a advance for environmental governance.[Conclusion] The engineering treatment with "dig the high place and fill the low place" for the unstable slope and the accumulated waste slag, and covering the slide surface with the vegetation technology have a advance for ecological environmental governance.

Abstract:[Objective] Based on analyzing the time series of urban water ecological footprint in Guiyang City, this paper made use of the water ecological footprint model to calculate the water ecological footprint and evaluated the sustainable utilization of water resources and to provide some advice for rational utilization of water resources.[Methods] Using water ecological footprint theory, the water ecological footprint, water resources carrying capacity and sustainable utilization index of water resources in Guiyang City from 2002 to 2016 were calculated. Then, according to the environmental pressure model STIRPAT modeling and using partial least squares(PLS) regression and elastic net regression to back up and analyse the driving force factors which affect the water ecological footprint.[Results] ① From 2002 to 2015, as a whole, water ecological footprint in Guiyang City was on the rise. The water ecological carrying capacity was in a large fluctuating range. The water resources sustainable utilization index was lower than 1. The water resource in the whole city was in a insecure state. ② Using LS regression to analyze the STIRPAT model, the results showed that the four driving force factors in the model have multiple collinear. Then, using partial least squares(PLS) to modify the STIRPAT model, the total linearity between the driving force factors was eliminated. But the VIP value only selected two meaningful driver force factors:the quadratic term of per capita GDP and the population. ③ According to the analysis of STIRPAT by elastic net, the results showed that the population, per capita GPD, the first two industries accounted for the ratio of the total industry, and the urbanization rates affected the water ecological footprint of Guiyang City. The water ecological footprint between first two industries accounted for the ratio of the total industry and the urbanization rate both existed the environmental Kuzenets curve.[Conclusion] In the process of developing and promoting rapid urbanization, the water ecological footprint of Guiyang City must be reduced, which is the key to the sustainable development of water resources.

Abstract:[Objective] Quantitative monitoring of soil and water loss in representative districts of soil and water loss in key control and prevention areas was conducted to grasp the relative conditions of soil and water loss, and to provide technical methods and theoretical support for dynamic monitoring of soil erosion.[Methods] High-resolution remote sensing images, DEM and rainfall data in Tongshan District of Xuzhou City and Ganyu District of Lianyungang City in Jiangsu Province were collected. And Chinese soil erosion equation (CSLE) was used as the basic algorithm to calculate the potential losses of soil and water.[Results] The area of soil erosion in Tongshan district was 1 917.82 km², mild loss area and above was 175.76 km², accounting for 9.16% of the total loss area. The area of soil erosion in Ganyu district was 1 511.2 km², mild loss area and above is 131.95 km², accounting for 8.73% of the total loss area.[Conclusion] The model parameters of the research are real and objective, and are not interfered by human factors. It is suitable for multi-period and/or large-scale dynamic monitoring of soil erosion, and will provide an efficient and feasible method for the dynamic monitoring of soil erosion in Jiangsu Province in the future.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper aimed to study the measurement and structure of carbon footprint and carbon capacity in Zhejiang Province, to evaluate its carbon security and to analyze its influencing factors so as to provide reference and basis for the development of low-carbon economy.[Methods] We calculated the carbon footprint, carbon capacity from 2000 to 2015 in Zhejiang Province, constructed an evaluation system with respect to carbon pressure index and carbon footprint index and used it to evaluate the carbon security in Zhejiang Province. The STIRPAT model and ridge regresion methods were used to analyze the influencing factors of carbon footprint in Zhejiang Province.[Results] The carbon footprint of Zhejiang Province experienced a process of increasing firstly and then decreasing slightly, and its carbon capacity was basically stable. The efficiency of energy utilization increased year by year, and the dependence of economic development on it reduced. The carbon pressure index ranged from 1.35 to 4.19; the carbon footprint index ranged from 0.21 to 0.59, which meant that Zhejiang's carbon footprint was above the average level in the world. Regression results showed that the drivers of carbon footprint in Zhejiang Province included population factors(population, urbanization rate), wealth factors(GDP), technical factors(secondary industry share, coal carbon footprint).[Conclusion] The level of carbon security in Zhejiang Province was relatively low. In order to achieve the goal of low-carbon economy, measures like controlling the population, improving the quality of urbanization, developing low-carbon industries, promoting the use of clean energy, protecting forests and increasing urban greening area, should be taken.

Abstract:[Objective] Studying the law of regional ecological risk changes in coastal areas in order to provide theoretical reference for ecological rehabilitation.[Methods] Taking the coastal area of Fujian Province as the research object, using geostatistical analysis and spatial auto-correlation analysis method with ArcGIS and Fragstats software, we constructed a landscape ecological risk assessment model based on the ecological environment vulnerability and loss degree of land use change. The distribution of ecological risk levels in the study area and the spatial correlation of ecological risks were analyzed.[Results] The areas of construction land, forest land, and water area all showed an upward trend, and the areas of shrubs, grassland, cultivated land, mudflats, and unused land all showed a downward trend, and the degree of fragmentation got worsened, the degree of separation was increased. The degrees of fragmentation and separation gradually decreased, and the geographical distribution gradually became concentrated. The spatial distribution of ecological risks in 2000-2013 was roughly in a banded pattern, and the areas at low, lower, and middle ecological risk levels all increased but with different increments. The areas at high and higher ecological risks both had been reduced to some extent. The ecological risk index in the study area had a strong agglomeration effect in space, and the spatial distribution of ecological risk indexes was mostly in high-high and low-low patterns.[Conclusion] The overall ecological risk showed a downward trend, and the ecological environment gradually improved. However, the landscape ecological problems are still severe. Therefore, the government departments must pay attention to the local ecological environment while developing economy, and realize the coordinated development of economy and ecological environment.

Abstract:[Objective] Taking Huainan City of Anhui Province as an example, this paper discussed the influence of land use change on the ecosystem service value in the resource-based cities, in order to provide scientific references for the city's ecological, economic, ecological environment protection, the future exploitation and construction of the city, and the development of agriculture as well.[Methods] Based on related studies on land use and the method of ecosystem service value assessment, using GIS technology, this paper analyzed the land use changes of Huainan City from 2000 to 2010 and calculated ecosystem service value to study how ecosystem service value changed with the land use.[Results] The changes of land uses in Huainan City were significant from 2000 to 2010, among which, the areas of cropland, settlement land, industrial and mining land, and water got remarkable changes. Total ecosystem service value of the study area increased from about 1.172 billion yuan in 2000 to about 1.133 billion yuan in 2010, which showed an decreasing tendency with a percentage of 3.33%. The land use structure had changed, of which the cropland and woodland had reduced, settlement land, industrial and mining land, and water area had increased. The sensitivity analysis showed that the ecosystem service value(ESV)lacked of flexibility, indicating that the results of ecosystem service value evaluation are reliable.[Conclusion] Huainan City should attach great importance to the impact of land use change on the value of ecosystem services, optimize the structure of land use, pay more attention to the increase of ecological land, and steadily improve the value of regional ecosystem services.

Abstract:[Objective] The relationship between the urbanization level and the resource-environment stress in Rizhao City, Shandong Province was studied in order to provide a scientific basis for the sustainable and coordinated development of the city in the future.[Methods] The comprehensive evaluation method was used to measure the urbanization level of Rizhao City from 2006 to 2016. And the resource-environment stress of Rizhao City was measured by the method of resource-environment stress index. The correlation between the two items was further analyzed.[Results] Both of the urbanization level and the resources-environment stress of Rizhao City were in an increasing trend from 2006 to 2016, while the level of urbanization were increasing year by year. Hence, the resource-environment stress was also in a fluctuating increased, there was a strong correlation between the two items.[Conclusion] The level of urbanization grew faster than the growth rate of the resource-environment stress, but the stress was still either in a moderate high pressure stage or in a high pressure stage. To some extent, this prohibited the further development of the city. To this problem, the countermeasures in promoting the urbanization of Rizhao City and the development of resources-environment sustainability are put forward.

Abstract:[Objective] To explore the spatial differences about relevance between scientific-technical innovation and sustainable development of China National Sustainable Communities(CNSCs) in different regions, and to provide decision reference for sustainable development of Shandong Province.[Methods] By selecting 29 index from two aspects of scientific-technical innovation and sustainable development, using grey correlation model calculated the correlation degree of scientific-technical innovation with sustainable development degree and coordination degree of CNSCs in eastern, central and western of Shandong Province in 2009-2015, calculated and classified correlation coefficient of scientific-technical innovation with subsystem development degree, sustainable development degree and coordination degree of every CNSCs in 2015.[Results] There was a high relevance between scientific-technical innovation and sustainable development degree in CNSCs of three region, showed the ladder distribution from west to east. A low relevance between scientific-technical innovation and coordination degree, showed the pattern of "high in the middle and low in the two ends"; There had a significant relevance of every CNSCs, and scientific-technical innovation made contributions to the promotions of economy, society and environment coordinated and sustainable development, but it focused on different aspects. The differences of correlation coefficient is obvious between scientific-technical innovation with sustainable development degree and coordination degree, the east is mainly moderate correlation type and high correlation type, the center is mainly high correlation type, the west belongs to high correlation type.[Conclusion] There was great difference in the spatial differences about relevance between scientific-technical innovation and sustainable development of CNSCs, and it was necessary to explore path which suits for local conditions.

Abstract:[Objective] The thesis aimed to evaluate the urban vulnerability evolution of resource-oriented Tangshan City of Hebei Province, and to provide scientific basis for improving the sustainable development ability of Tangshan City and similar resource-oriented cities.[Methods] Based on the framework of sensitivity response capability, the urban vulnerability evaluation index system was constructed from resources, environment, economy and society.Then we introduced matter element analysis model to evaluate the urban vulnerability of Tangshan City from 2000 to 2014.[Results] The overall level of urban vulnerability showed an downward trend in Tangshan City during the study period, the warning degree down from "to the huge warning transformation" to "no warning transformation", and divided into 4 stages. There are still many factors that restrict the vulnerability, including per capita arable land area, the local financial self-sufficiency rate, urban and rural balance index, resource intensive industry employment proportion, the proportion of the added value of industrial structure, the diversity index, unit GDP power consumption, industrial solid waste comprehensive utilization rate, science and technology expenditure of local fiscal expenditure, third industry practitioners and so on.[Conclusion] The matter element analysis model can be applied to urban vulnerability evaluation. The results show that the urban vulnerability of Tangshan City has been improved, but in the future, obstacle factors still need to be paid attention to.

Abstract:[Objective] The analyses of land use change and ecological risk assessment in Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province will provide theoretical basis for protecting ecological security, developing land resources reasonably and making scientific and effective planning.[Methods] Based on the change of land use pattern in Hangzhou City, the ecological risk index was constructed to analyze the spatial and temporal change of ecological risk and the response characteristics of ecological risk to land use.[Results] ① The land use change was mainly manifested as:the reduction of cultivated land and the increase of construction land; the transfer of cultivated land and forest land to construction land, the transfer of waters and grassland to cultivated land and forest land; the intensity of land use was slowed. ② The ecological risk increaseed in Hangzhou City, and the ecological risk value was positively correlated with land use. The moderate ecological risk area occupied the dominant position, the extremely high ecological risk areas were mainly distributed in the city area, Hangzhou Bay, southwest of the center of Chun'an County, the ecological risk area as a center to periphery decline. ③ The ecological risk grade was mainly low-high grade transfer, the ecological risk grade rises, and the annual average conversion rate was decreasing. ④ The response of ecological risk to land use change was more flexible in spatiotemporal space, and the response coefficient of urban areas, Jiande City and Tonglu County was declining. The risk sources and risk factors tended to diversify; the response coefficients of other units increased, and land use had a positive response to regional ecological risks.[Conclusion] The spatial and temporal change of land use pattern in Hangzhou City is obvious, and the rapid change of land use aggravates the ecological risk of Hangzhou City.

Abstract:[Objective] The development and utilization of selenium rich land resources in Lishui District of Nanjing City were studied in order to provide scientific reference for developing local characteristic selenium enriched agricultural products industry.[Methods] On the basis of sampling and testing of soil chemical properties at Lishui Distriat, analysis of statistics and interpolation of soil selenium content by ArcGIS, selecting the most appropriate model and interpolation method, according to the prediction of the soil selenium sample point data, literature data and the actual situation of Lishui District, selenium enriched land was graded to understand its selenium spatial distribution. Areas that are suitable for planting selenium-rich agriculture products and the species were maped and listed.[Results] There is approximately 4.25% of the land resource of selenium rich in Lishui District, which distributed in townships in the form of block or spot, which can be developed as the planting land of the selenium rich agricultural products by combining the soil acidity and alkalinity.[Conclusion] The Gauss model in the common Kriging method can well fit the situation of soil rich selenium in Lishui District, and the selenium rich land resources in the study area have great development space and utilization value. It is necessary to make rational planning and provide basis for the development of regional characteristric agricultural products market.

Abstract:[Objective] Using reasonable and valid evaluation method to study the arable land utilization efficiency in Anhui Province in order to provide directions for its improvement.[Methods] Four-stage DEA method was used to evaluate the arable land efficiency of 16 regions in Anhui Province in 2016.[Results] ① For the whole province, the overall arable land utilization efficiency was 0.743, which indicated the arable land utilization efficiency in Anhui Province was not high, both technical efficiency and scale efficiency should be improved. For Hefei, Bozhou, Suzhou, Lu'an City, they were more efficient from the technology and scale perspectives. For Bengbu City and other three regions, they were only efficient in technology. For the remaining 6 regions, they were not efficient from both technology and scale perspectives. Except Fuyang and the best 4 regions, the remaining 11 regions had the potential to increase the scale further. ② Increasing cultivated land crop multiple index and economic earnings of farmers can decrease the oversupply of kinds of resources. Improving their irrigation and water conservation was beneficial to raise the efficiency of arable land utilization. Moreover, improving the unit labor consumption rate of cultivated land will relieve the oversupply of labor resources.[Conclusion] Raising cultivated land crop multiple index properly, improving the condition of irrigation and water conservancy, promoting the non-agricultural employment of farmers, and driving agricultural development by regional development are feasible methods to help achieve more efficient arable land utilization in Anhui Province.

Abstract:[Objective] From the perspective of water footprint, the coupling mechanism between agricultural economic growth and utilization of agricultural water resources in Pingtang County of Guizhou Province was analyzed in order to provide reference materials for ecological management of karst peak cluster depression.[Methods] Using the CROPWAT 8.0 software recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, to calculate the agricultural water footprint of Pingtang County, and using decoupling theory to analyse the decoupling situation between agricultural development and utilization of agricultural water resources in Pingtang County from 2001 to 2015.[Results] ① The water footprint and GDP of Pingtang County from 2002 to 2015 fluctuated and increased, but its growth rate was volatile. ② From the perspective of tapioelasticity index, the relationship between agricultural economic growth and agricultural water consumption is still unstable at the present stage, unsustainable utilization of agricultural water resources still exists; ③ The ideal or optimistic year for decoupling was 2007, followed by 2008. The worst coordination was 2006 year, and the trend of decoupling showed a trend of inverted "U" shape as a whole from 2002 to 2015; ④ In terms of area, the specific gravity range of weak decoupling area during the study period was 0%~97.9%(the largest was 2010, the second largest was 2013, and the smallest was 2011), the specific gravity range of strong decoupling area was 0%~100%(the largest was 2007, the second largest was 2008, and the smallest was 2010), and recession decoupling area specific gravity range was 0%~49.7% (it was 49.7% in 2011, and other years was 0).[Conclusion] Overall, agricultural economic growth and agricultural water use coordination is not good in Pingtang County.

Abstract:[Objective] The research investigated the vegetation coverage status of ecological environment in the study area in order to provide scientific evidences for environmental protection and management.[Methods] Taken a Western Tianshan mountains forest, Huoheng forestry farm as study area, the research applied the normalized vegetation index to analyze the status of vegetation coverage and spatio-temporal variational characteristics based on remote sensing images of TM/OLI and DEM data in 1999, 2007 and 2016 years.[Results] In temporal aspect, the vegetation coverage of Huocheng forest were mainly of grade Ⅱ and grade Ⅲ. The two grades accounted for more than 55% of the total coverage and generally showed an increasing trend. In spatial distribution aspect, the vegetation coverage presented different distribution and variation characteristics due to the differences of altitude, slope and terrain factors. Vegetation coverage of area was relatively high at the districts with altitude from 1 500 to 2 000 m or from 2 000 to 2 500 m, or when slope is between 30° to 45°. Otherwise, the vegetation coverage was relatively low. The vegetation coverage had a rank on following slopes:shady > semi-shady > semi-sunny slope > sunny slope. When altitude was less than 1 500 m and slope was greater than 30°, the change trend of vegetation coverage was obviously. However, when altitude was greater than 2 500 m and slope was more steep than 45°, the change trend of vegetation coverage was less significant resulting from the influence of human activities.[Conclusion] During the period from 1999 to 2016, the vegetation coverage of Huocheng forest farm showed an overall upward trend in time. In terms of spatial distribution, there are different distribution and variation characteristics due to different terrain factors such as altitude, slope and slope direction.

Abstract:[Objective] To discuss the spatial-temporal variations of urban landscape pattern in Taiyuan City in different scales, and expected to provide an important scientific basis for explaining the spatial-temporal pattern of landscape pattern evolution in the process of urbanization and evaluating the impact of social-economic development.[Methods] The research was based on 3 time series of Landsat TM remote sensing images from 2000 to 2015. We used the spatial distribution of land use in level 1 of landscape types, and used Fragstats 3.4 software to calculate the landscape pattern characteristic index in Taiyuan City, studied the temporal and spatial variation of the urban landscape pattern in the whole city and the main urban area of Taiyuan City. And then we analyzed the driving effect of landscape pattern in Taiyuan City used SPSS software system.[Results] ① In the past 15 years, woodland, cultivated land and grassland have always been the main landscape types in the whole city. The proportion has changed from 33.60%, 31.80% and 27.47% to 35.18%, 27.97% and 25.49% respectively. The area of urban-rural, industrial-mining and residents land increased significantly. The proportion increased from 5.86% to 10.27%, among which cultivated land and grassland were the main sources of the expansion of urbanization land. Land use intensity in the main urban area showed an increasing trend. The proportions of urban-rural, industrial-mining and residents land increased from 21.65% to 33.82%, became the main landscape types in the main urban areas, and the proportion of arable land decreased from 27.04% to 37.54%, the amount of cultivated land occupied by urban-rural, industrial-mining and residents land was more visible than that of the whole city. ② In the whole city scale, The patch fragmentation of cultivated land and woodland is high, the landscape contagion decreased, landscape diversity increased. In the main urban area scale, however, urban-rural, industrial-mining and residents land fragmentation degree increased, landscape contagion increased after an initial decrease, but the landscape diversity decreased after an initial increasing trend.[Conclusion] Urban landscape pattern in the whole city are different definitely with which in the main urban area of Taiyuan City. Social-economic development, policy factors, and the phasing regulation role of urban planning and development theory are main driving forces of the evolution of urban landscape pattern in Taiyuan City.

Abstract:[Objective] To evaluate the efficiency of grain production, recognize the status of grain production and explore an effective way to improve the efficiency of grain production in the background of limited cultivated land area and rapid urbanization.[Methods] The grain production efficiencies of 31 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) in China from 2006 to 2015 were measured by data envelopment method (DEA), and the spatial and temporal pattern evolution characteristics were analyzed with the help of exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA). The driving mechanism was revealed by the spatial econometric model.[Results] The efficiency of grain production in China was on the low level, the grain production efficiencies of the eastern coastal area and the western region had large scale and substantial decline trend; the spatial agglomeration effect of grain production efficiency was significant and had a leap, but mainly with type Ⅵ, its spatial structure had a certain path dependence. There was a positive N shaped Kuznets curve between grain production efficiency and economic growth. At present, the grain production efficiency of most regions is characterized by diminishing marginal income, and the future grain production is bound to emphasize the importance of other policy means.[Conclusion] The spatial heterogeneity of grain production efficiency in China is remarkable. It is necessary to give full play to the favorable regional advantage of "be spread", and formulate a grain production strategy with regional linkage characteristics.

Abstract:[Objective] The SWAT model was used to simulate and analyze non-point source pollution in the Heihe upper reservoir in order to provide scientific support for the improvement of water quality of the reservoir.[Methods] The non-point source pollution-SWAT model was used to determine and verify the measured rainfall, monthly runoff, sediment and water quality data of the hydrological stations in the basin from 2002 to 2008.[Results] ① The output of non-point source pollution mainly concentrated in the flood season(June-October) and was positively correlated with rainfall. ② The rainfall within the river basin distributed unevenly and it decreased from the south to the north, from mountain to plain. The runoff depth was positively correlated with rainfall, and the spatial distributions of sediment and non-point source loads were opposite to rainfall. ③ The output of non-point source pollution per unit area varied with land use types. The cultivated land had the largest output, followed by the grassland, and woodland had the least. ④ In different simulation scenarios, the pollution load decreased significantly as the cultivated land decreased. In the aspect of non-point pollution control, forest land converted from cultivated land performed better than the cultivated land and woody forest from cultivated land. The conversion of farmland to forest and grassland could effectively reduce the non-point source pollution load in the basin.[Conclusion] The non-point source pollution of Heihe Reservoir occurred mainly in the downstream flood season from June to October. Returning land from farm to forestry, and reducing fertilization, could effectively control non-point source pollution in the region.

Abstract:[Objective] Studying the characteristics and permeability of commonly used green soil in Tianjin City, in order to provide theoretical basis for the design and promotion with application of low elevation greenbelt in Tianjin City.[Methods] Different functional areas and different vegetation types(lawn, shrubs) of soil were selected to study soil particle composition, bulk density, porosity and permeability coefficient and to analyze the correlation among soil properties.[Results] The functional areas belonged to silty clay except for the old residential with silty soil. Affected by artificial disturbance, the green soil had greater bulk density, low porosity and severe soil compation. Soil bulk density was 1.34~1.55 g/cm³, soil porosity was 42.50%~52.80%. There were significant differences in permeability coefficient of each functional area, the range was 8.8E-06~1.3E-03 cm/s, the size trend was mainly influenced by artificial factors, ranked as follows:cultural and educational zone > residential zone > industrial zone > suburban forest zone > park zone > traffic zone; Vegetation type had an influence on soil permeability coefficient. The permeability coefficient of soil was negatively correlated with soil moisture content and soil bulk density, positive correlation with soil porosity. Soil bulk density was significantly negatively correlated with soil porosity.[Conclusion] The soil compaction is serious in Tianjin City, the lawn and shrub of soil is dominated by weak permeable water and medium permeable water.

Abstract:[Objective] The spatial-temporal evolution of cultivated land use efficiency was analyzed on village level in Guanghe County, Gansu Province for rationale use and efficiency improvement of farmland resources in order to meet the needs of farmers in agricultural production and life.[Methods] Introducing the GIS, ESDA and the improved entropy method to reveal the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics.[Results] The economic benefits of cultivated land use on village scale increased in the past 10 years, whereas, social, ecological and the comprehensive benefits all exhibited an upward-downward trend. Areas having high economically efficiency mostly locate along riverside. Areas having high socially efficiency mostly distribute in those mountainous villages as Hongzhuang village, or far from rivers. Though land use efficiency was significantly auto-correlated the interaction among villages on the whole showed a downward trend. The high-high benefit area was shrinking, and the pattern with respect to the high-high type area also changed:the center area gradually shifted from Chuan District villages to the southwest villages of Guanghe County.[Conclusion] The benefit evaluation on village level can reflect the practical cultivated land utilization by farmers. This is helpful to make scientific and effective adjustments based on the agglomeration of benefits. Guanghe County should speed up the construction of new type of agricultural management system and form a joint force for the development of social undertakings among villages.

Abstract:[Objective] The purpose of this paper is to provide decision support for the regulation of sandy wasteland and the protection of ecological environment, and to provide new ideas and methods for the prevention and control of desertification and economic development in China.[Methods] Taking Weihe River and Luohe River as a research area, based on the necessity of remediation of local deserted land, sand land regulation status quo and the expected target, based on the advantages of sand land regulation in the research area, studying the development and application of sand and wasteland remediation model with ecological security as the core, the comprehensive benefit evaluation model of sand wasteland remediation based on entropy weight matter-element method is established. Based on this, the comprehensive benefit evaluation index in accordance with the research area was obtained and evaluated in order to promote the benign utilization of sandy land resources.[Results] The comprehensive benefits of sand remediation in the study area are excellent, and the remediation effect has reached the expected target.[Conclusion] The relevant countermeasures and safeguard measures for the remediation, development and utilization of sandy land under the new situation were put forward, thus promoting the virtuous utilization of sandy resources in the study area.

Abstract:[Objective] This paper aimed to diagnosis the level of the rural land consolidation project performance based on the farmers' satisfaction in order to provide some references for policy making.[Methods] The evaluation index system of rural land consolidation project performance was constructed based on the farmers' satisfaction, then the empirical analysis was conducted by comprehensive evaluation method, paired sample T test and the IPA(importance performance analysis) analysis.[Results] The farmers' satisfaction of the rural land consolidation project was 3.747 5, and the rural land consolidation project performance level was in the "good" class. The project result performance level was higher than the process performance level. The important factors impacting rural land consolidation project performance level mainly included the adoption degree of farmers' opinions in the stage of the decision-making, consultation with farmers' opinions in the stage of planning programming, the adoption degree of farmers' opinions in the stage of planning programming, the clear subject of final management maintenance, production cost reduction, the sound system of final management maintenance, the supply of funds for the final management maintenance, the perfect measures of final management maintenance, the degree of farmers' participation in the stage of the decision making, agricultural scale production, the biodiversity conservation, the ability of fighting natural calamities for farmland, quality of farmland shelterbelts, farmers' participation in the completion acceptance, and so on.[Conclusion] They are reasonable and feasible that the evaluation index system of the rural land consolidation project performance was established based on the farmers' satisfaction, while the level of the rural land consolidation project performance was diagnosed by comprehensive evaluation method, paired sample T test and the IPA analysis.