Abstract:[Objective] The current situation of soil erosion during typical rainstorm events in different regions of the Loess Plateau was investigated, and the characteristics of soil erosion in the catchment and the flood inundation disaster in the downstream were analyzed in order to provide reference for the prevention and control of rainstorm erosion disaster in the region. [Methods] Taking the four typical heavy rainstorms that occurred in different areas of the Loess Plateau from July to September 2022 as the background, through field investigations, and based on drone aerial photography to obtain high-definition images of small catchments after the rainstorm, the erosion characteristics and flooding disaster of different land use types in small catchment under heavy rainfall conditions in different regions were analyzed. [Results] Under the condition of heavy rain, gully erosion is easy to occur in sloping farmland, and mainly rill erosion, with the erosion modulus ranging from 22 588～46 244 t/km²; There is no obvious gully erosion in the grassland. Gravity erosion dominates the catchment and is prone to occur on both sides of roads and channels. The production roads increase the hydrological connectivity of the catchment, resulting in serious road erosion and damage. The erosion of roads with drainage facilities is significantly smaller than that of roads without drainage facilities. The destruction of terraced fields sill is prone to collapse, the length, width and depth of the damage are 10～30 m, 0.35～2.3 m and 0.1～1.9 m respectively. The erosion and damage of newly built terraces are significantly greater than those of old terraces, and the erosion and damage of terraces built before the rainy season of that year are also significantly greater than those built after the rainy season of the previous year. The check dams in the catchment have obvious effects on sediment retention, but there are still many damage and flooding overtopping dam phenomena in the case of heavy rain, and the siltation of most of the check dams has reached the upper limit of the storage capacity. Unreasonable occupancy of river channels, engineering construction, lack of storage and drainage measures in small watersheds, and inadequate management and protection of some soil and water conservation facilities will aggravate watershed erosion and flood disasters. [Conclusion] Under the general rainstorm conditions, the current soil and water conservation measures in the small catchment can better resist the rainstorm erosion. The erosion disasters in the catchment are still serious under the heavy rainstorm, and it is easy to cause serious siltation and flood disasters in the downstream. Optimizing the design and layout of the overall “storage and drainage coordination” facilities in the watersheds is an urgent problem that needs to be solved for the high-quality development of soil and water conservation work in the Loess Plateau.

Abstract:[Objective] The erosion intensity and the causes of erosion of the production roads after rainstorm in the small watershed at Xiji County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region were explored in order to provide a theoretical basis for improving the situation of soil erosion and improving the construction and maintenance of water and soil conservation projects in the future. [Methods] From July 25 to 29, 2022, Soil and Water Conservation Monitoring Center of the Ministry of Water Resources organized a comprehensive survey on soil and water conservation of the “7·13” rainstorm at Xiji County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The environment and erosion status of the production road in the small watershed of the Wushicha small watershed were investigated and the erosion intensity was calculated by using the “section method”. The erosion intensity status and the causes of erosion were analyzed. [Results] ① The rainfall, the characteristics of road and the human activities are the main influencing factors of the production roads erosion in the Wushicha small watershed. Each road shows different erosion patterns, among which the lower reaches of the small watershed, along the runoff direction and with low vegetation coverage are seriously eroded. ② The road erosion modulus of small watershed is analyzed and calculated. The calculated value of “section method” is 1 054.49 t/km², and the measured value of 3D image is 1 277.91 t/km². The damage rate of the survey section is 53.39%. [Conclusion] It is necessary and effective to implement soil and water conservation measures. Good soil and water conservation measures and high vegetation coverage rate can effectively prevent the occurrence of soil and water loss on production roads.

Abstract:[Objective] The influence of different forest ages on the soil moisture dynamics and time stability of different slopes during the growing season (April-September) was determined in order to provide a scientific basis for the rational use of Cerasus humilis in the comprehensive management of small watersheds in hilly and gully areas of the Loess Plateau. [Methods] Based on long-term positioning observations of soil moisture in standard runoff plots with different slopes, the relevant parameters of soil moisture were calculated and analyzed using Origin Pro software. [Results] ① Soil water storage decreased after tree planting, but the decrease was not significant. There was a gradual recovery trend, but differences in soil water storage on different slopes were not significant. ② During the growing season, soil water contents in the 0-40 cm layer and below 100 cm in the 5° and 10° slope plots were low, and the coefficient of variation showed weak variation. Soil water storage in the 40-100 cm soil layer was high, and the coefficient of variation showed moderate variation. Soil water storage in the 0-100 cm layer for the 15° slope plot exhibited a large difference between the two study years. The soil water content below 120 cm was high and exhibited medium variation. ③ The temporal stability of soil water gradually increased with increases in the growth and age of Cerasus humilis, and was most obvious for the 15° slope plot. [Conclusion] The slope treatment model of “Cerasus humilis + level bench” has some advantages on slopes of less than 10° in hilly and gully areas of the Loess Plateau, depending on the growth status of Cerasus humilis.

Abstract:[Objective] The formation conditions, initiation mechanism and dynamic characteristics of the glacial debris flow disaster occurred on September 10, 2020 at Zhibai gully in Linzhi City of Tibet, were analyzed in order to provide scientific reference for the early warning and risk prevention in the construction projects in Southeast Tibet. [Methods] The initiation process, erosion-sediment characteristics and destruction of the debris flow disaster were identified according to the field survey, remote sensing interpretation, observation, and monitoring. [Results] The drive force of the “9·10” debris flow was the high-altitude rock/ice avalanche. The formation process included three processes: ① Due to the seismic fracturing caused by the Milin earthquake in 2017, and freeze-thaw cycle of high level rock, a rock collapse was developed in the south watershed, triggering ice avalanche and forming ice-rock mass flow moving to the slope moraine platform, ② Ice-rock mass flow scraped slope moraine and loose soil materials, entered into the 2^# branch gully and carry soil material along the channel bed, amplified disaster scale. ③ Through the collision and friction in the process of movement, the ice undergoes phase changed and drove the ice-rock mass flow to debris flow. [Conclusion] The triggering conditions, water-soil coupling process and dynamics characteristics of the ice avalanche type debris flow are different from those of the other glacial rainfall complex type debris flow, and its dynamics parameters are influenced by the high potential energy at the initiation point and the ice-water phase change during the motion, which are very different from the results obtained by existing calculation methods. In the future, the existing methods for calculating the dynamic parameters of rainfall type mudflow cannot be directly adopted in the prevention and control of glacial mudflow disasters, and the dynamic parameters should be analyzed based on the initiation mechanism of mudflow.

Abstract:[Objective] The spatial-temporal patterns of soil water at the inter-dune area of Nitraria tangutorum nebkhas and its response to rainfall changes were determined in order to provide a scientific basis and data support for the accurate assessment of the role of inter-dunes in the soil water cycle and soil water stability in Nitraria tangutorum nebkhas. [Methods] The EM50 automated soil moisture measurement system was used to acquire long-term in-situ measurements of soil moisture in the clay layer of the inter-dune area. We analyzed the spatial patterns and temporal dynamics of soil water in the inter-dune soils under different rainfall conditions, quantifying the relationship between rainfall, soil water content before rainfall, and soil water infiltration and retention time in the inter-dune clay layer. [Results] ① From the perspective of the spatial variation characteristics of soil water in the clay layer, the variation degree of soil water in the 0-25 cm soil layer was characterized as moderate variation, among which the surface layer (0-15 cm) had greater variability and the lower layer (below 15 cm) had less variability. ② The magnitude of rainfall determined the infiltration depth and retention time of soil water at the inter-dune area after rainfall. As the average rainfall increased by 1 mm, the infiltration depth of soil water in the clay layer increased by 0.57 cm, and the soil water retention time increased by 1.05 days. Excessive soil water content before a rainfall event inhibited the continuous infiltration of soil water in the clay layer, but had a significant positive effect on soil water retention time after the rainfall, as shown by a 1% increase in soil water content before a rainfall event, and a 0.02 cm decrease in infiltration depth per unit rainfall, while the soil water retention time of the clay layer increased by 9.85 days. ③ Heavy rainfall events (＞20 mm) had an obvious replenishment effect on soil water in the clay layer, and the soil water decreased slowly after rainfall. [Conclusion] The inter-dune clay layer can inhibit soil water evaporation and provide good water storage and water retention.

Abstract:[Objective] The effects of cyclic load on root tensile resistance characteristics of three typical shrubs, and the change of soil reinforcement efficiency of shrub roots after fatigue were determined in order to provide a scientific basis for plant selection in the process of ecological restoration and erosion prevention and control in semi-arid mining areas. [Methods] The roots of Salix psammophila, Caragana microphylla, and Hippophae rhamnoides were taken as the research objects. The TY8000 servo-controlled material testing machine was used to apply mild and severe cyclic loads on the taproots and lateral root branches within the root diameter range of 2~4 mm, and changes in root tensile force and tensile strength before and after fatigue were analyzed. [Results] ① There were significant differences in root biomass, cumulative root length, root volume, and root surface area among the three shrubs that followed the order of S. psammophila ＞ C. microphylla ＞ H. rhamnoides. The root biomass and root volume were mostly concentrated in the 0-10 cm surface soil, with proportions of 38.5% and 35.3%, respectively. The cumulative root length and root surface area were mostly concentrated in the 10-20 cm shallow soil, with proportions of 30.1% and 29.8%, respectively. ② The tensile force of the taproots of the three shrubs before and after fatigue was positively correlated with root diameter by a power function relationship, and a negative power function relationship between tensile strength and root diameter was observed. Both tensile force and tensile strength of the three shrubs followed the order of S. psammophila ＞ C. microphylla ＞ H. rhamnoides. Root fatigue significantly improved the tensile properties of the taproot. ③ Before and after fatigue, the tensile force and tensile strength of the lateral root branches of the three shrubs were similar to that of the taproot. Before fatigue, the tensile force of C. microphylla was the highest, followed by S. psammophila, and H. rhamnoides was the lowest. However, after fatigue, the tensile force followed the order of S. psammophila ＞ C. microphylla ＞ H. rhamnoides. Root fatigue can significantly improve the tensile properties of lateral root branches of S. psammophila and H. rhamnoides, but can decrease the tensile properties of C. microphylla. [Conclusion] In a wind erosion environment, the root system of S. psammophila can always maintain good tensile performance during the erosion process, and can exert a stabilizing soil reinforcement effect, and therefore, this species should be considered as the better choice for vegetation reconstruction in semi-arid mining areas.

Abstract:[Objective] The changes in plant growth, soil moisture content, and slope erosion on the slope of a dump field formed by the development of grassland mineral resources under different regulated deficit irrigation treatments were determined in order to provide a scientific basis for the implementation of restoration irrigation technology. [Methods] Five regulated deficit irrigation treatments were set up, and full irrigation was used as the control. The rank sum ratio method was used to determine the best water replenishment scheme for artificial grassland on abandoned land slopes. [Results] As water deficit increased, the growth and development of plants of an artificial grassland on abandoned slopes of a grassland mining area were restricted. The above-ground biomass and community coverage of plants decreased significantly (p＜0.05). In the early stage of plant growth, the sediment yield and runoff on the slope increased significantly with increasing irrigation amount (p＜0.05). There were no obvious changes in sediment yield and flow rate between treatments. Compared with the regulated deficit irrigation treatments, the water use efficiency of mild and moderate regulated deficit irrigation (when the soil moisture content reached 55% and 45%, respectively, of the soil field water holding capacity) was relatively high. [Conclusion] A comprehensive evaluation of the effects of artificial grassland construction on water storage, soil conservation capacity, and irrigation water use efficiency showed that mild deficit-regulated irrigation (soil moisture content reached 55% of soil field water holding capacity) produced similar effects on water use efficiency and artificial grassland construction benefits. The combination was good, and the effect on soil erosion prevention and control was obvious. This level of regulated deficit irrigation could be used as the preferred choice for constructing artificial grasslands in the mine wasteland of the study area.

Abstract:[Objective] The slope erosion response of engineering deposits occurring under continuous runoff scouring was determined in order to further understand the laws governing erosion of engineering deposits during continuous scouring, and to provide basic data as a reference for accurate predictions by soil erosion models. [Methods] We set up three drainage gradients (8, 12, 16 L/min) on three slopes (28, 32, 36°) and carried out three consecutive envent runoff scouring tests (24 h between each envent). [Results] ① The runoff characteristics of each envent followed the order of envent 3 > envent 2 > envent 1, and the increase in runoff in envent 3 was greater than in envent 2. The growth rates in envent 1 were 40.5% and 33.4%, respectively. ② The sediment yield followed the order of envent 1 > envent 2 > envent 3, and the proportion of sand production was 31.74%~53.46%, 29.03%~43.71%, and 17.42%~29.04%, respectively. ③ In any flow section, the average flow velocity under continuous runoff erosion had nothing to do with the change of the channel width, and the flow velocity along the runoff direction was consistent with the change of the channel depth. [Conclusion] As water flows from above, runoff on the slope surface of engineering deposits increases with increasing scouring time, and sediment yield decreases with increasing time and the scouring site has a significant impact on the average runoff rate.

Abstract:[Objective] The the responses of soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities to a flooding gradient in mangroves were determined to reveal the dynamics of soil quality and its influencing factors with increasing flooding period in order to provide a theoretical basis for mangrove protection and management. [Methods] We selected a mangrove plantation located in Fucheng town on the Leizhou peninsula, Guangdong Province, as the study site. We collected surface sediments (0-20 cm) from low, mid-low, mid, mid-high, and high-intertidal zones according to the distribution of intertidal zones and the type of mangrove communities. Soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), nitrogen (MBN), phosphorus (MBP), and enzyme activities of different intertidal zones were measured and analyzed. [Results] As flooding frequency increased, MBC and MBN significantly decreased by 96.7% and 98.4%, respectively. The highest values were observed in the high-intertidal zone. The MBP fluctuated and decreased, with the highest value observed in the mid-high-intertidal zone. Microbial entropy carbon (q_MBC) and nitrogen (q_MBN) initially increased and then decreased with time, while the microbial entropy phosphorus (q_MBP) fluctuated with a decreasing trend. The highest q_MBC, q_MBN, and q_MBP values were observed in mid-high-intertidal zone. The activities of β-glucosidase and acid phosphatase initially rose and then declined, with the highest values observed in the mid-high-intertidal zone. The activities of urease significantly decreased by 20.2%, and the highest value was observed in the high-intertidal zone. Redundancy analysis indicated that q_MBN, MBN, and MBC were the main factors influencing soil enzyme activities in the surface soil, accounting for 50.9% of the total variation in enzyme activities. [Conclusion] Flooding gradient had a significant effect on soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities, and soil fertility decreased substantially with increased flooding time. An increase in nitrogen fertilization may improve soil quality and promote mangrove afforestation and growth.

Abstract:[Objective] The change characteristics of soil erosion resistance under different soil and water conservation measures in the red soil area of Southern China were determined in order to provide a theoretical basis for the study of soil erosion resistance and soil erosion control in this region. [Methods] Soil erosion resistance under different treatments and at different depths was studied by field sampling and indoor experimental analysis for bare land (control), citrus net tillage, citrus + planting grass, and citrus + horizontal terrace in a citrus orchard experimental area in the Jiangxi Eco-technology Garden for Soil and Water Conservation. [Results] In the 0-20 cm soil layer, citrus + planting grass produced the strongest soil erosion resistance, followed by citrus + horizontal terrace, and citrus net tillage. There were no significant differences between these treatments, but bare land was the worst. In the 20-40 cm soil layer, citrus + planting grass and citrus + horizontal terrace had the strongest soil erosion resistance (with no significant difference between these two treatments), followed by citrus net tillage. The bare land was the worst. For any given treatment, the soil erosion resistance of the 0-20 cm soil layer was significantly greater than the erosion resistance of the 20-40 cm soil layer. [Conclusion] Soil and water conservation measures can significantly improve soil erosion resistance, and soil erosion resistance was greatest under the citrus + planting grass treatment. We suggest using forest and grass together measure to improve vegetation coverage in this region so as to strengthen soil erosion resistance.

Abstract:[Objective] The characteristics of soil aggregates under different vegetation types and slope positions of Culai Mountain were determined in order to provide theoretical support for vegetation construction and soil and water conservation in rocky mountain areas of North China. [Methods] The composition and stability of soil aggregates on and below the slope of Robinnia pseudoacacia×Quercus mixed forest and Chestnut forest of Culai Mountain were analyzed by dry sieve and wet sieve methods, and the soil solid-liquid-gas three phase rate and its structural distance were measured. [Results] ① The composition of mechanically stable aggregates accounted for 55.60%-72.76% for particle sizes of 2-0.25 mm, 25.11%-41.98% for particle sizes of 0.25-0.053 mm, and 0.60%-3.75% for particle sizes ＜0.053 mm. ② Compared with the Chestnut forest, the mean weight diameter of soil mechanical stability aggregates increased by 10.51%, geometric mean diameter increased by 7.51%, and unstable aggregate index decreased by 19.01% in the Robinia pseudoacacia and Quercus mixed forest. However, none of the indexes of water stabile aggregates showed significant differences under different vegetation types and slope positions. ③ Soil solid phase volume (56.46%-66.15%)＞liquid phase volume (21.66%-36.56%)＞gas phase volume (4.40%-12.19%). The soil three phase structure distance of Robinia pseudoacacia and Quercus mixed forest was reduced by 8.87% compared with that of Chestnut forest. [Conclusion] The influence of vegetation type on the structural stability of soil aggregates of Culai Mountain was greater than that of slope position, where the contribution of Robinia pseudoacacia and Quercus mixed forest to the mechanical stability of soil aggregates was significantly greater than that of Chestnut forest. The solid volume ratio was the key factor explaining the composition of soil aggregates.

Abstract:[Objective] The mechanical properties of the root-soil system of Yunnan pine and its influence on slope stability in the southwestern mountainous area of China were determined in order to provide a theoretical basis and data support for the understanding, identification, early warning, and prevention of shallow landslides in this area. [Methods] Research regarding the root system of Yunnan pine is extremely lacking as it relates to shallow landslides in Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan Province. The shear strength test of the root-soil system and FLAC 3D numerical simulation were carried out to explore the mechanical properties of tree-root-soil system and shallow slope stability under different combinations of root density, root distribution, and soil water content. [Results] Higher plant root density could significantly improve soil shear strength. Compared with soil without roots, the cohesion and internal friction angle of soil with roots increased by 45.5% and 9.6%, respectively. However, there was a significant negative power function relationship between root diameter and root tensile strength (p＜0.05), and the tensile strength of fine roots with diameters less than 2 mm was the strongest. At the same time, under the horizontal or vertical distribution of the root system, an increase in soil water content would reduce the shear strength of the soil, and this situation was not conducive to slope stability. Staggered distribution of trees was most conducive to improving soil shear strength and slope stability. [Conclusion] The characteristics of high density, complex staggered distribution, and clustering of fine roots play an important role in increasing the shear strength of the root-soil system and slope stability. Moderately increasing vegetation coverage is one of the important measures that could be implemented to control the occurrence of shallow landslides. Evaluating the effect of soil protection and slope stabilization provided by tree roots under different conditions in geologically disaster-prone areas could provide theoretical support for ecological restoration in geologically active areas after earthquakes.

Abstract:[Objective] The mechanism of wind erosion of soil in rodent mounds in a degraded area of the source area of the Yellow River were determined by studying the characteristics of soil particle loss in order to provide significant guidance for further scientific evaluation of soil loss characteristics in a degraded alpine grassland area. [Methods] We studied rodent mounds that are widely distributed in the source area of the Yellow River which were creased by two rodent species, namely Ochotona curzoniae and Eospalax baileyi. According to soil texture characteristics, the rodent mounds were divided into three types: meadow, sand, and gravel-bearing. A small in-situ wind erosion test device was used to investigate the relationship between wind erosion and wind speed in the wind speed range of 3~15 m/s under nine wind speed tests with an interval of 1.5 m/s. [Results] ① When wind speed was greater than 9 m/s, the wind erosion amount of the Ochotona curzoniae mounds was the largest, and the wind erosion amount of the Eospalax baileyi mounds was the smallest. A power function relationship was found between wind erosion amount of the Ochotona curzoniae mounds and wind speed. There was a positive correlation between the amount of wind erosion and wind speed in meadow soil and gravel-containing soil. Gravel had a significant inhibitory effect on soil wind erosion. ② The wind erosion of soil in Ochotona curzoniae mounds was greater than in Eospalax baileyi mounds, and the wind erosion rate of soil in rodent mounds increased greatly with increasing wind speed. The wind erosion rate of soil in rodent mounds showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with increasing wind erosion time. ③ According to an analysis of soil particle size, the wind erosion particles of sand-dune soil were dominated by sand, while meadow soil and gravel-bearing soil were dominated by silt. The composition of erosion particles was related to the soil texture of rodent mounds. [Conclusion] The relationship between soil loss and wind speed was related to soil texture, rodent activity, soil aggregate damage, and soil reorganization in a degraded area of source area of the Yellow River.

Abstract:[Objective] The effects of the spatial distribution of sugarcane planting patterns (newly planted and perennial) and vegetation coverage on the hydrological connectivity of a watershed were determined in order to provide a scientific reference for hydrological connectivity research and soil erosion management of watersheds. [Methods] Using the index of connectivity (IC), the variation characteristics of hydrological connectivity with sugarcane growing period were analyzed based on ArcGIS and UAV high-resolution image data. Principal component analysis was used to explore the key influencing factors of hydrological connectivity. [Results] ① The mean IC in the Nala watershed changed from -2.07 to -2.87 with increasing sugarcane growth stage, and the mean IC in the seedling stage was significantly greater than in tillering, elongation stage, and ripening stages (p＜0.05). The IC value of each sub-watershed showed two different trends: initially decreasing and then increasing, and continuously decreasing during the growth period of sugarcane. Places that were closer to the road network or river channel had higher IC values. ② The IC value of newly planted sugarcane was significantly greater than that of perennial sugarcane at the seedling and tillering stages (p＜0.05), and significantly lower than that of perennial sugarcane at the ripening stage (p＜0.05), but there was no significant difference at the elongation stage. ③ The main influencing factors of hydrological connectivity at the seedling, tillering, and ripening stages were planting mode, vegetation coverage, and slope, and the ratio of new planting area to hydrological connectivity was greater than that of perennial root area. ④ The area ratio of newly planted sugarcane significantly affected the vegetation coverage at the seedling, tillering, and ripening stages, and the effect gradually decreased with the passage of time. Sugarcane planting patterns affected hydrological connectivity by influencing vegetation coverage. [Conclusion] The hydrological connectivity of the Nala watershed changed significantly with sugarcane growth stage, and was significantly affected by planting patterns and vegetation coverage. Planting patterns can affect hydrological connectivity by influencing vegetation coverage.

Abstract:[Objective] The variation characteristics of various nutrient indexes in different types of soil in different soil layer after the application of harmless domestic sewage in the hilly area of central Sichuan Province were determined in order to provide scientific support for the harmless treatment and resource utilization of rural domestic sewage. [Methods] Rural domestic sewage treated by a three-grid septic tank was used for resource utilization. Three application treatments 〔G₁(37.5 L/m²)， G₂(75 L/m²), and G₃ (blank)〕 were applied to farmland; four application treatments 〔L₁ (37.5 L/m²), L₂ (75 L/m²), L₃ (112.5 L/m²), and L₀ (blank)〕 were applied to the forest land. The weight of each nutrient index was calculated by combining analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and principal component analysis (PCA), and the application effect of each scheme in different soil layers was comprehensively evaluated. [Results] ① Under the different resource utilization treatments of domestic sewage, except for L₃, the soil nutrient evaluation grade was “good”, and the domestic sewage utilization scheme was “excellent”. ② Under each treatment, soil nutrient evaluation scores at different depths of farmland followed the order of G₁＞G₀＞G₂. The scores for the 0-20 cm soil layer at forest land followed the order of L₀＞L₂＞L₁＞L₃. The scores for the 20-40 cm soil layer in forest land followed the order of L₁＞L₀＞L₂＞L₃. ③ Farmland has obvious effects on improving soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, and available potassium. Under small application amounts, forest land had a better effect on increasing soil nutrients (other than available potassium) in the 20-40 cm layer. [Conclusion] In the short term, under the resource utilization of rural domestic sewage, an appropriate application amount could improve the nutrient status of farmland soil, and it could be better maintained for forest land without applying soil nutrients.

Abstract:[Objective] The effects of sugarcane planting methods 〔ratoon sugarcane (RS) and newly planting sugarcane (NS)〕 on soil erosion and nitrogen loss characteristics of slope land under natural rainfall were determined in order to provide a theoretical basis for regional water and soil loss prevention, and for determining reasonable planting practices for sugarcane. [Methods] In-situ observations were made of natural rainfall processes, runoff, sediment yield, and nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen losses under individual rainfall events for different sugarcane planting patterns 〔ratoon sugarcane (RS) and newly planting sugarcane (NS)〕 on lateritic soil from May to October in 2021. [Results] ① The numbers of individual erosive rainfall events in the NS and RS treatments were 40 and 43, respectively, and the erosive rainfall amounts were 981.8 mm and 1 013.0 mm, respectively, from May to October in 2021. Runoff, sediment, and nitrogen losses of sugarcane land mainly occurred in June. Nitrogen losses were mainly lost through surface runoff, accounting for more than 96.0% of the total nitrogen loss in runoff and sediment. Nitrate nitrogen loss accounted for more than 70% of total dissolved nitrogen in runoff, while ammonium nitrogen was the main nitrogen loss type in sediment (＞80%). Compared with the NS treatment, the total runoff and soil erosion of the RS treatment decreased by 31.8% and 83.5%, respectively, the loss of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in runoff decreased by 56.7% and 51.9%, and the sediment loss decreased by 85.4% and 60.2%. ② Runoff, sediment yield, and nitrogen losses of sugarcane land under the different treatments fluctuated with individual rainfall events among sugarcane growing treatments, and losses mainly arose from the rainfall occurring from June 3 to 24, 2021. The losses of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen in runoff and erosion sediment for the RS treatment were generally lower than for the NS treatment. Additionally, runoff, sediment, and the nitrogen losses in runoff erosion gradually decreased with the growth of sugarcane. ③ The maximum 30-minute rainfall intensity (I₃₀) and rainfall were the main factors affecting nitrogen loss in sugarcane field runoff and sediment. The maximum 60-minute rainfall intensity (I₆₀) and I₃₀ were the main rainfall factors affecting the slope runoff erosion of the RS and NS treatments, respectively. [Conclusion] Losses of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in runoff and sediment in sugarcane land were mainly in the form of nitrate nitrogen occurring with surface runoff. Compared with the NS treatment, the RS treatment could effectively reduce runoff, erosion, and nitrogen losses during the sugarcane seedling stage and tillering stage. Differences between the two treatments gradually decreased in the later stage of elongation.

Abstract:[Objective] The most suitable row-band configuration pattern was determined for vegetation restoration and soil development between protection forest strips in the Populus simonii shelterbelt located in the Naiman sand region of the Horqin sandy land area to provide a scientific basis for artificial afforestation in this area. [Methods] Plant community diversity, soil physicochemical properties, and their correlation for four types of Populus simonii shelterbelts with different band spacings were studied. [Results] The size of the band spacing had a significant impact on the vegetation and soil restoration between Populus simonii shelterbelts, and vegetation restoration and soil restoration were complementary. ① Species diversity and community stability in the natural state showed some decrease by the distance between bands from 10 m, 6 m, 4 m, to 2 m; ② Soil water content and soil nutrient contents (organic matter, alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen, fast-acting phosphorus, and fast-acting potassium) presented the same downward trend from 10 m, 6 m, 4 m, to 2 m, but the soil bulk density showed an upward trend from 10 m, 6 m, 4 m, to 2 m; ③ In the 0-60 cm soil layer, species diversity indices and soil physicochemical properties showed significant or highly significant correlations (p＜0.05) between the different band spacings of Populus simonii, among which the most significant correlation with each species diversity index was the soil bulk density, and the most significant correlation with each soil physicochemical property was the Margalef richness index. [Conclusion] For the artificial afforestation process of Populus simonii in the Naiman sand region of the Horqin sandy land area, an appropriate increase in the spacing between row-banded small-leaved poplar plantations can effectively improve the production level and ecological benefits of the forest land, and a spacing of 10 m is appropriate.

Abstract:[Objective] The effect of litter composition on its water holding capacity for three different karst forest types in subtropical region was determined in order to provide a scientific basis for enriching forest ecohydrological research and deepening the understanding of the relationship between litter and hydrological functions. [Methods] Litters were collected from three representative karst forest types, i.e., Cyclobalanopsis glauca forest, Cyclobalanopsis glauca + Fraxinus griffithii forest, and Platycarya strobilacea + Myrsine seguinii forest in subtropical region. The litters were sorted into four components: semi-decomposed litter, undecomposed branches, undecomposed leaves, and undecomposed other litter forms. The first three main litter components of each forest type were mixed at the ratios of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% with the same total weight, resulting in 21 groups for each forest type. The water holding capacities of the 63 litter groups were compared based on laboratory soaking experiments. [Results] ① The relationships of the water holding rate and the water absorption rate with soaking time were determined by logarithmic function (R²≥0.718) and power function (R²≥0.998). The highest value was observed in the group of undecomposed leaf litter of P. strobilacea + M. seguinii forest, while the lowest value was observed in the group of undecomposed branch litter of C. glauca + F. griffithii forest. ② The water holding rate and water absorption rate of litters had significant positive correlations with the proportion of undecomposed leaves (p＜0.01), significant negative correlations with the proportion of undecomposed branches (p＜0.01), and no significant relationship with the proportion of half-decomposed litters. ③ No significant differences in the total accumulation of litters and their maximum water holding capacity were found among the three forest types, whereas the maximum water absorption rate of litter was significantly higher in C. glauca forest than in P. strobilacea + M. seguinii forest. [Conclusion] The water holding capacity of litter is significantly affected by its composition, and this factor should be taken into account in studies of the hydrological effects of litters.

Abstract:[Objective] The current level of ecological environmental change in the Yuanmou dry-hot valley from 2000 to 2020 was determined, and the dynamic monitoring and driving force of the regional ecology were analyzed in order to provide a theoretical basis for ecological environmental protection and sustainable development of the dry-hot valley. [Methods] Three Landsat TM/OIL image datasets were selected to calculate the greenness (NDVI), humidity (WET), dryness (NDBSI), and heat (LST) indexes to construct the remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) evaluation system. The ecological environmental factors affecting the region were quantified and analyzed by geographic detector. [Results] ① The mean values of RSEI in the Yuanmou dry-hot valley in 2000, 2010 and 2020 were 0.628, 0.609, and 0.684, respectively, showing a trend of initially decreasing and then increasing. ② During the 20-year study period, the area of ecological environmental improvement accounted for 29.58% of the total area, mainly located on both sides of the river valley. The area of ecological deterioration accounted for 21.45% of the total area, and was mainly scattered around agricultural areas and residential areas. ③ The driving force analysis of 10 factors affecting RSEI in the Yuanmou dry-hot valley showed that NDVI and land use had the strongest explanatory power for the spatial differentiation characteristics of RSEI. [Conclusion] The interaction results of multiple factors showed that the ecological environment of the Yuanmou dry-hot valley was the result of multiple factors, and all factors produced synergistic enhancement effects under the interaction. NDVI and land use were the main driving factors of eco-environmental quality in the study area. Therefore, in the exploration of Yuanmou ecological environmental restoration and protection, we should rationally plan and use land resources, and implement vegetation protection and restoration policies and measures.

Abstract:[Objective] The spatial distribution of land use/cover types of different major function-oriented zoning (MFOZ) areas in the Fuzhou metropolitan area in 2030 was simulated, and the future development trend of the land spatial patterns was predicted. [Methods] Based on multi-source data such as DEM and land use/cover, road network, nighttime light images and meteorological data, the FLUS-Markov model was used to predict and compare the land use/cover structure of the metropolitan area in 2030 based on zoning simulation and overall simulation in order to explore differences in the spatial and temporal change intensity of land use/cover of MFOZ. [Results] ① In 2020, the kappa coefficients of the simulation results of MFOZ in the Fuzhou metropolitan area were all above 0.85, indicating that the combination of key parameters in the model could effectively simulate the spatial distribution pattern of land use/cover in different functional areas; ② Compared with the overall simulation, the better indication of single land use dynamic degree, comprehensive land use dynamic degree and land use degree in zoning results showed that, the zoning simulation was more suitable for future regional land use/cover planning. [Conclusion] The zoning simulation results of the Fuzhou metropolitan area in 2030 were more consistent with the development goals of MFOZ. Therefore, the future regional land use planning could be worked out combined with the development characteristics of MFOZ to propose the key directions of economic development and ecological protection in each region.

Abstract:[Objective] The “source-sink” risk pattern of non-point source (NPS) pollution in the upper reaches of the Erhai Lake basin was identified in order to provide a theoretical basis for protecting the ecology of Erhai Lake and for rapidly identificatiing key areas of “source-sink” NPS pollution risk. [Methods] An evaluation system of resistance base surfaces was built based on data from 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020. Resistance surfaces were established and NPS pollution risk levels were classified based on the minimum cumulative resistance model to analyze changes in NPS pollution risk levels over these 16 years in the upper reaches of the Erhai Lake basin. [Results] ① Spatial heterogeneity in the resistance factor caused regional differences in the distribution of the resistance base surfaces, while the distribution of the “source” affected the distribution of the resistance surfaces. The resistance surfaces value increased by 7 485.40 from 2005 to 2020. ② Thirty percent of the study area was classified as extremely high-risk zones, while the area of the medium-risk zones accounted for more than 60% of the study area, and the NPS pollution risk level was high. During the 16 years of the study, the area of extremely high-risk zones decreased the most (35.74 km²), while the area of medium-risk zones increased the most (38.69 km²). ③ The closer the NPS pollution risk level was to the “source”, the higher the risk level. The risk level was higher in the central region than at the border, and higher in the south than in the north, while the extremely high-risk zones were the key area of NPS pollution. ④ Among zones of different risk levels, the medium-risk zones witnessed the largest transfer-out (80.93 km²) in the past 16 years. The main transfer-out areas were the intersections of three towns (Cibi Lake, Fengyu, and Yousuo) and the northern part of Niujie Town. [Conclusion] Measures such as landscape optimization and planting adjustments in key zones have a more positive effect on reducing the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus and changing the risk level pattern, which could further improve the future water environment of the Erhai Lake.

Abstract:[Objective] The characteristics of soil water variation of Haloxylon ammodendron grown under plastic film mulch were determined in order to provide technical support for desertification control in the Hexi Corridor. [Methods] Based on the psammophyte Haloxylon ammodendron of Minqin County in Gansu Province, wheat grass squares were set around Haloxylon ammodendron, and treatments of four kinds of high density polyethylene (HDPE) film mulch with different thicknesses and one control treatment without film were arranged. Soil water content was measured and subjected to statistical analysis. [Results] The soil water content of Haloxylon ammodendron was varied with seasonal rainfall. The soil water content above the 40 cm depth fluctuated greatly under the influence of rainfall. The soil water contents of Haloxylon ammodendron with white film, black film, and shed film were greater than the control treatment without film and the farmland film. During the one-year growing period, the soil water storage was always at the highest and the water consumption was the largest. [Conclusion] The white film had the best water retention performance, and could effectively prevent soil water evaporation and improve water storage ability and moisture conservation.

Abstract:[Objective] The ecological adaptability of trees in the water-level-fluctuation zone of reservoirs in the parallel flow area of three rivers was determined in order to provide a scientific basis for the selection of dominant afforestation species for ecological restoration in this area. [Methods] Seedlings of Taxodium hybrid, Pterocarya stenoptera, Salix americana, and Taxodium ascendens were selected for a small-scale afforestation experiment in the fluctuating zone of the Huangdeng Reservoir on the Lancang River. The survival rate and basic growth of trees were observed, and the crown shape and structure, shoot and branch characteristics, and biomass were observed two years after transplanting. [Results] At the initial stage of transplanting, the survival rate of three of the tree species (Taxodium hybrid, Pterocarya stenoptera, Taxodium ascendens) decreased significantly with the increase of flooding and drying times in the drawdown zone. Two years after transplanting, the survival rates of the four tree species followed the order of Salix americana (100%)＞Taxodium ascendens (48.78%)＞Pterocarya stenoptera (40.19%)＞Taxodium hybrid (32.86%). The growth of Salix americana was significantly greater than that of the other three species, and the tree height and crown width of Pterocarya stenoptera and Taxodium hybrid “zhongshanshan” fir decreased due to dying and dead branches. The total biomass of Salix americana and the biomass of each constituent organ were significantly greater than those of the other three tree species, and the proportion of each constituent organ to the total biomass was relatively balanced, with the trunk being the main part, and the leaves and branches of Taxodium hybrid accounting for the smallest proportion of the total biomass. [Conclusion] The suitability of the four tree species in the fluctuating zone of the Huangdeng Reservoir of the Lancang River followed the order of Salix americana＞Taxodium ascendens＞Pterocarya stenoptera＞Taxodium hybrid. The survival rate of Salix americana was 100% two years after transplanting. It should be considered the recommended tree species for the restoration of fluctuating vegetation in the three parallel rivers reservoir area.

Abstract:[Objective] The influence of different soil fertility improvement measures on soil quality and maize yield in horizontal terraced fields was quantitatively evaluated in order to provide a theoretical support for the improvement of cultivated land fertility and the protection of black soil area. [Methods] Field monitoring and multivariate mathematical statistics were used to identify the effects of different combinations of chemical fertilizers, organic fertilizers, and straw on soil nutrient content, physical properties, maize growth, and yield. [Results] ① The combined application of organic fertilizer with straw not only played a very significant role in improving the fertility of the plow layer, but also significantly improved the physical properties of the soil. The combined application of chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer, and straw had the best effect; ② Adding straw and organic fertilizer significantly reduced C∶N ratio, and increased N∶P and C∶P ratios, and provided a more ideal environment for the growth and development of soil microbial communities; ③ Soil water-holding capacity and organic carbon content were the most influential factors affecting crop yield in terraced fields in the black soil hilly areas. Mixed applications of straw and organic fertilizer should be carried out continuously in the future; ④ 3.75 t/hm² of chemical fertilizers mixed with organic fertilizer or 3.00 t/hm² of straw was the best way to increase the yield of terraced fields in the black soil hilly region. [Conclusion] Different fertility improvement measures had significantly different effects on soil quality and on maize yield in horizontal terraced fields of the black soil hilly region. A suitable production practice is to use chemical fertilizer mixed with organic fertilizer and straw to improve soil quality and maize yield in this area.

Abstract:[Objective] The extraction of vegetation cover and optimization of vegetation indices in desert hinterland oasis were analyzed and studied in order to providing scientific basis for select the optimal vegetation indices to invert the vegetation cover status of extreme arid zone oasis. [Methods] Natural vegetation cover data from the Dariyabui Oasis in the hinterland of the Taklamakan Desert were obtained from UAV aerial photography sample images and used as the benchmark. A variety of typical vegetation indices were extracted from Sentinel-2B satellite images, and a vegetation index-vegetation cover statistical model was established using regression statistics to determine the optimal vegetation index for inversion to quantify arid oasis vegetation cover at the satellite image element scale. [Results] ① The accuracy of vegetation cover of the extracted samples using Image J software was high, and the overall accuracy reached 88.67%. ② The soil-regulated vegetation indices (SAVI, MSAVI) performed well as shown by standard regression coefficients and coefficients of determination, and had good applicability in reflecting natural vegetation cover changes in extreme arid zones. [Conclusion] In an extreme arid zone, Image J software did well in extracting sparse vegetation cover, and SAVI and MSAVI are the more suitable vegetation indices for oasis vegetation cover change studies.

Abstract:[Objective] The water quality changes along the way in the compound ecological ditch system and the system’s purification effect were studied in order to provide a scientific reference for the rational construction and green development of a recirculating aquaculture model of rice-fish co-cropping. [Methods] After constructing a composite ecological ditch system connected by different types of ecological ditches, we sampled and monitored water bodies along the river in 2020 and 2021, and studied the purification effect of composite ecological ditches on aquaculture wastewater and paddy field drainage water. [Results] In 2020, the phosphate removal rate, nitrite nitrogen removal rate, and ammonia nitrogen removal rate of aquaculture wastewater were 96.21%, 91.27%, and 94.75%, respectively. In 2021, the phosphate removal rate, nitrite nitrogen removal rate, and ammonia nitrogen removal rate of aquaculture wastewater were 68.96%, 61.36%, and 51.92%, respectively. The water quality met the class Ⅳ standard specified in the environmental quality standards for surface water (GB3838-2002) after the paddy field drainage was purified. [Conclusion] A compound ecological ditch was used to purify and recycle aquaculture wastewater and paddy field drainage water.

Abstract:[Objective] The land use change of the Pengqu basin of the northern footof Qomolangma in the near-and medium-term future was simulated in order to provide a scientific reference for land use planning in this area. [Methods] We used the Markov-FLUS model to simulate land cover changes based on land cover data of the Pengqu basin (at the northern foot of Mount Qomolangma) from 2010 to 2020. Three future simulation scenarios included free development, arable land conservation, and ecological protection in the Pengqu basin, and took 12 driving factors of human and natural factors into account. [Results] ① The overall accuracy between actual land cover in the Pengqu basin in 2020 and the simulated scenario from the Markov-FLUS model was 90% and the kappa coefficient was 0.82. The accuracy was considered to be high, and the model could be used to simulate future scenarios in this region; ② The five land cover types in the Pengqu basin changed from 2010 to 2020, with the most significant changes occurring in woodland and grassland areas. The woodland area increased by 778.16 km² and the grassland area decreased by 726.89 km²; ③ The simulation results for the future scenarios of the Pengqu basin showed that under the free development, cultivated land protection, and ecological protection scenarios, the largest change in land cover area in the near-term was mainly concentrated in grassland and other land types, while the largest change in land cover area in the medium-term was mainly concentrated in grassland, forest land, and other land types. Regardless of the near-term or the medium-term future time period, the cultivated land area would continue to decrease under the scenario of cultivated land protection. [Conclusion] The implementation of cultivated land protection policy can further promote the sustainable development of the Pengqu basin. In the future, attention should be given to the development and protection of cultivated land in the Pengqu basin. If ecological types are not coordinated in protected areas, ecological diversity may be damaged under ecological system transformation.

Abstract:[Objective] The soil salt content, salt distribution and alkalization characteristics after the change of land use patterns in Beijing suburbs were studied in order to provide scientific basis for the improvement and utilization of soil salinization and the improvement of economic benefits of fruit trees in this area and similar areas. [Methods] The study areas were located at Tongzhou District, Beijing City, where the soil type has shifted from farmland to orchards (pear, cherry, grape, apple, peach). The salinity distribution and salinization characteristics (including total salinity, main ion composition, pH value, electrical conductivity, and alkalinity degree) for two soil depths (0-20 cm and 20-40 cm) were measured. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. [Results] ① The soil cations in the study area were dominated by Na⁺, and the anions were dominated by HCO^-₃. The total soil salt content, pH value, alkalinity, and electrical conductivity ranges were 0.83-5.39 g/kg, 7.45-8.23, 1.52%-12.77%, and 0.1-2.37 mS/cm, respectively. ② Variation in the horizontal direction was mainly of moderate intensity, while there was no significant variation in the vertical direction. ③ The total salt content and electrical conductivity exhibited a significant positive linear correlation, and the relationship was expressed as linear function (R²=0.864). [Conclusion] Soil salt ions in the orchards of Tongzhou District, Beijing City showed surface accumulation and were generally alkaline. Corresponding measures should be taken in time to improve soil fertility and form a virtuous ecological cycle.

Abstract:[Objective] The permeability characteristics of the bedrock weathering layer were determined in order to propose a corresponding experimental method of hydraulic conductivity, and thereby provide a scientific reference for the performance assessment of underground engineering facilities in a porous and fractured medium. [Methods] We focused on granite at an underground engineering site in the southern coastal area of China. A tension infiltrometer was used to conduct the infiltration tests on the bedrock weathering layer. A nonlinear regression model, the White and Sully method, a multi-pressure method, and the Smettem and Turner method were adopted to calculate the hydraulic conductivity and carry out a comprehensive and comparative analysis. The spatial distribution of the hydraulic conductivity of the bedrock weathering layer was determined based on a geologic statistical method. [Results] ① The hydraulic conductivity of the fully weathered bedrock in this area was between 0.023 and 3.918 m/d, and the measured mean value was around 0.971 m/d, which was consistent with the empirical value. ② The permeability capacity of the bedrock weathering layer in this area was stronger in the high terrain area than in the low terrain area. ③ There were some differences in hydraulic conductivity obtained by using different calculation methods. ④ The multi-pressure method was more suitable for determining the hydraulic conductivity in the study area. [Conclusion] The hydraulic conductivity of the bedrock weathering layer in the study area was obtained by using a tension infiltrometer and the multi-pressure method. The permeability capacity of the bedrock weathering layer was found to be relatively weak.

Abstract:[目的] 在韧性理念指导下对郑州市金水河健康水平进行评价，为金水河修复与科学管理提供理论依据。 [方法] 以郑州市金水河为例基于压力-状态-响应模型(简称PSR)，构建城市河流健康评价指标体系，采用组合赋权法和物元可拓模型对河流健康水平与发展趋势进行评价与预测。构建城市化-河流健康响应模型，分析城市化对城市河流健康的影响。 [结果] 研究区的河流健康水平呈现明显的空间差异性，河段1，3，6，7，8，11，14的健康等级为健康、亚病态、亚病态、病态、亚健康、亚病态、健康(河段编号从河口向上游依次变大)，其中位于新城区的河段健康水平较老城区高，河段1，3，8，14健康水平有进一步恶化的趋势，而河段6，7，11的健康水平有向好发展的趋势；城市化水平(城市流域不透水面积比，ISC)对于河流健康水平产生显著影响的阈值在50%左右。 [结论] 研究区各河段健康水平在周边城市环境的影响下存在明显的空间差异，城市河流的健康水平与城市化水平密切相关，在对城市河流保护与修复时应加强城市规划的科学性以促进水城共融。

Abstract:[Objective] The main contributing factors to changes in lake and reservoir water quality in plateau mountainous areas were accurately analyzed in order to provide a scientific reference for the prevention and management of environmental water pollution in these areas as well as for the entire country. [Methods] Land use data for the “Two Lakes and One Reservoir” watershed in Guiyang City in 2013, 2016, and 2019 were interpreted, and the water quality data of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were collected during flood and dry seasons. The correlation between three periods of land use/landscape index and water quality data were revealed through Pearson correlation analysis, and the contribution of three periods of land use/landscape index to water quality were identified by RDA analysis. [Results] ① Forest land, construction land, and grassland increased by 11.72%, 9.96%, and 3.18%, respectively, while paddy land and dry land decreased by 8.77% and 12.07%, respectively, from 2013 to 2019. Both forest land and construction land showed an increase in the degree of integration and in the proportion of number of patches. ② The water quality of Hongfeng Lake reached the national water quality standard classes of Ⅰ to Ⅲ. The concentrations of TN and TP in Baihua Lake and Aha Reservoir fluctuated greatly, and the water quality was worse than that of Hongfeng Lake. ③ The proportion of forest land area and landscape index were negatively correlated with the water quality index, and the proportion of construction land area and landscape index were positively correlated with the water quality index. ④ The contribution of forest patches reached 54.0% and 52.5% in 2013 and 2016, respectively, and the contribution of the proportion of construction land area reached 68.7% in 2019. [Conclusion] Forest land produced a “sink” effect, while construction land produced a “source” effect. Increasing the “sink” effect and restraining the output of pollution “sources” are effective means to alleviate the deterioration of water quality in the “Two Lakes and One Reservoir” watershed.

Abstract:[Objective] The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of land ecological security along the main stream of the Yellow River were determined in Shaanxi Province in order to provide a scientific basis and technical support for maintaining the local land ecological environment, and to provide suggestions and a significant reference for other regions of the similar type. [Methods] A land ecological security evaluation system was constructed by DPSIR, and the time and space characteristics of land ecological security in the Shaanxi section along the main stream of the Yellow River from 2000 to 2020 were analyzed using the entropy method, the natural breakpoint method, and the improved TOPSIS method. An obstacle degree model was introduced to diagnose obstacle factors. [Results] ① The comprehensive value of land ecological security increased from 0.448 7 in 2000 to 0.535 3 in 2020, and the comprehensive security level increased from intermediate to good; ② From 2000 to 2020, the central and northern regions increased from intermediate to good comprehensive security, and the south region remained intermediate; ③ The individual results of the evaluation of land ecological security were different, and the trends showed different changes; ④ The driving force, state, and pressure relative to the obstacle index changed at average annual rates of 5.81%, 6.81%, and 5.51%, respectively, from 2000 to 2020; the impact and response decreased at average annual rates of 26.74% and 33.43%, respectively; ⑤ The main factor obstacles changed from the per capita net income of farmers and forest coverage in 2000 to total grain output, per capita construction land area, and per capita ecological land area in 2020. [Conclusion] Land ecological security in the Shaanxi section along the main stream of the Yellow River has reached a good level in time and space, but there is still a gap in order to achieve the high quality level. Therefore, in the future, it will be necessary to identify the pertinent area along the main stream of the Yellow River, adhere to classified guidance, adapt measures to local conditions, promote green development, reward and punish peers, and promote land ecological security to a higher level.

Abstract:[Objective] The landscape stability dynamics in the core area of Ejina Oasis from 2013 to 2020 and their driving mechanisms were determined in order to provide a basis for ecological restoration and sustainable development of the desert-oasis region. [Methods] Based on remote sensing images of Geosensor 1, a landscape pattern index, a landscape stability model, and GeoDetector, landscape stability dynamics of the core area of Ejina Oasis and its driving factors were investigated. [Results] ① The landscape type in the core area of Ejina Oasis was dominated by unused land, woodland. and grassland, accounting for 90.98% of the total area in 2020. Landscape connectivity and homogeneity of the study area decreased; aggregation, dominance, diversity, and heterogeneity increased; and landscape shapes tended to be simpler and regular from 2013 to 2020. ② Landscape stability of the study region was classified as “generally unstable, locally stable”, and the dynamics of landscape stability were classified as “mostly insignificant, locally variable, and more cold spots than hot spots” from 2013 to 2020. ③ Changes of groundwater depth, water supply, and vegetation cover had a great influence on the landscape stability dynamics of the study region. Climate change, human activities (urban construction, arable land expansion, tourism, etc.), and population growth were the causal factors for the above factors that indirectly caused changes in landscape stability. The driving factors had an interactive enhancement effect. [Conclusion] From 2013 to 2020, landscape stability for the entire study region was low and showed a downward trend. Factors such as arid climate condition, farming, tourism, and urban construction, and their interactions were the dominant factors that explained the reduction in landscape stability in the core area of Ejina Oasis.

Abstract:[Objective] The changes and divergence trends of ecological land use patterns in the Yellow River source area from 2005 to 2020 were explored in order to provide a theoretical basis for identifying key ecological protection areas in the Yellow River source area, for promoting the sustainable development of the ecological environment in the source area, for optimizing the ecological security pattern in the source area, and for achieving the national ecological protection strategic goals. [Methods] Based on four periods of land use data in the Yellow River source area in 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020, a spatial dynamic attitude model, a transfer matrix model, and an ecological status index model were used to analyze the distribution characteristics of different ecological land quantities and structures in time and space. Additionally, changes in the ecological status in the Yellow River source area over the past 16 years were analyzed. [Results] ① The quantity and spatial distribution of different ecological land types in the Yellow River source area varied significantly. The proportion of basic ecological land (89.06%) was the largest, and the proportion of auxiliary ecological land (1.00%) was the smallest. Basic ecological land was widely distributed, sensitive ecological land was mainly located in the east and west, and auxiliary ecological land was mainly located in the northern area. ② There was a clear trend of divergence in the transformation between ecological lands. In the eastern and western regions, the internal transformation of ecological land was the main focus, while in the northern region there was a more mutual transformation of ecological land and non-ecological land, and the overall ecological land function in the source area was developing towards an increasing trend. From a temporal perspective, the ecological status index of the Yellow River source area tended to be stable from 2005 to 2015, and increased precipitously from 2015 to 2020. From a spatial perspective, the western and northern parts of the source area showed a year-to-year increase, while the eastern part showed a year-to-year decrease, but the entire area remained on a year-to-year upward trend. [Conclusion] In general, the ecological land space of the Yellow River source area was spatially scattered, and the non-ecological land space was spatially concentrated. The ecological quality of the source area has been improving during 16 years.

Abstract:[Objective] Effects of urban land expansion on the ecosystem health of urban agglomeration in the lower Yellow River basin were studed. A scientific ecosystem health evaluation model was constructed to identify the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of the ecosystem health status, in order to provide the prerequisite for formulating effective ecological protection strategies. [Methods] The VORS model was developed with urban agglomeration in the lower Yellow River basin as the study region, and the grid was used as the study unit to dynamically assess the ecosystem health of the urban agglomeration in 2000, 2010 and 2020. [Results] ① From 2000 to 2020, the mean ecosystem health index decreased from 0.325 in 2000 to 0.320 in 2020, and the standard deviation increased from 0.106 in 2000 to 0.112 in 2020, the health level of the ecosystem in the study area generally showed a slightly decreasing trend. Areas with high levels of ecosystem health were healthier, while those with low levels were deteriorating. ② The spatial heterogeneity of the ecosystem health level in the study area was significant, and the spatial distribution of all levels was concentrated. In most areas extending from the middle of the study area to the northeast, the ecosystem health level was poor, accounting for up to about 74%, and the overall ecosystem health level was fragile. ③ The Moran’s I was 0.512, 0.522 and 0.543 in 2000, 2010 and 2020, respectively. The overall distribution of ecosystem health in the study area had a positive spatial agglomeration effect, with significant spatial dependence. [Conclusion] The overall level of ecosystem health in the urban agglomeration of lower Yellow River basin has decreased, the ecosystem health is not optimistic, ecological environmental protection and construction need to be strengthened, and in the future, people should focus on improving the level of ecosystem services.

Abstract:[Objective] The development status, research hotspots and development trend of the deserticulture were analyed in order to reveal the current research situation of the deserticulture and provides new ideas for the future research of the deserticulture. [Methods] With the Web of Science core collection database as the literature source, relevant literature studies on deserticulture from 1984 to 2021 were retrieved to draw the map of scientific knowledge. [Results] ① The research of deserticulture has experienced a development process from slow growth to fast growth. ② At present, the main research forces of deserticulture are concentrated in China, the United States, Germany, Italy and other countries. ③ The cooperation among the institutions of deserticulture is relatively close, the scientific research exchanges are frequent, and several relatively stable cooperative groups have been formed, and there are many researchers, but the research direction and research field of the researchers are relatively broad. No fixed research theme and research paradigm has been formed at present. ④ From the perspective of “restoration and balance”, the research focuses on desert management and development through constructing sustainable development framework, improving ecosystem services, developing ecological engineering, establishing desert parks, carrying out factory farming and other approaches. [Conclusion] Under the background of the construction of ecological civilization in the new era, the development and management of desert is related to China’s ecological security and sustainable development. the future development of deserticulture should pay more attention to diversified practical exploration on the basis of theoretical analysis.

Abstract:[Objective] The ecological service value and interval compensation relationship of Shaanxi section of Weihe River basin were studied in order to provide theoretical guidance for promoting the coordinated development of regional ecological economy and ecological environment construction. [Methods] Based on the land use data of Shaanxi section of Weihe River basin, the ecosystem service value (ESV) and its spatial distribution and spatio-temporal evolution were studied by using land use dynamics, equivalent factor method and barycenter model method, and the compensation relationship was analyzed with priority. [Results] ① Under the influence of the project of returning farmland to forest and the rapid progress of urbanization, the reduction of cultivated land and the increase of construction land in spatial quantity were obvious, among which the single dynamic degree of construction land reached 5.94%, which was most active; The grassland, water body and other land use were more intense in the degree of evolution. ② The ESV in Shaanxi section of the Weihe River basin decreased from 56.207 billion yuan to 51.621 billion yuan, a decrease of more than 8%. Among them, the value of functional services such as water supply and hydrological regulation decreased, and the increase of forest land increased the value of functional services such as climate regulation and soil conservation; The spatial distribution of ESV showed a pattern of “low in the middle and high around”; The shift of the center of gravity and the standard deviation ellipse of the construction land reflect that it has the trend of moving in the northeast direction and the regional scope continues to expand. [Conclusion] Zhouzhi County and Taibai County were the priority compensation areas. Lantian County, Long County and Feng County were the secondary compensation areas, and compensation should be obtained in time to ensure ecological quality. Yanta District and 11 other regions were compensation areas, and compensation funds should be provided to maintain the overall ecological construction.

Abstract:[Objective] The differences in the dominant driving factors of NDVI evolution in different sub-regions and different historical periods in China were determined in order to provide important decision support for the protection and restoration of vegetation ecosystems. [Methods] Based on GIMMS NDVI, MODIS NDVI, and meteorological station data, we used a center of gravity model and geodetector to analyze and determine temporal and spatial evolution patterns and the driving mechanism of NDVI in China from the perspective of geographic division. [Results] ① In the past 40 years during 1981-2019, the center of gravity of NDVI in China has shifted southward, indicating that the increment and growth rate of vegetation NDVI in Southern China were greater than in Northern China. ② Regions with positive correlations between NDVI and temperature were mainly located in the Loess Plateau, the middle of the Sichuan Basin, the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Zones with negative correlations between NDVI and precipitation were mainly located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau; ③ During 1981-2019, there were significant differences in the dominant driving factors of vegetation evolution in different regions and different historical periods. With the increasing intensity of human activities over time, land use and other factors have gradually become the dominant factors in the evolution process of vegetation ecosystems in each sub-region. [Conclusion] The vegetation condition in China has generally increased in the past 40 years, and the contribution rate attributed to human activities in the evolution of vegetation ecosystems has become greater than that of natural factors.

Abstract:[Objective] The ecological safety of the Yellow River basin was evaluated and the influencing factors were analyzed in order to promote high-quality ecological development of the Yellow River basin and to implement the “Yellow River National Strategy”. [Methods] An ecological safety index system was constructed based on the DPSIR model. The entropy weight-TOPSIS method was used to comprehensively evaluate the ecological safety of the provinces along the Yellow River basin from 2011 to 2020. The BP-DEMATEL model was used to analyze the key factors of ecological safety. [Results] ① The overall level of ecological safety in the Yellow River basin was low, but showed a slow upward trend. The average ecological safety index was no more than 0.4 in the past 10 years, but has gradually increased from 0.322 in 2011 to 0.365 in 2020. ② The ecological safety of each province showed three evolutionary trends of rising, fluctuating, and declining. The average ecological safety indexes, from high to low, were: Shandong (0.431), Sichuan (0.372), Inner Mongolia (0.371), He’nan (0.362), Shanxi (0.349), Ningxia (0.343), Shaanxi (0.326), Gansu (0.302), Qinghai (0.301). ③ The BP-DEMATEL results showed that the key factors of the provinces with upward trends of ecological safety were scattered outside the pressure index layer. The key factors of the provinces with fluctuating and declining trends were concentrated in the impact and pressure index layers, respectively. [Conclusion] The ecological safety of the Yellow River basin as a whole showed a benign evolution trend, but regional development was unbalanced. Provinces should implement regulation and control around key factors.

Abstract:[Objective] The spatial variation pattern of ecosystem service importance in karst area of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau was examined to provide statistical support for effective management of the ecosystem and maintenance of an ecologically safe pattern in the area. [Methods] The values of three ecosystem services (water conservation, soil and water conservation, and biodiversity conservation) within Qianxinan Prefecture in 2019 were calculated using geographic information technology, and the spatial variation pattern was identified. Spatial heterogeneity of the ecosystem service importance in the region was pinpointed by spatial autocorrelation analysis. [Results] ① The overall ecological health of Qianxinan Prefecture was good. There was a large proportion of land with high ecosystem service importance, providing good ecological services for the region. The proportion of land providing water conservation function and biodiversity conservation function were larger than the proportion of land providing soil and water conservation function. ② Taking the village as a unit of measurement, the Moran’s I index was significantly high (0.65) in valuing the three ecosystem services both individually and aggregately. The study revealed that the research region featured strong spatial clustering with either “strip-shaped” or “block-shaped” ecosystem service clusters, and the functions and values of each cluster differred. ③ Spatial autocorrelation and clustering analyses of biodiversity conservation, water conservation, and soil and water conservation showed similar results. ④ Ecosystem service importance was coupled with soil and water erosion and rocky desertification. Hydrothermal conditions, geological processes, human impacts, and other factors contributed to such spatial variation. [Conclusion] The researched region possesses strong ecosystem service supply capacity with strong spatial clustering and heterogeneity. Such features should be considered in adopting ecosystem management and governance policies. The region should be subcategorized based on the spatial variation patterns of its ecosystem service values, and governed with tailored policies.

Abstract:[Objective] The temporal and spatial evolution and influencing factors of habitat quality in the Loess Plateau were determined in order to provide a scientific reference for ecological management and regional ecological security in the Loess Plateau. [Methods] The InVEST model was used to evaluate habitat quality in the Loess Plateau. The spatio-temporal correlation of habitat quality was analyzed by spatial autocorrelation analysis. The driving factors affecting habitat quality were analyzed by geographical detector, and single factor detection and interactive detection were carried out. [Results] ① From 2000 to 2020, habitat quality for 20.5% of the Loess Plateau increased, 7.18% of the region exhibited decreased habitat quality, and the regional habitat quality showed a steady upward trend. ② The global Moran’s I values for the Loess Plateau in 2000, 2010, and 2020 were 0.714, 0.706, and 0.694, respectively. The spatial distribution of habitat quality showed agglomeration and had a high positive spatial correlation. The agglomeration decreased slightly, and the differences in spatial distribution became more balanced. ③ The influence degree of the habitat quality factors of the Loess Plateau followed the order of NDVI＞precipitation＞slope＞GDP＞population＞elevation＞air temperature. During the study period, the determinative force of each driving factor on habitat quality did not change much, and the order of influence did not change significantly, indicating that each factor has a stable effect on habitat quality. [Conclusion] The actual situation of the Loess Plateau should be fully considered, and the goal of coordinated development of ecology and economy should be taken into account. In the future, more targeted management measures for the Loess Plateau should be formulated in accordance with the habitat quality of each ecological block to enhance the ecosystem service function, and a new economic growth model based on habitat quality should be constructed.

Abstract:[Objective] The spatiotemporal differentiation and influencing factors of urban land green use efficiency in Jiangsu Province were quantitatively analyzed based on an exploration of the connotation of urban land green use efficiency from the perspective of high-quality development in order to provide a scientific reference for increasing urban land green use efficiency. [Methods] The Super-SBM-Undesirable model, GIS spatial analysis, and panel data model were applied to investigate the regional disparity and evolution characteristics of urban land green use efficiency in Jiangsu Province from 2008 to 2020. The impact on the green use efficiency of urban land was examined from the three aspects of “decentralization, greening, and globalization”. [Results] ① The green use efficiency of urban land in Jiangsu Province was at a relatively high level. Most cities showed a downward trend before 2018 and an upturn after 2018. The overall spatial distribution could be characterized as “low in the north and high in the south, low in the west and high in the east”. ② The fluctuation difference of urban land green use efficiency was obvious in Jiangsu Province. Urban land green use efficiency in northern and central Jiangsu Province increased first and then decreased, while in southern Jiangsu urban land green use efficiency decreased first and then increased. ③ Forest coverage rate, park green space area, foreign direct investment, and industrial structure promoted green use efficiency of urban land, while the level of urban development produced a U-shaped nonlinear effect on green use efficiency. Financial pressure was the main contributor to the decrease in green use efficiency of urban land. [Conclusion] In the future, it will be necessary to advocate for the creation of high-quality development models and formulate different optimization and adjustment measures in different regions based on strengthening regional integration, promoting the transformation and upgrading of local industrial structure, and changing the mode of economic development in order to improve the green utilization efficiency of urban land in Jiangsu Province.

Abstract:[Objective] The status assessment and internal differences of territorial space development and protection in 37 cities in Northeast China were determined in order to identify and discover risks and problems regarding territorial space development and protection in a timely manner in order to provide a theoretical basis for compiling the territorial spatial planning of Northeast China and for exploring the optimization path of territorial spatial development and protection pattern in Northeast China. [Methods] Using a pressure state response (PSR) model, and taking security, innovation, coordination, green, openness, and sharing as the evaluation elements, an evaluation index system of the current situation of land and space development and protection was constructed to comprehensively evaluate the current level of land space development and protection and the interactive relationships of internal factors in 37 prefectures and cities in Northeast China. [Results] ① In 2018, the comprehensive score of the evaluation of the status assessment of territorial space development and protection of 37 cities in Northeast China ranged from 7.35 to 61.41, and the average score was 18.65. ② The average scores of the assessment of the status of territorial space development and protection in Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, and Jilin provinces were 20.35, 18.92, 16.77, and 16.34, respectively. ③ The average scores of the pressure layer, the state layer, and the response layer in prefecture-level cities in Northeast China were 5.21, 7.69, and 5.75, respectively. [Conclusion] In 2018, the overall level of territorial space development and protection in 37 cities in Northeast China was not high, and the regional linkage effect was poor. The scores of the pressure layer, the state layer, and the response layer of territorial development and protection in various cities in Northeast China were quite different, and there was no coordinated development of safety, innovation, coordination, green, openness, and sharing.

Abstract:[目的] 揭示山水林田湖海各要素之间的耦合协调效应关系及其驱动力因素，为更精准地开展陆海统筹生态修复工作提供科学依据。 [方法] 以广西北部湾为研究区，运用综合评价指数、耦合指数、协调指数、灰色关联指数(“4C指数”)，从山、水、林、田、湖、海6个子元素构建评价单元体系，揭示其各要素间的相互作用、综合发展水平、耦合协调情况，分析广西北部湾山水林田湖海生命共同体耦合协调分异特征及其驱动因素。 [结果] ①2005-2020年，广西北部湾山水林田湖海生命共同体综合评价指数上升了0.246 6，具体表现为：水系统＞林系统＞海系统＞湖系统＞田系统＞山系统。 ②2005-2020年广西北部湾耦合协调度上升了0.160 5，其类型表现为：初级协调-中级协调-良好协调的耦合协调演变过程。 ③灰色关联度高的是水系统和田系统及其子指标，灰色关联度分别为0.666 7，0.634 1。 [结论] 广西北部湾山水林田湖海生命共同体的主要驱动因子是水田系统和田系统。未来研究需以田、湖、水系统综合整治入手，发展海洋特色产业，注重海洋生态修复，减少山、田、湖系统对区域发展的制约，强化生态资源的保护，使其向可持续方向展开。

Abstract:[Objective] The temporal and spatial variation of net primary productivity (NPP) of vegetation in Tibet and its relationship with influencing factors were determined in order to provide a scientific basis for green ecological construction and the development of national land resources in the region. [Methods] We used MOD17A3 NPP data, meteorological data, and spatial distribution data of vegetation types with the methods of trend analysis, bias analysis, correlation analysis, and geodetector to analyze the spatial-temporal patterns and influencing factors of NPP in Tibet from 2000 to 2020. [Results] ① NPP in most areas of Tibet showed an increasing trend from 2000 to 2020. The average annual NPP was 137.36 g/(m²·a), ranging from 128.04 g/(m²·a) to 148.06 g/(m²·a). The overall distribution of NPP exhibited obvious spatial heterogeneity, with high values in the southeast and low values in the northwest. ② There were significant differences in annual NPP among different vegetation types, with broadleaf forest having the highest NPP of 1 107.09 g/(m²·a) and desert having the lowest NPP of 29.76 g/(m²·a). The mean values followed the order of broadleaf forest ＞ cultivated vegetation ＞ coniferous forest ＞ shrub ＞ meadow ＞ alpine vegetation ＞ grassland ＞ desert. ③ NPP was significantly correlated with both temperature and precipitation. NPP was mostly negatively correlated with precipitation and positively correlated with temperature. ④ The explanatory power of each influencing factor on the spatial variability of NPP followed the order of rainfall ＞ altitude ＞ temperature ＞ slope ＞ vegetation type ＞ land use type. Natural factors had a stronger influence on NPP than anthropogenic factors. [Conclusion] The interaction of double factor was stronger than that of single factor. The distribution of water and heat conditions in Tibet was uneven, and the spatial distribution of NPP varied greatly. The overall condition of ecosystems in Tibet has generally improved over time, but local ecosystems were found to be relatively fragile.

Abstract:[Objective] A scientific monitoring methods for sediment-retaining amount in check dams were studied in order to provide practical support for accurately obtaining the sediment-retaining amount, and to realize the safe operation of check dams and the benefits of silt retaining. [Methods] Taking the Loess Plateau as the study area, the monitoring importance and existing problems of sediment-retaining amount in check dams were summarized, and the remote sensing monitoring methods of silt retaining in dam siltation for the Loess Plateau were proposed. [Results] The mainly influencing factors of obtaining sediment retention and siltation amount of check dam using remote sensing technology were proposed. The accuracy and feasibility of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) orthophoto measurement, UAV tilt photography, UAV lidar, and other remote sensing methods were compared and analyzed, as well as different application scenarios in silt detention and siltation monitoring in check dams. [Conclusion] Remote sensing technology has great advantages in sediment-retaining amount monitoring in check dams compared with mannual method, which can meet different needs for monitoring of silt trap and siltation. Remote sensing is an important development direction for measuring of sediment-retaining amount in check dams in the future.

Abstract:[Objective] The ecological status of He’nan section of the Yellow River basin, the growth and development of vegetation in the area, and the main factors controlling vegetation coverage were determined in order to provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the ecological protection and restoration of the area and even the entire Yellow River basin. [Methods] We acquired MODIS-NDVI images for the Yellow River basin research area from 2001 to 2020 as well as meteorological, topographic, and land use type data. We used a pixel dichotomy model, univariate linear regression, and a geographic detector to determine changes in vegetation coverage and its driving forces in He’nan section of the Yellow River basin. [Results] ① Over the past 20 years, the annual average fractional vegetation coverage (FVC) in He’nan section of the Yellow River basin increased from 0.54 to 0.71, with an annual growth rate of 0.85%. Medium vegetation coverage (0.45＜FVC≤0.6), medium and low vegetation coverage (0.3＜FVC≤0.45), low vegetation coverage (0.1＜FVC≤0.3), bare land (FVC≤0.1) changed to medium and high vegetation coverage (0.6＜FVC≤0.75) and high vegetation coverage (FVC≥0.75), and the grade area increased by 12.60% and 75.49% respectively. ② Spatially, the areas with high and medium-high vegetation coverage were mainly concentrated in the Funiu Mountains in the west, the Taihang Mountains in the north, and the eastern plain. The areas with medium, medium-low, and low vegetation coverage were mainly concentrated in the central section from Luoyang to Zhengzhou City. The bare land was mainly located in the water system and both banks of the Yellow River. ③ Over the past 20 years, the area of increased vegetation coverage was much larger than the degraded area, and the area of extremely significant improvement accounted for 31.11%, which was mainly located in the Western Funiu Mountains and the Northern Taihang Mountains. The significantly improved areas accounted for 9.42% of the total area, and were mainly located around the extremely significant improved area. The area with no significant change accounted for 52.35% of the total area. The area of significantly degraded and extremely significantly degraded areas accounted for 3.01% and 4.11%, respectively, of the total area, and were mainly located in the cultivated land and built-up areas of the central and eastern plains. ④ The magnitude of the effects of various factors on vegetation coverage followed the order of land use type ＞ elevation ＞ slope ＞ precipitation ＞ temperature. The interaction and synergy of land use type and elevation had an impact on the spatial pattern distribution of vegetation coverage of 0.52. [Conclusion] Vegetation coverage in the study area significantly increased from 2001 to 2020, with obvious spatial differences. Land use type was the main factor affecting vegetation coverage.

Abstract:[Objective] The spatial coupling relationship between ecosystem services and residents’ well-being at mining area in the Western Shanxi Loess Plateau was studied in order to provide support for promoting the coordinated development of ecological environment and residents’ well-being in resource-intensive areas. [Methods] We took towns in Sanchuan River basin in Western Shanxi Province as the research units, and applied questionnaire survey, equivalent factor method, coupling coordination degree and geographic detector model to describe the spatial characteristics of coupling degree and coordination degree of ecosystem services and residents’ well-being of the basin in 2020, and to explore its driving factors. [Results] ① The spatial pattern of ecosystem service value showed high in the east and low in the west with obvious difference between the east and the west. ② The spatial pattern of residents’ well-being showed low in the middle and high in the east and west. ③ The spatial distribution of coupling coordination degree showed a feature of high in the east and low in the west with coordination state being the main factor, good coordination accounted for 58.9%. ④ The spatial difference of coupling coordination degree was affected by many factors, among which land use degree, vegetation cover degree and average annual precipitation were the main influencing factors, and the interaction between vegetation cover degree, land use degree and other factors had a greater impact on the coupling coordination degree. [Conclusion] The spatial coupling characteristics of ecosystem services and residents’ well-being in Sanchuan River basin are obviously different, and the dominant influencing factor is vegetation status. In the future, it is necessary to plan ecological space scientifically, focus on green development and ecological restoration in the central and western parts of the basin, and effectively improve residents’ well-being.