Abstract:[Objective] The spatial variation characteristics of rainfall erosivity in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 1981 to 2018 were analyzed in order to provide a scientific reference for the theoretical study of soil hydraulic erosion, and for the practical work related to soil and water conservation in the region. [Methods] Based on the daily rainfall data of 38 meteorological stations in Xinjiang region from 1981 to 2018, the half-month rainfall erosion algorithm model was used to calculate the rainfall erosivity factor R, which reflected the intrinsic effect of rainfall on soil erosion. The ratios of multi-year average half monthly rainfall erosivity were calculated, and Kriging interpolation method was used to analyze the spatial variation characteristics of rainfall erosion in Xinjiang region. [Results] ① The spatial variation of rainfall erosivity was similar with the spatial variation of precipitation in Xinjiang region, showing a pattern of higher in the west and lower in the east, higher in the middle and lower in the south and north. As a whole, the annual rainfall erosivity showed an increasing trend with a growth rate of 15.6[MJ·mm/(hm²·h·a)]/10 a, although it varied among regions. The trend rate was positive in most areas of the Northern Tianshan while negative or zero in most areas of the Southern Tianshan, and which was higher in the northern part than in the southern part. ② Higher trend rate of rainfall erosivity appeared mostly in summer (from June to August), however the seasonal distribution pattern was different in various regions. The higher tendency rate occurred in spring and summer across most of the north part, meanwhile it occurred in summer and autumn across most of the south part. The distribution of multi-year average rainfall erosivity concentrated in spring and summer, but different in various regions. The distribution of rainfall erosivity was more concentrated than rainfall. These indicated that the erosive rainfall events mostly occurred from May to August. [Conclusion] Climate and altitude are key factors affecting the patterns of rainfall erosivity. In the context of climate change, the heavy rainfall events in spring and summer should not be ignored for soil hydraulic erosion in Tianshan Mountain of Xinjiang region.

Abstract:[Objective] The regulation mechanism of different vegetation patterns on erosion dynamics in hill-gully slope was studied in order to provide a scientific basis for further revealing the law of erosion in grassland slope and the effects of vegetation on erosion reduction. [Methods] The regulation mechanism of different vegetation patterns on the erosion dynamics on a hill-gully slope was analyzed with rainfall simulation and three-dimensional laser scanning technology on a hill-gully slope model. [Results] Both runoff velocity and sediment concentration affected the dynamic process of slope erosion, and runoff velocity was the dominant factor. The gully-slope area was the main erosional sediment source. The scope and degree of vegetation regulation impacts with different patterns could be reflected by sediment yield ratios of hillslope to gully-slope. The grass strip located at the middle and lower part of the hillslope not only reduced the erosion degree effectively on the hillslope, but also retarded runoff velocity on the gully-slope greatly which would alleviate the erosion at the lower part of hillslope and gully slope. [Conclusion] Different vegetation patterns regulate the erosion dynamics in hill-gully slope by affecting the runoff velocity and sediment concentration.

Abstract:[Objective] The slope erosion characteristics in the granite red soil under different jute geotextile covering conditions were studied in order to provide a scientific basis for regional soil erosion control. [Methods] The slope erosion characteristics of granite red topsoil were investigated in terms of runoff coefficient, soil erosion rate, particle size distribution, and the enrichment ratio of eroded sediment through rainfall simulation experiments under the extreme rainfall intensity (90 mm/h) at slopes with 5° and 15° slope gradients and three different jute geotextile mulching conditions (uncovered, 6 cm×6 cm, and 3 cm×3 cm). [Results] The runoff increased with rainfall duration, in contrast to a decrease in the soil erosion rate, indicating a detachment-limited erosion process. Compared to the uncovered treatment, jute geotextile mulching obviously reduced runoff and sediment under different experimental conditions. Additionally, sorting of the eroded sediment revealed that the clay-and silt-sized particles along the slope were preferentially and selectively transported, resulting in the enrichment of quartz coarse particles on the slope surface, especially at the gentle slope (5°) and high jute geotextile coverage (3 cm×3 cm). With rainfall duration, the continuous enrichment of quartz coarse particles on the slope further enhanced the erosion resistance of in-situ slope, corresponding to the gradual decrease of soil erosion rate with rainfall duration. [Conclusion] High-density jute geotextile covering can effectively reduce the runoff and sediment, and can increase the erosion resistance of in-situ slope, suggesting its potential as an effective measure for soil erosion prevention and restoration.

Abstract:[Objective] The temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall and its relationship with sediment yield in Hekou-Longmen region of the middle reaches of the Yellow River was studied in order to provide basis for erosion control and soil and water conservation planning. [Methods] Based on the data of rainfall and sediment yield modulus, the spatial variation rules of rainfall and sediment yield in Hekou-Longmen region was systematically studied by using Tyson polygon weighted variation coefficient method, K-means clustering analysis and linear regression analysis. [Results] From 1959 to 2015, the precipitation and rainfall erosivity in flood season showed the same spatial distribution characteristics, but the spatial variability of rainfall erosivity in flood season was stronger. The spatial distribution characteristics of precipitation and rainfall erosivity in flood season were the same in the annual and inter annual time scales, and they had latitude zonality (p<0.01). The spatial variability of precipitation in flood season and rainfall erosivity in flood season had little difference at tributary scale, and the variation trend was similar. [Conclusion] From 1959 to 2015, before large-scale soil erosion control, sediment yield in Hekou-Longmen region was mainly affected by rainfall (p<0.01), but after soil erosion control, sediment yield in the basin decreased dramatically, and there was no significant correlation between rainfall and sediment yield modulus in the basin.

Abstract:[Objective] The effects of rainfall on soil and water loss of small watershed were analyzed in low mountains and hills area of Naning City in order to provide some theoretical basis for analyzing rainfall-runoff characteristics and managing comprehensively in low hill area. [Methods] Runoff and sediment data from 2015 to 2018, and 156 rainfall events were used in this study. Rainfall events were classified by using K-means clustering algorithm. The characteristics of different rainstorm patterns were analyzed by adopting LSD multiple comparison method. And multiple fitting regression equation of main indicators was established to explore runoff and sediment yield characteristics of small watershed under different rainfall conditions. [Results] ① The precipitation, I₃₀, and rainfall erosion force were the important influence factors of small watershed runoff and sedimentation characteristics. Among 156 flood events in the small watershed, the main characteristics were rainfall < 75 mm, I₃₀ <20 mm/h, the runoff coefficient <0.2, and the sediment concentration < 1 g/L. ② The rainfall events were classified into five rainstorm patterns as pattern Ⅰ (low P, low I₃₀), pattern Ⅱ (high P, medium I₃₀), pattern Ⅲ (medium P, low I₃₀), pattern Ⅳ (medium P, high I₃₀), pattern Ⅴ (low P, medium I₃₀). The frequency of pattern Ⅰ was the highest, while the frequency of pattern Ⅳ was the lowest. ③ The runoff and sediment yield of pattern Ⅱ and pattern Ⅳ were higher than that of other patterns, followed by pattern Ⅲ, and pattern Ⅰ and pattern Ⅴ were the least. There was no obvious difference among the runoff and sedimentation characteristics of pattern Ⅰ, pattern Ⅲ, and pattern Ⅴ. ④ The multiple fitting regression equation of modulus of sediment yield and peak discharge had the best simulating effect. The correlation coefficients (R²) was higher than 0.75 and passed the test of significance. The equation could be used to calculate various indexes quantitatively. [Conclusion] The precipitation, I₃₀, and rainfall erosion force were important influence factors to small watershed runoff and sedimentation characteristics. The rainfall characteristics of different rain patterns were significantly different. Pattern Ⅱ and pattern Ⅳ were the main rainfall pattern causing the runoff of small watersheds. Quantitative indicators could be calculated by multiple regression equation.

Abstract:[Objective] The effects of different precipitation patterns on carbon emission of cyanobacteria crust covered soil were explored in order to provide scientific basis for accurate estimation of carbon emission of ecosystems in arid regions. [Methods] Taking Ulan Buh Desert as a study area, the global climate change was simulated by artificial precipitation enhancement and frequency change. Long-term field monitoring was conducted for soil respiration rate of cyanobacteria crust covered soil. [Results] Precipitation could stimulate the release fluxes of CO₂ immediately. The soil respiration rate reached maximum within 1 hour after rainfall, and fell to a low level in about 12 hours. With the increasing of dry-wet alternation times, the respiration pulse gradually weakened. Compared with the first rainfall, the peak of soil respiration rate was decreased by 40% to 60% after the last rainfall. The 16-hour cumulative release fluxes of CO₂ and the total cumulative release fluxes of CO₂ all increased along with the increase of precipitation size. However, when the precipitation size increased to a certain extent, it had no obvious acceleration effect on soil carbon emission. For a single precipitation, the release fluxes of CO₂ caused by low-frequency heavy precipitation were significantly greater than that of high-frequency light precipitation. With the total precipitation size constant, the release fluxes of CO₂ caused by high-frequency light precipitation was the highest, the low-frequency heavy precipitation was the second, the normal frequency precipitation was the minimum. [Conclusion] Increased precipitation size and changes in frequency caused by global climate change will increase carbon emission of cyanobacteria crust covered soil, suggesting that cyanobacteria should be considered in projections of future carbon budget.

Abstract:[Objective] The spatial variation of soil moisture under different slope conditions in fixed sand dunes in semi-arid area was studied in order to provide decision-making basis for the optimal management of soil moisture in fixed sand dunes. [Methods] In the Mu Us sand land controlled and afforestation base of Shenmu ecological association of Shanxi Province in the southeastern edge of Mu Us sand land, the 12-year-old artificial Amygdalus pedunculate woodland in fixed dunes was taken as the research object. Soil moisture observation plots were established and CNC503DR neutron meter was used to measure soil moisture in 0—300 cm soil layer from July to October in 2018. The spatial and temporal variation characteristics of soil moisture during the growing season of Amygdalus pedunculate were analyzed under different slope conditions. [Results] ① Soil moisture content of the 0—300 cm soil profile at the top and upper slope increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of soil depths, and then tended to be stable. However, the soil moisture variation of the middle (upper and lower) of the slope and the bottom of the slope showed a S-shape pattern. Soil water content and storage showed as:slope bottom > middle slope (upper) > the upper slope ≥ slope top > middle slope (lower). ② The soil moisture content at the lower slope showed strong variability, while the other four slope conditions showed moderate variation. ③ Thevariation of evapotranspiration (ET) was as follows: bottom of slope > top of slope > middle of slope (lower) > upper of slope > middle of slope (upper). The variation of ET on slope bottom was medium and the coefficient of variation was the smallest. [Conclusion] Different slope conditions had important effects on fixed dune soil moisture and ET. Soil moisture content and ET at the bottom of slope was the highest and showed a strong instability.

Abstract:[Objective] The response of ecological environment to trampling disturbance by tourists was studied in order to provide theoretical support for sustainable tourism development and ecological environment protection. [Methods] Taking grassland travel route in Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province， as an example, three transects were selected along the grassland travel route, and the vegetation cover, vegetation height, soil hardness and surface coverage were analyzed to reflect the response of the ecological environment to the trampling disturbance. [Results] ① The disturbance decreased from the edge of the travel route to both sides. However, due to the natural scenery of scenic spots and the observation deck development, tourists' activities of different intensities were found on the recreational belt around the top of the mountain, which were reflected in the differences in vegetation height. ② The vegetation coverage increased gradually from the edge of the footpath to both sides. ③ The soil hardness decreased from the edge of travel route to both sides. ④ The overall surface coverage was at a moderate level of disturbance. [Conclusion] In the future, the development of tourism in grassland travel route should be strengthened by grasping the opportunity to innovate the road of green development and to construct ecological civilized scenic spots, and divert and control the traffic system to improve the traffic of scenic spots, so as to achieve the coordinated development of tourism development and ecological protection.

Abstract:[Objective] Distribution characteristics of soil aggregate, organic carbon and total nitrogen in returned farmland in shallow Qilian Mountains were analyzed in order to provide theoretical basis for vegetation restoration and soil erosion control in this area. [Methods] Three types of returned farmland in forest region of Dahuang Mountain were taken as the research object, soil aggregate composition were measured by dry sieving method, and the distribute of aggregates, organic carbon and total nitrogen in different level were analyzed. [Results] The content of ≥0.25 mm macro-aggregates were higher than aggregates with diameter<0.25 mm, among which, aggregates with dimeter > 5 mm and 0.25~2 mm were the main part of aggregates. The stability of the aggregate in closed grassland was the strongest, and its MWD was 9.31% higher than that of seabuckthorn forest and 31.95 % higher than that of unclosed grassland. The soil organic carbon content of unclosed grassland was lower than that of seabuckthorn forest and closed grassland, and the difference was significant. There was no significant change of total nitrogen content among the three types of returned farmland. The content of organic carbon was the highest in 0.25~2 mm aggregate, and the content of total nitrogen was the highest in <0.25 mm macro-aggregates. The nutrients of soil aggregates in seabuckthorn forest and enclosed grassland were better than that in unenclosed grassland, > 5 mm and 0.25~2 mm aggregates were still the main storage parts of organic carbon and total nitrogen in the returned farmland. [Conclusion] In shallow Qilian Mountains, ≥0.25 mm macro-aggregates were the main part. Aggregates stability, organic carbon and total nitrogen of the seabuckthorn forest and closed grassland were higher than that in the unclosed grassland.

Abstract:[Objective] The environmental background of parent rock and soil of Paeonia szechuanica was studied in order to provide a theoretical reference for understanding the supergene geochemical behavior of nutrient elements and the role of microorganisms in elements migration. [Methods] The contents of nutrient elements (P, S, K, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Fe, Mn, Cu) in the parent rocks, soil and the seeds of Paeonia szechuanica were measured by using ICP-OES. Meanwhile, the composition and structure of bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere microorganisms were analyzed by using the Illumina platform. [Results] ① The soil of Paeonia szechuanica was characterized by alkalescence and rich calcium, and the element composition basically retained the characteristics of parent rock. ② The migration coefficients of elements migration from rocks into soil were listed as: Ca > Na > S > P > Mg > K > Al > Fe > Mn > Cu, and the absorption coefficients were listed as: P > S > K > Cu > Mg > Ca > Na > Mn > Fe > Al. ③ The leaching index of alkali metals and the ratio of Al to Fe shwowed a significant effect on soil bacterial diversity (Alpha), but not on fungi. ④ The migrations of P and Mn were mianly controlled by the parent rock, while the migrations of Fe, S, Mg, K, and Ca were affected by microorganisms. [Conclusion] The bacteria and fungi play similar roles in the elements migration system and mainly involve in the reaction process of Fe, S, Ca and Mg.

Abstract:[Objective] The temporal and spatial distribution changes of different land use types based on topographic characteristics were studied in order to provide the basis for optimizing land use and ecological environmental protection. [Methods] Based on the remote sensing images of Jiangyou City in Northern Sichuan Province in 2003, 2010, and 2018, the land-use transfer matrix method was used to analyze the conversion between different types of land use. The topographic index method and distribution index method was used to analyze different land uses under the influence of topographic factors. Then, the moving window method was used to explore the spatial and temporal changes of patch density and Shannon's diversity index. Finally, the spatial and temporal changes between topographic factors and landscape indexes were analyzed by combining the two-variable spatial correlation analysis. [Results] ① From 2003 to 2010, the paddy field area decreased the most, with a reduction of 2 238.98 hm², while the construction land area increased the most, with an increase of 3 330.36 hm² during 2010—2018. The paddy field area decreased by 1 175.84 hm², and the construction land area increased by 1 614.78 hm². The total amount of land use change in Jiangyou City during 2003—2010 was higher than that in 2010—2018. ② The land transfer in the northern mountainous areas was mainly from dry land to forest grassland, the southern plains were mainly from paddy fields to construction land, and the dry land and paddy fields in the central hilly region were strongly transformed. ③ Over time, the advantages of dry land and unused land had moved closer to the middle terrain level, the dominance of construction land, paddy fields, and water areas had gradually decreased on the low terrain level, and the advantage level had a tendency to expand to higher terrain level. ④ The patch density and Shannon diversity index were higher along mountain river banks and at the intersection of hills and plains, and showed a linear distribution. The patch density in hilly areas increased with time, and the Shannon diversity index near the main urban area showed a downward trend. ⑤ The high clustering area was mainly distributed at the intersection of hills and mountains, the landscape index near the urban area was affected by other factors, which causes the area's landscape index to show insignificant correlation with the topographical level index. [Conclusion] In the area of terrain transition zone, the impacts of different landforms on the changes of various land use types are different in time and space, and the spatial correlation between the terrain factor and the landscape index is obviously different.

Abstract:[Objective] The effects of long-term application of water absorbent on crop yield and water use efficiency were investigated in order to provide scientific basis for exploring the key technologies to improve the resource use and production efficiency in dryland of shallow hilly regions. [Methods] Field experiment was conducted in Yuzhou base of He'nan Academy of Agricultural Sciences from 2011 to 2019, to study the effects of different amounts of water absorbent on winter wheat yield and water use efficiency. Four treatments were set up including no water absorbent (CK), 15 kg/hm² (F), 30 kg/hm² (T), and 45 kg/hm² (V) water absorbent. [Results] ① The soil water consumption increased slightly with winter wheat growth and development of wheat under the application of water absorbent in the same year, and the soil water consumption showed as: V > T > F > CK. In different years, the soil water consumption in the poor water years was relatively larger, and the increase and decrease in the rich water years was different as follows: 2019 > 2014 > 2015 > 2011 > 2012 > 2016 > 2018 > 2013 > 2017. ② The trend of total water consumption of wheat was basically consistent with that of precipitation in growth period, and the total water consumption of wheat in wet year was larger than that in poor water years. ③ The application of water absorbent treatment was beneficial to improve the growth and development of wheat, which could increase the number of unit population, plant height, spike length, spikelet number, grain number per spike and 1 000-grain weight, and reduce sterility. ④ The yield of winter wheat was as follows: V > T > F > CK. The yield of water absorbent treatments was 2.31% to 19.20% higher than that of CK. With the extension of the application years, the yield increase of treatment F tended to be stable after 4 years. The yield increase rate of treatment T increased gradually with the increase of application years, while that of V treatment increased first and then decreased and then increased gradually. ⑤ The net income and water use efficiency of winter wheat had the same tendency with the yield. Water use efficiency showed a process of decreasing first, then increasing (2012—2016), then decreasing and then increasing (2017—2019). It was consistent with the trend of soil water consumption, while opposite to the trend of precipitation and total water consumption in the poor water years. Compared with CK, the water use efficiency of V treatment increased by 1.70~4.51 kg/(hm²·mm). ⑥ There was a significant positive correlation among wheat yield, water use efficiency, soil water consumption and total water consumption. [Conclusion] Based on the comprehensive consideration of different precipitation types, wheat yield, water use efficiency and net income, the optimal amount of water absorbent for winter wheat is 45 kg/hm².

Abstract:[Objective] The relationships between nutrients and heavy metal content of soil and atmospheric dustfall in Ningdong energy industrial base were studied in order to provide a scientific support for soil utilization and environmental protection in this area. [Methods] To examine the distribution characteristics and the potential ecological risk of heavy metals in both topsoil and atmospheric dustfall, soil and atmospheric dustfall samples of different distances in the leeward of near Maliantai thermal power plant in Ningdong energy industrial base were collected. The contents of 6 kinds of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni) in the both topsoil and atmospheric dustfall samples were measured in the laboratory. The comprehensive potential ecological risk of these heavy metals was evaluated using the potential ecological risk index, and the fractal dimensions of soils, and their relevance with that of atmospheric dustfall were also analyzed. [Results] ① the composition of atmospheric dustfall was complex, which included the dustfalls of natural resources and artificial resources. The dustfall of natural resources was mainly from domestic sand dust, and the main components of which were Quartz, Calcite, Plagioclase, Chlorite and Kaolinite, etc. The dustfall of artificial resources was mainly from flue gas, and the main components of which were related to Ag, Co, Mn, Cr, Pb, As, Cu, Silicon disulfide and some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAs), etc. ② The particle size distribution curves of atmospheric dustfall and topsoil demonstrated abnormal and bimodal and multi-peak distribution status at various distances, which indicated that the compositions of atmospheric dustfall and topsoil were from multiple sources. ③ The comprehensive potential ecological risk index of both atmospheric dustfall and topsoil indicated that the index of atmospheric dustfall increased with the distance from source of pollution, while the index of topsoil decreased with the distance increasing from thermal power plant. Pearson correlation coefficients showed that Cr and Cu in the atmospheric dustfall were positively related to the Cr and Cu in soil. ④ Nutrients carried by atmospheric dustfall deposited into the topsoil changed soil nutrients supply, of which the soil organic matter was the most significant. [Conclusion] The composition of atmospheric dustfall was complex, which significantly changed the soil constitution, and increased the potential ecological risk index. Though, the correlation of particle size distribution, nutrient and heavy metals content between the topsoil and atmospheric dustfall were relatively weak, the cumulative effect deserved more attention in the future.

Abstract:[Objective] The characteristics and internal relations for multiple time scale runoff in urbanized Qinhuai River basin were explored in order to provide scientific basis for quantitatively evaluating the impact of climate change and anthropogenic activities on the process of water cycle. [Methods] Based on the long-term hydro-meteorological and impervious surface data during 1986—2015 in Qinhuai River basin, the Mann-Kendall trend test and Pettitt change-point test were combined to identify the trends and abrupt change points of the precipitation and runoff series. The influence of rainfall and impevious coverage on runoff changes at different time scales was analyzed by using established generalized additive models for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS) framework. [Results] ① The impervious surface had expanded rapidly in 30 years, with the impervious rate increased from 3.09% in 1988 to 24.01% in 2015. ② The characteristics of runoff series at different time scales were various, and the annual runoff series showed a significantly upward trend with an obvious abrupt change point at 2001. ③ The impervious surface expansion had a more significant impact on small intensity flood, for the same time scale, normally, the impervious surface had a greater impact on small runoff series than on high runoff series. Further, the imperviousness has cumulative effect with the increase of time scale. [Conclusion] The urbanization process of Qinhuai River basin is accelerating, and the effects of impervious surface expansion on multiple time scale runoff are various.

Abstract:[Objective] Hazard and zoning of the Guangmingding landslide at the engineering site of the 500 m aperture spherical radio telescope (FAST) in Pingtang County, Guizhou Province were studied in order to provide a reference basis for the monitoring and prevention of landslide disaster at the FAST site and similar areas. [Methods] Topography & geomorphy, lithology & rock formation, geological structure, human engineering activities and disaster history were selected as the first-level assessment indexes, and based on this, the second-level assessment indexes were developed. Based on fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP), the research on hazard assessment of kast single landslide was carried out, assessment index system was built and the matrices of layers were completely operated by GIS technology. [Results] Most of Guangmingding slope was at generally medium and low hazard levels while some local area was at high hazard level. The high hazard areas were mainly located near the 1 H feed tower and three support columns in the fault fracture zone, and the high hazard areas accounted for about 4% of the study area. [Conclusion] The Guangmingding slope had potential safety problem, which is a threaten to operation of precision radio telescope facilities. The results are basically consistent with the actual situation, the method is innovative and operable in the hazard assessment of single landslide.

Abstract:[Objective] Based on the regional key ecosystem services, the regional ecological function regionalization of Tibet Autonomous Region was studied to provide basis for the regional comprehensive cognition and spatial comprehensive management of the plateau ecosystem. [Methods] With the support of GIS technology, the index system of ecological function partition in Tibet was constructed based on the regional key ecosystem service. Using the self-organizing feature mapping (SOFM) clustering grid cell index, the boundary of ecological functional area was determined by merging small watershed cells. [Results] ① The ecosystem service function index exhibited a notable decreasing gradient from the southeast to the northwest. ② According to the landscape aggregation index of each classification grid, the optimal classification number was five. ③ The fragmented five clustering results were finally divided into five ecological function areas after the merger of small watershed cells. [Conclusion] According to the characteristics of each regional ecosystem, the five ecological functional areas including: the ecologically fragile alpine desert grasslands in Northern Tibet, the animal husbandry surplus areas in Central Tibet region, the agriculture and animal husbandry product supply areas in East Asia tropical mountain coniferous forests, the water production areas in Southeast Asia tropical mountain coniferous forests, and the biodiversity protection areas in Southeast Tibet tropical seasonal rain forests.

Abstract:[Objective] The endophytic strains with the ability of phosphorus-soluble were isolated and screened from the seeds of different Panicum miliaceum varieties from Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and Gansu Province, and inoculated in Panicum miliaceum to evaluate the effects of phosphorus dissolution and growth promotion. [Methods] The phosphorous dissolving capacity was determined by phosphorous ring and molybdenum-antimony colorimetric method， at the same time, pot experiments were conducted to determine its effects on seedling growth, photosynthesis and phosphorus absorption. [Results] Among the endophytic fungal strains isolated from Panicum miliaceum seeds, five strains had the ability to dissolve phosphorus, two strains were from Gansu Province [LM₁ (Talaromyces sp.), LM₂ (Talaromyces sp.)] and 3 strains were from Ningxia [GM₁ (Talaromyces sp.), GM₂ (Penicillium sp.), GM₃ (Penicillium chrysogenum)]. The ratio of the diameter of solubilizing phosphorus circle (D) to the diameter of colony (d) of strain GM₁ and GM₃ was the largest, reaching 1.59 and 1.47; The content of soluble phosphorus in the liquid medium of the same composition was 264.75 μg/ml and 323.48 μg/ml, respectively, and the phosphorus dissolution rate reatched 5.26% and 6.43%, respectively, which was significantly higher than other strains (p<0.05); the pH value was 2.88 and 3.63, respectively, which was significantly lower than other strains (p<0.05); The phosphorus dissolution rate of the 5 fungis was negatively correlated with the pH value (p<0.01). In the pot experiment, when the phosphorus consumption was reduced by 75% and 50%, and inoculated with phosphorus-soluble fungi GM₃, the SPAD value (a parameter of chlorophyll relative content) of Panicum miliaceum was 20.63 and 21.46, respectively, net photosynthetic rate reached 23.2 and 25.87 μmol/(m²·s), the total phosphorus content of the plant was 10.09 and 12.39 mg/pot, respectively, which were significantly higher than the control (CK) (p<0.05). [Conclusion] Inoculation of GM₃ had obvious pro-growth effect on Panicum miliaceum. GM₃ was the target strain obtained in this experiment, and it showed a good effect of promoting the growth and dissolved phosphorus.

Abstract:[Objective] The spatial distribution characteristics of vegetation and ecological change trends under different topographic and geomorphic units in Qaidam Basin was explored in order to provide decision support and data basis for the local formulation of targeted ecological environmental protection strategies. [Methods] Based on the five-phase Landsat remote sensing image of the Qaidam Basin from 1998 to 2018, the variation characteristics of the normalized vegetation index (NDVI) of different geomorphic units in the area were studied by using trend lines and related analysis methods, and their driving factors were analyzed. [Results] ① NDVI in the basin was generally high in the southeast and low in the northwest. From 1998 to 2003, due to the impact of natural disasters such as rock avalanche, landslides, and debris flows, NDVI showed a significant downward trend. From 2003 to 2008, with the strengthening of national ecological environment governance and the improvement of public awareness of environmental protection, NDVI showed a significant increase trend, and the ecological environment of the basin continued to improve. After 2008, NDVI stabilized and the ecological environment maintained a healthy development. ② Under different landform zones, water sources were the key factors limiting vegetation growth, and vegetation growth in alluvial and flood fan areas was often prosperous. The impact of human activities on the ecological environment was two-sided. In Delingha, middle-altitude flowing water affects hilly platform plain area (Ⅱ₂), human beings changed land use types, planting Lycium barbarum and other economic crops, which made NDVI increase significantly in this area. In the mid-altitude of Dabson, the salt lake sedimentary plain (Ⅱ₃), the NDVI was affected by human salt mining activities, showing a significant downward trend. ③ Affected by climate, human activities and vegetation types, NDVI and altitude exhibited a significant positive correlation. ④ NDVI was obviously affected by the slope gradient. When the slope gradient was 2°~35 °, NDVI was generally higher. [Conclusion] Water source and climate are the key factors affecting vegetation change. The change of human activities and topography will also lead to the change of ecological environment.

Abstract:[Objective] The temporal and spatial distributions of outbound water quality of the Jiangxi-Guangdong boundary in the source region of Dongjiang River were analyzed in order to provide a theoretical basis and data support for the water environment management and water ecology improvement in this watershed. [Method] Based on the 11 water quality indicators of the monitoring section during 2007—2019, the methods of descriptive statistical analysis, water pollution index method, correlation analysis and Mann-Kendall test and other methods were used to to analyze the changes and causes of outbound water quality. [Results] ① Water quality was different in different hydrological periods, especially in the spatial and temporal variation of chloride, sulfate and ammonia nitrogen. ② The water quality in the flood season was better than that in the non-flood season, and the inferior V water only existed in the non-flood season. During the inter-annual period, the outbound water quality was the worst in 2008, and it started to be improved in 2009, and during 2017—2019, they tall met the requirements of class Ⅱ—Ⅲ. ③Ammonia nitrogen was the most important pollutant of outbound water quality, but its concentration had decreased dramatically. Additionally, rare earth mining, fruit industry development and large-scale breeding were the main factors affecting water quality. [Conclusion] During 2007—2019, the water quality of the outbound water in the source area of the Dongjiang River was slightly different in different hydrological periods, but the overall trend was downward. The concentration of the main pollutant ammonia nitrogen dropped significantly. The protection and restoration measures adopted in the source area in recent years have achieved remarkable effects.

Abstract:[Objective] The effects of forest reconstruction in Changting County, Fujian Province since 1980s were analyzed in order to provide a reference for the restoration and reconstruction of forest vegetation in this region. [Methods] Seven forest stands reconstructed in different years were selected in the study area, seven 20 m×20 m plots were set up for species survey, and the β-diversity measurement index was used for analysis. [Results] ① The species diversity index and evenness index in the study area increased with the afforestation time. ② Whittaker index changed with the length of afforestation time. As the value of Whittaker index decreased with the increase of afforestation time, vice verse. [Conclusion] Forest restoration time is an important factor affecting forest β-diversity in soil erosion areas in Changting County. The longer the reconstruction time, the higher the forest β-diversity value.

Abstract:[Objectve] The impacts of Titanium mining on the diversity and distribution pattern of surrounding vegetation were studied in order to provide basic data for biodiversity protection and vegetation restoration in abandoned Titanium mines. [Methods] The differences and distribution patterns of soil factors and tree, shrub and herbaceous species in the titanium mine area were investigated by using ANOVA and Redundancy analysis (RDA). [Results] There were only 45 species, 33 families and 37 genera in the study area, including 13 tree species, 11 shrub species, and 21 herb species. The activities of mining had destructive effects on the vegetation in the abandoned Titanium mining area, and obviously affected the vegetation communities structure within a 200 m buffer area. Except for Pielou evenness index, the diversity index of species in the abandoned Titanium mining area was herb, which was significantly higher than that of trees and shrubs. The species diversity index decreased gradually with the increase of the distance to the buffer zone. According to the Redundancy analysis (RDA), the soil pH value, soil water content, available phosphorus, organic matter, ammonium nitrogen and buffer distance were the main environmental factors affecting the difference of species diversity, which explained 42.6%, 12.4%, 8.5%, 8.2%, 7.9% and 7.8% of the difference of species diversity in the abandoned Titanium ore buffer, respectively. [Conclusion] The plant species diversity and distribution pattern around the titanium mine were affected by multiple environmental factors such as soil pH value and soil water content. Whether the species diversity around the mining area is affected by soil heavy metals remains to be further studied.

Abstract:[Objective] The response of microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in greenhouse soil to the addition of fungal residue was studied in order to provide theoretical basis and technical support for the sustainable development of greenhouse production. [Methods] Field experiments were conducted in Shenxian County, Shandong Province, with six organic fertilizer treatments which application of chicken manure (CON) and five application rate of fungal residue (FR), to examine the effects of fungal residue on organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) in greenhouse soil. [Results] Compared with CON, the application of 5 fungal residue treatments (The usage of bacteria residues was 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 t/hm² respectively) increased SOC by 12.0%, 11.2%, 21.6%, 33.1% and 31.7%, respectively, and increased TN by 3.1%, 6.3%, 19.9%, 29.4% and 26.4%, respectively. The later four treatments increased the MBC (16.1%, 19.9%, 36.8% and 50.7%) and the MBN (3.3%, 37.7%, 40.4% and 60.9%), compared to the CON treatment. There were significant positive correlations between MBC, MBN and SOC, TN. [Conclusion] The application of fungal residue could increase the contents of SOC, TN, MBC and MBN, and the content of MBC and MBN increased with the increase of fungal residue to the field. As a result, the appropriate application of fungal residue could improve the soil microbial activity and soil fertility in greenhouse soil.

Abstract:[Objective] A random forest evaluation model for physical toughness of slopes along mountain roads was established in order to provide a scientific reference for disaster prevention in mountain areas. [Methods] Taking Maoxian County, Sichuan Province as the research area, this study selected 13 physical toughness assessment factors of slopes, including elevation, aspect, slope direction, slope position, micro landform, curvature, type of slope, normalized vegetation index, lithology, distance from water system, distance from fault, distance from road and annual average rainfall, and combined with 498 historical slope failure points along the highway, to construct a geospatial information database for the evaluation of slope physical toughness. The sample data was divided into training data and validation data according to the proportion of 7∶3. The random forest method was used to train and model the training data, then the obtained model was used to predict and analyze the training data, the validation data and the overall sample data respectively. And confusion matrix and ROC curve were used to verify the accuracy of the model prediction. [Results] Among the evaluation factors, the weight of elevation, distance from the road, and distance from the water system was higher. The accuracy of the model was high, the accuracy of confusion matrix was 98.9%, and the AUC (area under the ROC curve) values of the training data, the validation data and the overall sample data was 1.000，0.870 and 0.978, respectively. The model was simulated into the entire study area, and the physical toughness of the study area was divided into 5 levels as: extremely low, low, medium, high and extremely high. [Conclusions] The physical toughness evaluation model of the slope along the mountain highway based on the random forest method has high stability and reliability.

Abstract:[Objective] The responses of summer maize yield to atmospheric circulation in He'nan Province was studied in order to provide the theoretical support for regional food security. [Methods] Based on the summer maize yield data in 17 cites of He'nan Province during 1988—2017 and 15 kinds of large-scale atmospheric circulation indices (LACI) data, the spatio-temporal variability of summer maize yield were evaluated. [Results] ① By using principal component analysis, He'nan Province could be divided into four sub-regions with different evolution characteristics of unit yield, such as north, southeast, west, and central regions. ② Based on ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD), there were periodic oscillations of 2.5—3.3, 5—6, 7.5—10 years for yield series in the study area, and the short-term fluctuation in each sub-regions tended to moderate after 2004. ③ There were significant correlations between the periodic oscillation of yield and LACI in each sub-region. ④ The average relative error of the linear model based on previous LACI and year was ranged from 4.6%~9.3%. ⑤ The yield fluctuations in southeast and central areas were more sensitive to LACI, and the higher Pacific interdecadal oscillation (PDO) in October and November was the key precursor signal for yield reduction in the coming years. [Conclusion] The early atmospheric circulation anomalies has an important indicative effect on the fluctuation of summer maize yield in the study area, which can be effectively used for yield forecasting.

Abstract:[Objective] To understand the surface moisture conditions and to implement precise field irrigation, spectral characteristics of soil moisture in salinized soil and model fitting accuracy were analyzed in the Northern Yinchuan City of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. [Methods] With the severe salinized soil in the Northern Yinchuan City as the subject, a variety of mathematical transformations were carried out on the raw spectral reflectance of soil moisture. The stepwise regression (SR) and the grey correlation degree (GCD) were used to screen sensitive wave bands, and then the multiple linear regression (MLR), partial least-squares regression (PLSR) and support vector machine (SVM) were used to calculate the fitting accuracy model of soil moisture content (SMC). [Results] ① The soil spectral reflectance decreased with the increase of SMC when SMC was below 26.34%, and soil spectral reflectance increased with the increase of SMC when SMC was higher than 26.34%. The change of reflectance in the NIR region were larger than that in visible region, and the spectral characteristic curves showed obvious absorption bands at 1 460 nm and 1 950 nm when continuum removed (CR) was used. ② Different transformation methods of the reflectance had different fitting accuracy about MLR, PLSR and SVM models, the overall fitting capacity of SVM model was better than MLR and PLSR models. Except for the GCD-SVM model by the reciprocal reflectance (RR) transformation, the R_C² and R_P² of the SVM models range from 0.943 7 to 0.999 5 and have high fitting accuracy. ③ In the SVM models, the GCD-SVM model based on first derivative of logarithmic reflectance (FLR) transformation had the highest determination coefficient (R_C² was 0.987 4 and R_P² was 0.999 5), which was the best fitting model of SMC for severe salinized soil. [Conclusion] The SVM model was the best model for SMC, it could accurately predict the surface moisture in severe salinized soil in Northern Yinchuan City of Ningxia region.

Abstract:[Objective] The researches and existing problems on fan-shaped lands were reviewed in order to provide methods and suggestions for reasonable classification of fan-shaped lands and differentiation of geomorphic entities. [Methods] Through literature review, the concept, naming, geomorphology, surface environment and utilization characteristics of different fan-shaped lands were summarized, and their differences were analyzed. [Results] The existing researches have not formed a consistent concept and types for different fan-shaped lands. Some studies have confused the concept and naming of pluvial fan, diluvial fan and debris flow fan. The main difference between fluvial fan and the diluvial fan is that the fluvial fan generally has constant flow, and the flow channel is mostly fixed, but the diluvial fan is opposite. The methods for judging different fan-shaped landforms mainly include geographic distribution, landform feature, remote sensing image and field investigation. [Conclusion] Clarifying the type, surface environmental characteristics and regional background environment of fan-shaped lands would be beneficial to rational development, utilization and protection of fan-shaped lands.

Abstract:[Objective] In order to provide scientific references for mitigating urban thermal effect and optimizing organic mulch materials, effects of three kinds of land surfaces (bare sandy loam, red mulch, and yellow mulch) on local temperature during summer (June to August) were analyzed. [Methods] Using the surface meteorological data observation method, land surface temperature of the three underlying surfaces was measured with a handheld thermal imagine camera, and air temperature was recorded by a real-time thermohy grometer. The influence and variation characteristics of their contribution to local environmental thermal effect were analyzed. [Results] ① Temperature dynamics of local air and the three land surfaces were synchronized. Thermal effect on local environment was ranked in the following order: bare sandy loam > red mulch > yellow mulch. ② During July, the mulch moderated the thermal effect to some extent but not significantly. While both yellow mulch and red mulch could reduce heat, significant differences (p<0.01) was only found with yellow mulch for the months of June and August, when compared to bare sandy loam. ③ Regression analysis to the surface temperature and air temperature of the three underlying surfaces indicated a linear relationship between land surface and air temperature (R² > 0.95), and land surface temperature of the three materials could be predicted by model testing. [Conclusion] For urban areas where soil quality is poor and vegetation is difficult to establish, such as places with bare sandy loams, organic mulch can mitigate the thermal effect of the local environment in summer. It is suggested to choose yellow and other light color mulch materials.

Abstract:[Objective] The response of landscape ecological risk to the change of land use pattern was explored in order to provide scientific support for promoting the sustainable use of land resources and maintaining regional ecological security. [Methods] Based on the evolution of land use in Guangzhou City from 2001 to 2017, the future land use simulation (FLUS) model was used to simulate the spatial distribution of land use under the natural development scenario and the “three-line” (ecological protection red lines, permanent basic farmland protection red lines, urban development boundary lines) constraint scenario in 2025. Then the landscape ecological risk assessment model was constructed to analyze the situation of landscape ecological risk and its spatial-temporal response to land use change in Guangzhou City. [Results] From 2001 to 2017, the area of construction land continued to increase, while the area of other land types continued to decrease. The change range of grassland, construction land and unused land was larger. Compared with 2017, the construction land was expected to expand significantly under the natural development scenario of Guangzhou City in 2025. The expansion of construction land would be restricted under the “three lines” constraint scenario, the reduction of land area such as forest land and water area was expected to decrease, while the cultivated land was expected to increase slightly. From 2001 to 2017, the landscape ecological risk index of Guangzhou City increased continuously. The spatial distribution of risk levels showed a circle layered structure with high center and low surrounding. The scale of low and lower ecological risk areas was reduced, while the scale of high and higher ecological risk areas was increased gradually. [Conclusion] Compared with 2017, the landscape ecological risk index under the two scenarios will increase in 2025, while the ecological risk index under the “three-line” constraint scenario has a smaller increase, which is more in line with the needs of future urban construction and ecological protection of Guangzhou City.

Abstract:[Objective] The vulnerability and influencing factors of the social-economic-ecological system at tourism destinations in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei ecological conservation area were analyzed in order to provide a scientific support for reducing vulnerability and achieving sustainable development of the tourism destinations in the area. [Methods] Based on the social, economic and ecological subsystems, a comprehensive evaluation system of the vulnerability of tourism destinations in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei ecological conservation area was constructed. Linear weighting method, natural breakpoint method and obstacle degree model were introduced to analyze the vulnerability and influencing factors of 23 county-level unit tourism destinations in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei ecological conservation area in 2017. [Results] The average value of the comprehensive vulnerability index of the study area was 0.271 0, showing a mild vulnerability state. The distribution of social vulnerability, economic vulnerability and ecological vulnerability index of each study unit had obvious spatial differences, and was spatially concentrated. The grain output per unit area, urban-rural income gap ratio, industrial structure diversification index, per capita disposable income, and rural employees were the main factors influencing the vulnerability of tourism destinations in conservation areas. [Conclusion] At present, the overall sustainable development capacity of the study area is relatively good. Through the effective identification of factors influencing its vulnerability, countermeasures and suggestions, including grasping development opportunities, narrowing the gap between urban and rural areas, optimizing industrial structure and strengthening regional linkages, should be considered.

Abstract:[Objective] The spatial-temporal changes and the driving mechanisms of landscape ecological security (LES) in the lower reaches of the Lancang River were analyzed to provide scientific basis for the coordinate and sustainable development of human and nature in the basin and the downstream countries. [Methods] By using the remote sensing images of 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2018, this study assessed the LES of the lower reaches of Lancang River by landscape index and GIS technology. The bivariate spatial autocorrelation was used to simulate the driving mechanism of regional factors (including cities, roads, rivers, elevation, slope, temperature and precipitation) on spatial-temporal changes of LES. [Results] ① From 2005 to 2018, the LES increased firstly and then decreased in the lower reaches of Lancang River. The LES in the northern and mid-west regions was relatively poor, which in the eastern, southern, and southeastern regions was better but also showed a tendency of deterioration. ② The LES of various landscape types was as: waters > forestland > grassland > cultivated land > construction land > bare land. Among them, the LES of forestland and grassland fluctuated, the LES of the cultivated land and waters increased, while the LES of construction land and bare land decreased. ③ Social and meteorological factors, such as distance form cities, distance from roads, temperature and precipitation, showed the strongest influence on spatial-temporal changes of the LES. And the distance from rivers also explained the spatial-temporal change of the LES at certain extent. The topographical factors such as elevation and slope showed no influence on spatial-temporal changes of LES in the lower reaches of Lancang River. [Conclusion] In the future, the eco-environmental load caused by human activities should be reduced as much as possible, and the positive effects of meteorological factors on ecological security should be brought into full play, to promote the coordinate and sustainable development of human and nature in the lower reaches of Lancang River.

Abstract:[Objective] The situation of sustainable development of ecological-econorng-society system of urban agglomeration along Yangtze River delta were studied in order to support the sustainable development of the ecological economy of the urban agglomeration in this region.[Methods] Based on the emergy theory, the sustainable development of nature, economy and social system of urban agglomeration along the Yangtze River was studied. [Results] In 2017, 29% of the ecological resources were over-exploited, with strong external dependencies, 53% of cities had a low environmental load rate while 29.4% of cities had a high environmental load rate, 11.7% of cities had low waste recycling capacity, 47% of cities had low emergy exchange rates and strong economic competitiveness, 35% of cities had high emergy currency rates, with low economic output efficiency, Shanghai and Suzhou cities had high emergy density per unit area, and 23.5% of cities had lower emergy density, 29.4% of the cities had low per capita emergy welfare, 17.6% of cities had a high population load rate, 41.2% of the cities along the river were sustainable, and 58.8% of the cities were in over development situation.[Conclusion] In 2017, the urban agglomerations along the upper reaches of the Yangtze River were characterized by strong self-sufficiency, low environmental pressure, and excellent ecological quality. The urban agglomerations in the middle reaches coordinated with each other. The urban agglomerations in the lower reaches of the river were characterized by weak self-sufficiency, high environmental pressure, and poor ecological quality. Cities in Shanghai City and Southern Jiangsu Province had strong economic competitiveness, but their output efficiency was low. In Central Jiangsu Province and Central Anhui Province, except for provincial capitals, other cities had weak competitiveness. The economic development of cities in Southern Anhui Province laged behind and isolated along the river. The sustainable development of urban society in Shanghai City and Southern Jiangsu Province was excellent, forming a strong attraction to talents and resources, and they also had the problem of land shortage at the same time. The urban social, economic and ecological development of central Jiangsu Province were relatively balanced, but it had a weak attractiveness to surrounding cities. Except for Hefei City and Tongling City, the overall development of cities in central and Southern Anhui Province lags behind, and there was no effective attraction for surrounding cities. The overall sustainable development of the urban agglomerations along the river was still severe.

Abstract:[Objective] The newly cultivated land classification and the factors influencing grain production capacity in the arid loess tableland area were analyzed in order to provide a theoretical basis for farmland protection and food security improvement in this area. [Methods] Taking the three “balance of farmland occupation and compensation” projects between 2015—2017 in Jingtai County in Central Gansu Province of Loess Plateau as an example, 7 agricultural land classification factors of newly cultivated land were selected to calculate the quality grades of newly cultivated land and grain production capacity. At the same time, the soil physical and chemical properties of newly cultivated land were analyzed, and a logistic regression model was used to analyze the impact of various factors on food production capacity from the factors influencing the quality of newly cultivated land. [Results] The implementation of land occupation-compensation balance project in Jingtai County increased the quality grades of newly cultivated land by 1 to 2 grades. There was a significant positive correlation between the grain production capacity and the average grade of newly cultivated land. Irrigated land accounted for 91.84% of the total newly cultivated land with a total grain production capacity of 93.36%. When the age of new cultivated land was 3 years, the soil structure destruction rate was reduced by 2.05%, compared with that of 1 year, soil erosion resistance was significantly improved, and soil total nitrogen, organic matter, and available potassium increased by 10.67%, 15.39%, and 13.62%, respectively. After planting for 3 to 5 years, the production capacity per unit area of 5 a cultivation, 4 a cultivation and 3 a cultivation projects was increased by 15.69%, 9.80% and 3.92%, respectively, compared with the unimplemented grain production capacity. [Conclusion] The impact of 5 factors on the grain production capacity of newly cultivated land is as follows: the levels of newly cultivated land> infrastructure in newly cultivated land> newly cultivated land area > investment in newly cultivated land unit area > years of newly cultivated land. Therefore, the focus of increasing the grain production capacity of newly-added cultivated land should be put on increasing the quality grade of cultivated land.

Abstract:[Objective] The characteristics of land use function transformation and ecological environment effect in Kaidu-Kongque River basin was studied to reveal the impact of land use transformation on regional ecological environment, in order to provide scientific reference for ecological environment protection and sustainable development. [Methods] Based on the remote sensing interpretation data of land use in Kaidu-Kongque River basin in 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2015, and according to the classification of the dominant functions of land use in “production-ecology-life”, the land use transfer matrix, regional eco-environmental quality index and the ecological contribution rate of land use transformation were used to quantitatively analyze the characteristics of land use transformation and spatial-temporal pattern in Kaidu-Kongque River basin.[Results] ① From 1990 to 2015, the transformation of land-use in Kaidu-Kongque River basin showed a rapid increase in production land and living land, and a rapid decrease in ecological land. ② From 1990 to 2000, the eco-environmental quality index of Kaidu-Kongque River basin decreased from 0.465 4 to 0.453 9, while rose to 0.455 9 from 2010 to 2015. The quality of ecological environment kept a relative balance, and showed a trend of decline first and then rise. ③ From 1990 to 2015, the ecological environment quality in the upper reaches of the Kaidu-Kongque River basin was relatively high, but there was a trend of deterioration. The ecological environment quality in the middle reaches of the basin was improved continuously, while the lower reaches of the basin were mainly low-quality areas. [Conclusion] The increase in agricultural production land, urban and rural living land area and degradation in grassland, and the occupation of ecological water land are the main reasons for the degradation of ecological environment in the basin, and the ecological environment improvement in the middle reaches is due to the transformation of a large number of other ecological land into forest ecological land.

Abstract:[Objective] The land-use transformation and social-economic development in Shenyang economic zone was studied in order to provide a scientific reference for the revitalization in Northeast China. [Methods] This study took Shenyang economic zone as the research area. Based on GIS and RS technology, land-use transfer matrix and evolvement of the gravity center model were adopted to explore the spatial transfer relationship between land-use transformation and socioeconomic development in research area from 1980 to 2018. [Results] Firstly, there was an inter-conversion relationship between various land use spatial forms in Shenyang economic zone. Specifically, the area of cultivated land, forest land, and grassland decreased with the increase of the construction land area. Secondly, the direction and speed of the gravity center migration of various land use spatial forms in the study area were obviously different, especially in 2010, the direction of gravity center migration of forest land, grassland, construction land, water area, and other land use had obviously changed. Thirdly, the gravity center of population and GDP presented “Z-type” first, then “C-type” migration and “S-type” migration, respectively. Finally, there were different forms of migration for various land use spatial patterns and social and economic development in the study area. [Conclusion] Since land use transition and social-economic development are interactions, the establishment of Shenyang economic zone promoted the migration of the gravity center of its population, construction land, and cultivated land to the geometric center of the research area.

Abstract:[Objective] The changes of habitat landscape connectivity and its driving factors in the process of land use of ecological migration were analyzed, in order to provide scientific basis for ecological risk management and sustainability of ecological migration. [Methods] Four eco-migration villages (Fengze, Jinlun, Herun and Quangang) in Yuanzhou District of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region during the 12th five-year plan period were taken as examples. Based on the high-resolution image data of 2016, Google Earth data (2010) and the second national land survey data (2010)before migration, the landscape differentiation in ecological immigrant village was analyzed by calculating the barrier impact index and the landscape connectivity index, after field verification by GPS. [Results] The landscape connectivity of Fengze and Jinlun villages was declining, while that of Herun and Quangang village was on the rise. The change trend of each immigration village was obvious, but the proportion of extremely high and high connectivity was very small. The driving forces of the landscape connectivity change in ecological immigration villages were mainly human factors. Construction land occupied cultivated land and garden land widely in general, and the average annual growth rate of construction land area in Quangang village and Herun village were up to 27.49% and 21.28%, respectively. In addition, Jinlun, Herun and Quangang village had no reserve land resources, and thus, the ecological pressure was prominent. [Conclusion] The increase of population density in the four eco-migration villages resulted in the obvious occupation of cultivated land for construction and the division of ecological land. The ratio of non-agricultural activity of immigrants was significant, resulting in the abandonment of cultivated land, the fragmentation and isolation of landscape, the instability of habitat landscape and the increase of ecological pressure.

Abstract:[Objective] The variation characteristics of concentrated water flow resistance influenced by different angles between bedrocks and ground surface on the hillslope were explored to provide scientific basis for the construction of soil erosion model in the karst trough valley area.[Methods] To investigate the changes of Manning roughness coefficient (n) of concentrated flow and its influencing factors on the karst trough valley hillslope with different angles between bedrocks and ground surface, the laboratory scouring simulation experiments were conducted under the conditions of three slope gradients (10°, 15° and 20°), three inflow rates (5, 7.5, 10 L/min) and six angles between bedrocks and ground surface (30°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 150° and 180°) . [Results] ① The Manning coefficient n of concentrated flow increased rapidly and then increased slowly or tended to be stable with the scouring time. The average value of n was ranked as: 180° > 150° > 90° > 30° > 120° > 60°. ② When the angle between rock and slope surface was greater than 30 °, the relationship between n and water depth (h) was significant, and when the angle was 30 °, the relationship between n and Reynolds number (Re) was not significant, and there was a significant negative power function correlation between n and Froude number (Fr). ③ The ratio of Manning roughness coefficient to flow depth (n/h) increased at first and then decreased with the increase of angles between bedrocks and ground surface. ④ The n/h presented negative power correlation with Re when the angle between bedrocks and ground surface was greater than 30 °, and n/h showed no significant relationship with Re when the angle between bedrocks and ground surface was 30°. The relationship between n/h and Fr was always not significant. [Conclusion] Manning coefficient n was strongly affected by the angles between bedrocks and ground surface, and decreased first and then increased with the increase of angles between bedrocks and ground surface on the karst trough valley hillslope.

Abstract:[Objective] The current status and legislative response of rock desertification prevention and control were studied in order to provide a scientific basis for the targeted development of rock desertification prevention and control, and its integration into the legalization track. [Methods] The questionnaire survey method was conducted from October to December 2019 to investigate the public awareness of the phenomenon of rocky desertification, the evaluation and suggestions on the prevention and control of rocky desertification, and the awareness and demand for legislation on rocky desertification prevention. [Results] The harm of rocky desertification has basically become an ecological disaster generally recognized by the whole society. At present, the degree and frequency of popularization of rocky desertification education and publicity are relatively low, the public's understanding of rocky desertification is still weak, and the overall effect evaluation of the prevention and control of rocky desertification is generally satisfactory. However, the public's willingness to participate in the rock desertification control and ecological protection is positive, and the people have a strong tendency and demand for rock desertification prevention legislation. It is suggested that legislation should focus on the protection mechanism of provention and control funds and technology investment, project management and obligations, publicity methods, and law enforcement. [Conclusion] In order to effectively promote the prevention and control of rocky desertification in China, we should continue to strengthen the propaganda and control of rocky desertification, and strengthen the diversification of the participation mode of the main body and the prevention and control measures. It is necessary and urgent to carry out legislation on prevention and control of rocky desertification.

Abstract:[Objective] Under the background of ecologically clean small watershed construction, the correlations between the environmental risk awareness and environmental risk avoidance behavior of farmers were discussed, so as to provide scientific support for the smooth implementation of rural revitalization strategy. [Methods] Taking a waste incineration power generation project at Xiaoweihe small watershed in Guanzhong area as an example, the paper try to explore whether there were some underly causes in logical relationships between farmers' environmental risk awareness and avoidance behavior or more complicated situations through questionnaire and specific interviews with famers nearby the project area.[Results] According to the collected data and statistical analysis, the farmer's environmental cognition evolves as the environmental risk perception→risk awareness→risk avoidance behavior. Based on this evolution, the theoretical model of relationship between consciousness and behavior on environmental risk was constructed. With this model, four groups of relationships between environmental risk awareness and risk avoidance behavior of small watershed farmers are identified: conscious action, conscious inaction, unconscious action, unconscious inaction. [Conclusion] The theoretical model of relationship between consciousness and behavior is established in practice. There is a correlation between four kinds of environmental risk consciousness and corresponding risk avoidance behavior of famers.

Abstract:[Objective] The spatio-temporal characteristics of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values and its response to climatic factors were analyzed from 2001 to 2017 in order to provide a scientific basis for ecological environment protection and regional soil and water conservation in the Western Sichuan Plateau. [Methods] The NDVI of the Western Sichuan Plateau was retrieved from the MOD09A1 data. Combined with air temperature and precipitation data provided by China Meteorological Science Data Sharing Service Network, the spatio-temporal distribution, changing trends and continuous changing characteristics of the NDVI were analyzed by using the methods of Theil-Sen media trend analysis, Mann-Kendall statistical test and Hurst index, and the response of NDVI variations to climate factors was also explored. [Results] ① From 2001 to 2017, the mean value of NDVI in the Western Sichuan Plateau was 0.486, showing a trend of gradual increase from northwest to southeast. In vertical distribution, the NDVI mean value firstly increased and then decreased with the increasing of elevation; ② In nearly 17 years, the NDVI increased at the rate of 0.01/10 a in the Western Sichuan Plateau. The changing trends of NDVI were dominated by improvement, and improved and degraded areas accounted for 83.5% and 16.5%, respectively. According to the study of Hurst index, the overall change of NDVI in the Western Sichuan Plateau had a strong persistence, while its anti-persistence was weak. ③ From 2001 to 2017, the air temperature in the Western Sichuan Plateau showed an upward trend, and no significant trend in precipitation was obvious. On the whole, there were spatial differences in the response of NDVI to climate. The NDVI in the northern region of the study area was mainly affected by air temperature and precipitation, whlie the NDVI in the southwest region was mainly affected by precipitation. [Conclusion] Vegetation growth in the Western Sichuan Plateau was shown to be controlled by climate, topography and human activities. The NDVI presents obvious spatial heterogeneity. With the continuous progress of ecological civilization construction, the improved areas of NDVI continued to increase in nearly 17 years, and has strong sustainability in the future.

Abstract:[Objective] The coupling relationships of land use efficiency between urban and rural areas were explored in order to provide decision support for sustainable, endogenous and high-quality development of the region. [Methods] By building a three-stage DEA (data envelopment analysis) model to measure and evaluate the urban-rural land use efficiency of 69 counties (cities and districts) in Zhejiang Province from 2006 to 2018, and using the coupling coordination model, the paper explored the coordination level of urban and rural land use efficiency and their spatio-temporal evolution characteristics. [Results] ① The urban-rural land use efficiency was obviously different across Zhejiang Province, and the scale level was the main influencing factor of land use efficiency; ② The urban land use efficiency among counties (cities and districts) was not significantly different, while the spatial polarization of agricultural land use efficiency was significant. ③ From 2006 to 2018, the coupling and coordination degree of urban-rural land use efficiency in Zhejiang Province showed a fluctuating ascending trend, depending on the level of agricultural land use efficiency. ④ There are obvious regional differences in the coordination degree between urban-rural land use efficiency. [Conclusion] The urban-rural land use efficiency in Zhejiang Province is greatly affected by the external environment, and improving agricultural land use efficiency is the key to realize urban-rural coordination and high-quality development.

Abstract:[Objective] The land use change and ecological risk in recent four decades in Bashang area of Hebei Province were investigated to provide scientific basis for local ecological construction and management, as well as sustainable development in this region. [Methods] Land transfer matrix and the spatial autocorrelation analysis were used to reveal the land use change and evaluate the level of ecological risk of Bashang area, based on land-use data at five stages during 1980—2018. [Results] ① Cultivated land was the main type of land use, covering half of the study area. During the years of 1980—2018, cultivated land and forest land expanded by more than 300 km², while the area of grassland decreased by 616.60 km² and waterland narrowed roughly by 36.04%. Among them, cultivated land, forest land and grassland showed a relatively strong mutual transfer, and the spatial change showed that the center of gravity of each category was obviously transferred from 2000 to 2010. ② From 1980 to 2026, the value of Moran's I index all approached nearly 0.500 in each stage, which indicated that the spatial distribution of ecological risk presented higher convergence and agglomeration. ③ In recent four decades, the ecological risk level of Bashang area had risen to high risk level, with an increase of 123.22 km² and higher risk region mainly distributed in urban areas. According to CA-Markov model, the medium and above risk areas in Bashang area would continue to expand and Fengning County and Weichang County would appear small-scale high-risk areas and higher-risk areas. [Conclusion] ① In the past 40 years, the grassland in Bashang area had degraded seriously and the main reason for the significant decrease of water area was the drying up of the Angulinao Lake. ② The level of ecological risk in Bashang area had a strong correlation with the distribution of land pattern, and would continue to rise in the future.

Abstract:[Objective] The characteristics and differences of land cover change between China and Russia in the Wusuli River basin from 1990 to 2015 were analyzed in order to provide a scientific reference for the study of human-environment interaction and land resource management in the basin. [Methods] The Landsat TM/OLI remote sensing image was used as the data source, and the object-oriented remote sensing classification method was used to extract the land cover information of 1990 and 2015 in Wusuli River basin, and the main characteristics of land cover change in Wusuli River basin were analyzed. [Results] During the 26 years from 1990 to 2015, the change of farmland and wetland area in Wusuli River basin was obvious. The area of farmland was expanded by 6 089.69 km² with an increase rate of 18.4%. Among them, 5 416.7 km² was transformed from wetland, and farmland expansion mainly occurred in China. The area of wetland and forest land decreased by 5 683.51 km² and 844.09 km², with a reduction rate of 56.4% and 3.51%, respectively. The intensity of land cover change in Russia was weak, and the change rate among land cover types was less than 2%. [Conclusion] Climate, topography, agricultural macro policy and agricultural production mode are the factors that promote the change of land cover in Wusuli River basin, among which the change of agricultural production mode and the expansion of scale are the main driving forces.

Abstract:[Objective] The dynamics of land use and the evolution of ecosystem service function and value in Naiman Banner of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region were studied in order to provide a scientific basis for rational land use and ecological management in this area. [Methods] Based on the land use data of Naiman Banner in 2000, 2010 and 2018, ArcGIS and Envi Classic software were used to calculate the land use dynamic attitude and land use transfer matrix, to analyze the evolution characteristics of land use change and ecosystem services. [Results] ①From 2000 to 2018, the evolution characteristics of land use type in Naiman Banner were dominated by “woodland-water area-sandy land”, that was, the woodland and water area was increased, while the sandy land area was decreased. The forest area increased 312 100 hm², the water area increased 500 hm², while the sand area decreased 142 100 hm². ② In terms of time, the value of ecosystem services showed a trend of “decreasing and increasing”. The value of ecosystem services decreased from 30.507 million yuan in 2000 to 1.915 58 million yuan in 2010 and then increased to 47.285 5 million yuan in 2018. ③ Spatially, the high-value region, the middle-value region and the low-value region of ecosystem services were located in the south, the middle and the north respectively, forming a regional distribution pattern of “high-medium-low”. ④ In terms of ecosystem services, the change in climate regulation was the most obvious, the corresponding service value increased from 8.016 4 million yuan in 2000 to 13.498 5 million yuan in 2018. [Conclusion] From 2000 to 2018, the land use in the study area changed significantly, its cover structure was optimized significantly, and the ecosystem service function and value were also improved.

Abstract:[Objective] The characteristics and experiences of coastline protection in Tokyo Bay of Japan were summarized in order to provide some scientific experiences and measures for coastline protection in China. [Methods] Through the literature review, the paper identified the typhoon events in Tokyo Bay, Japan, and analyzed the typical typhoon disaster events that it has faced over years, the evolution of relevant laws and planning, and the protection measures for the coastline. [Results] The characteristics of the Tokyo Bay coastline safety protection planning are mainly divided into four aspects, namely, the diversity of disaster protection types, the multi-dimensional planning concept, the multi-level spatial protection system, and the diversity of the protection strategy system. [Conclusion] By constructing multiple protective measures and improving disaster monitoring and early warning capabilities, the coastline of China could be better protected and constructed.

Abstract:[Objective] Significances of ecological agriculture in ecological conservation and high-quality agricultural development on the Loess Plateau were discussed, and the developing ways of ecological agriculture were studied, in order to provide scientific and technological support for green development and ecological civilization construction in this region. [Methods] On the basis of a large number of actual investigations and researches, we used various forms of literature to analyze the role of ecological agriculture in ecological conservation and high-quality agricultural development on the Loess Plateau mainly from the perspective of the ecosystem. [Results] Since the 21st century, the ecological environment on the Loess Plateau has been improved significantly, but there were low comprehensive agricultural productivity capacity, degradation of soil quality, and serious agricultural nonpoint source pollution. The market demand of ecological agriculture was not clear. Meanwhil, the development lacked large-scale production conditions. Although there were many patterns of ecological agriculture, the construction of efficient, intensive and green development technology system were relatively backward. It is necessary to set up a national key research and development project of ecological agriculture, establish diversified investment mechanisms based on market demand, construct a number of pilot demonstration counties of ecological agriculture and build a multi-lateral cooperation ecological agriculture training mode to enhance and reconstruct the support system of modern ecological agriculture. [Conclusion] Ecological agriculture is an effective way to collaborate ecological conservation and high-quality agricultural development on the Loess Plateau. In the future, we should comprehensively strengthen the construction strength of ecological agriculture, formulate a road map for the development of ecological agriculture, and constantly improve the level of ecological civilization of the Loess Plateau, so as to provide important support for accelerating the formation of ecological conservation and high-quality agricultural development pattern on the Loess Plateau.

Abstract:[Objective] The research achievements regarding soil erosion and soil erosion control in the mollisols area of Northeast China were summarized to provide reference for the conservation of mollisols arable-land in the new era. [Methods] Based on the research results of many years, and in combination with information from field surveys and published papers, some key issues of mollisols research and the effectiveness of soil erosion control were discussed. [Results] There are four mollisols areas in the world. The area of mollisols in Northeast China covers 1.09×10⁶ km², where the top dark layer in sloping farmland has thinned at a rate of 2—3 mm per year in recent years. Although this would have induced a decline in soil quality over an entire slope, it is evident that the mollisols would not disappeared in at least 100 years. Effective technological systems of soil and water conservation in Northeast China have been established in recent years. The application of these technological systems could effectively reduce soil erosion by at least 80%, increase the soil organic matter content at a rate of 5.4‰ per year, and lead to a yield gain of more than 10%. [Conclusion] Soil erosion control measures should focus on sloping arable land, and the indicators that are used to assess the related achievements should include the area affected by soil erosion as well as the erosion intensity. The laws relating to soil and water conservation should be taken as insurance and national engineering projects as guide.