Abstract:［Objective］ The hydrological characteristics and nutrient return potential of litter in 20—30-year-old artificial forests on the Pingshuo open-pit coal mine wasteland， and their response to degradation dynamics were investigated， in order to provide a scientific basis for the ecological restoration of degraded artificial forests. ［Methods］ Taking the litterfall of different degraded Robinia pseudoacacia pure forest and R. pseudoacacia-Elmus pumila mixed forest in Pingshuo mining area as the research object， the stock， water-holding characteristics， nutrient content and return potential were studied. ［Results］ ① The litter accumulation in severely declined mixed forests was significantly higher by 49.4% compared to normal forests （p<0.05）. With an increasing degree of decline， the maximum water-holding capacity of litter generally increased in both forest types. The water absorption rate showed a rapid decrease in the early stage and a gradual change in the later stage. The maximum water holding capacity， maximum water holding rate， and water holding rate of litter in R. pseudoacacia-E. pumila mixed forests were higher than those in R. pseudoacacia forests. The carbon content of litter in R. pseudoacacia-E. pumila mixed forests was 2.11 times that in R. pseudoacacia forests. In severely degraded R. pseudoacacia forests， nitrogen and potassium contents significantly increased by 0.9% and 0.13%， respectively， compared with those in relatively intact forests （p<0.05）. In severely degraded R. pseudoacacia-E. pumila mixed forests， phosphorus and potassium contents significantly increased by 0.07% and 0.04%， respectively， compared with relatively intact forests （p<0.05）. There were significant differences in the potential return amounts of carbon， nitrogen， and potassium nutrients among the different forest types and degrees of decline （p<0.05）. ［Conclusion］ The decline in artificial forests in the mining area enhanced the water-holding capacity and nutrient return potential of the litter， which is beneficial for the improvement of degraded forest lands. R. pseudoacacia-Elm mixed forests exhibited relative advantages in these respects.

Abstract:［Objective］ The anti-erosion and anti-scouring abilities of soil under different land uses and soil types in the Dabie Mountains of western Anhui Province in China were evaluated， in order to identify the predominant factors influencing soil erosion resistance and provide scientific guidance for soil and water conservation management in the region. ［Methods］ Four representative soil and two land use types were selected based on the literature review and field investigations. The resistance to erosion and scouring， and physical properties of each soil were measured by field-scouring and laboratory analyses. ［Results］ ①The anti-scouring ability of the examined soils ranked as yellow-brown soil > purple soil > brown soil > regosols soil. The anti-erosion ability ranked as purple soil > regosols soil > brown soil > yellow-brown soil. ② Forest soil exhibited superior physical characteristics with greater resistance to scouring compared to tea garden soil. These soils varied only slightly in their anti-erosion behaviors. ③The content of water-stable aggregates in the 5—2 mm and 1—0.5 mm size ranges was the predominant factor influencing the erosion and scouring resistance under different land uses and soil types. ［Conclusion］ The content of water-stable aggregates serves as an ideal indicator for assessing soil erosion resistance in the Dabie Mountains region of western Anhui Province. Future research should simultaneously evaluate both erosion and scouring resistance to provide a comprehensive understanding of integrated soil erosion resistance.

Abstract:［Objective］ The effects of gravel on the moisture infiltration characteristics of excavation spoil in highly weathered dolomite tunnels were investigated， in order to provide a scientific basis for evaluating the stability of safe spoil disposal sites while excavating large-scale water diversion tunnels. ［Methods］ Indoor simulated soil column infiltration experiments were conducted using a one-dimensional vertical constant-head infiltration method， with gravel-free conditions as controls （CK）. This study examined the movement of the wetting front and variations in moisture infiltration rates with three gravel particle sizes （2—5， 5—10， 10—20 mm） and four gravel contents （10%， 20%， 30%， and 40%） in a highly weathered dolomite excavation spoil， while also fitting and assessing the applicability of the infiltration processes. ［Results］ Compared to the CK treatment， including gravel in the spoil significantly reduced the depth of the wetting front movement， moisture infiltration parameters， and cumulative infiltration amounts under identical time conditions. The initial， steady， and average infiltration rates and the cumulative infiltration amounts decreased by 17.34%—68.67%， 6.45%—51.94%， 28.51%—73.06%， and 6.74%—49.42%， respectively （p<0.05）. Gravel had a significant hindering effect on the moisture infiltration process in the spoil， with particle size showing no significant influence （p>0.05）. Meanwhile， gravel content had a significant impact （p<0.05）. As the gravel content increased， the suppression of moisture infiltration showed a threshold effect. When the gravel content surpassed 30%， the changes in the moisture infiltration parameters became non-significant with further increases in gravel content （p>0.05）. A comprehensive analysis of the fitting degrees of the three typical infiltration models and the physical significance of the simulated parameters indicated that the Horton model was more effective than the Kostiakov and Philip models in simulating moisture infiltration in a highly weathered dolomite excavation spoil. ［Conclusion］ The gravel content was a primary factor in suppressing moisture infiltration in highly weathered dolomite excavation spoils. The Horton model showed the best applicability for fitting the infiltration process.

Abstract:［Objective］ The rainfall redistribution characteristics of different shrub canopies in the western semiarid area of Heilongjiang Province were analyzed to provide a theoretical basis for selection of economically valuable shrub species that are conducive to water conservation in semi-arid regions. ［Methods］ Six economic shrubs with development potential in western Heilongjiang Province， namely Corylus heterophylla， Lycium chinense， Hippophae rhamnoides， Prunus tomentosa， Eleutherococcus senticosus， and Rosa davurica， were used as research objects. Fifteen rainfall events from June to September 2023 were monitored to compare and analyze the rainfall redistribution characteristics of the six shrubs and their influencing factors. ［Results］ Significant differences （p<0.05） were observed in rainfall redistribution among the six shrub canopies， with over 70% of the rainfall falling as throughfall. The average throughfall， stemflow， and canopy interception rates were 71.47%—91.16% （82.14%）， 2.31%—7.46% （4.40%）， and 6.56%—23.41% （13.65%）， respectively. P. tomentosa had the highest canopy interception rate， followed by H. rhamnoides， C. heterophylla， R. davurica， E. senticosus， and L. chinense. Rainfall amount was the key meteorological factor influencing the rainfall redistribution process. The throughfall， stemflow， and canopy interception of the six shrubs showed a significant positive linear correlation with external rainfall （p<0.01）， whereas the throughfall， stemflow， and interception rates exhibited a logarithmic relationship with the external rainfall. Correlation analysis among meteorological factors， stand characteristics， and canopy interception capacity indicated that the interception rate was positively correlated with temperature （p<0.05） and negatively correlated with wind speed （p<0.01）. Except for the non-significant correlation between branch number and throughfall rate， other stand characteristics showed significant positive correlations with stemflow and canopy interception rates and significant negative correlations with throughfall rate. ［Conclusion］ There were differences in rainfall redistribution among the different shrubs. P. tomentosa， C. heterophylla， and H. rhamnoides had relatively high interception and stem flow rates， which are advantageous for reducing rainwater splash erosion and conserving water. L. chinense， E. senticosus， and R. davurica had high throughfall rates， which are advantageous for increasing the effective utilization of water under the canopy. Overall， meteorological factors and stand characteristics play important roles in shrub canopy interception processes.

Abstract:［Objective］ The law of soil wind erosion in degraded bare patches in alpine meadows was examined to provide a scientific basis for vegetation restoration and ecological and environmental protection in degraded meadow areas. ［Methods］ Bare patches degraded by plateau pika activity in Henan County， Qinghai Province， China were selected as research subjects. In-situ wind erosion simulation experiments were conducted under three wind speeds of 9， 12， and 15 m/s for degraded bare patches with different vegetation cover levels （0%， 20%， 40%， 60%， and 80%） to investigate the effects of vegetation cover on soil wind erosion under varying wind speeds. ［Results］ ① The soil wind erosion rate for degraded bare patches showed a trend of initially sharp decline followed by stabilization over time （p<0.05）. During the 60 min wind erosion experiment， the first 10 min was the sensitive period for changes in the soil wind erosion rate. ② Under all three wind speeds， there was a significant negative exponential relationship between vegetation cover and total sediment transport （R² = 0.98）. The larger the absolute value of the exponential coefficient， the weaker the inhibitory effect of vegetation cover on wind erosion at higher wind speeds. ③ As vegetation cover increased， the sediment transport within the 0—5 cm height range significantly decreased， and sediment transport at all vegetation cover levels gradually decreased with increasing height. ［Conclusion］ Increasing vegetation cover can effectively reduce wind erosion rates and sediment transport heights. However， at higher wind speeds， the inhibitory effect of vegetation cover on wind erosion significantly weakened. The critical threshold for vegetation cover to inhibit soil wind erosion was approximately 40%. As vegetation cover continued to increase， the marginal benefits of reducing wind erosion gradually diminished.

Abstract:［Objective］ The hydrochemical and isotopic characteristics of spring in Baicheng basin were analyzed， the transformation relationships among spring， river water， and phreatic water was identified， and the formation mechanisms of spring were explored to provide a theoretical basis for the rational development and utilization of water resources in Baicheng basin. ［Methods］ Spring samples from the Baicheng basin were collected and analyzed. Comprehensive methods， including Gibbs diagrams， the PCA-APCS-MLR model， and hydrogen-oxygen isotopes， were used to quantitatively assess the transformation between spring and other water bodies and analyze the sources and formation mechanisms of the spring. ［Results］ ① The hydrochemical type of spring water was mainly of HCO₃·SO₄·CL-Ca·Na type， and the spring water was frequently transformed with phreatic water and river water. ② The chemical components of the spring， including Ca²⁺， Na⁺， Mg²⁺， and SO₄^2-， primarily originated from the weathering and dissolution of gypsum and other salts， while Na⁺ and Cl^- were derived from the weathering of silicate minerals such as albite and montmorillonite. Agricultural， industrial， and domestic activities significantly influenced nitrate levels in the spring. ③ The δD and δ¹⁸O values of the spring ranged from -81.28‰ to -50.27‰ and -12.20‰ to -8.57‰， respectively. The δD and δ¹⁸O values of phreatic water and spring in the southern Baicheng basin were generally more depleted than those in the north. This was attributed to substantial recharge from river water. ④ The transformation relationships between surface water and phreatic water in the basin mainly involved river water recharging phreatic water and spring. The recharge proportions of river water and phreatic water to spring were 8.3%—50.1% and 49.9%—91.7% in the middle reaches of the Muzati River and the upper reaches of the Kezier River， respectively. ［Conclusion］ Spring in Baicheng basin are primarily classified as erosional and overflow-descending spring. In the northern high mountainous area， atmospheric precipitation and snowmelt infiltrate bedrock fractures to form phreatic water. Phreatic water emerged as erosional descending spring， mainly distributed in the upper to middle reaches of the Muzati River， owing to the river and floodplain erosion of Quaternary porous aquifers. Phreatic waterthat formed in high-mountain areas was discharged as surface water where rivers or valleys intersected the aquifer. This surface water infiltrated the plain area and was converted back into phreatic water. During migration， phreatic water encountered relatively impermeable layers composed of Neogene mudstone， sandstone， and conglomerate， causing water levels to rise and form overflow descending spring， predominantly located in the middle-lower reaches of the Muzati River and the lower reaches of the Kezier River.

Abstract:［Objective］ The effects of root traits of grassland plant communities on the soil detachment capacity and the relative contribution of root winding-consolidation and root exudate bonding effects on soil erosion resistance under different grazing intensities were analyzed in order to provide a scientific basis for soil and water conservation efforts in a desert steppe. ［Methods］ The Xilamuren desert steppe in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was evaluated as the research object. Soil detachment scouring experiments were conducted to systematically measure the soil detachment capacity under four treatments： no grazing， light grazing， moderate grazing， and heavy grazing. Root parameters such as the root length and density were calculated. ［Results］ As the grazing intensity increased， the vegetation coverage and biomass of gramineous plants decreased， and the content of fine roots （0—1 mm diameter） significantly decreased. The soil detachment capacity under heavy grazing intensity was 2.5—3.1 folds that of no grazing plots. The soil detachment capacity could be characterized based on the root length density； when the root length density exceeded 0.4 cm/cm³ and root weight density exceeded 0.6 kg/m³， the soil detachment capacity significantly decreased. The contribution rates of the root entanglement-consolidation effects and root exudate binding effects on soil erosion inhibition were 0.65∶0.35. ［Conclusion］ Grazing intensity significantly influenced the soil detachment capacity of the desert steppe， with the root entanglement-consolidation effect playing a key role in this outcome.

Abstract:［Objective］ The soil quality characteristics of different slope positions under straw mulching and no-tillage in the black soil region of northeastern China were evaluated to provide a scientific basis for soil quality control and ecological restoration. ［Methods］ Principal component analysis （PCA） and cluster analysis （CA） were used to establish a minimum data set （MDS） for soil quality evaluation of no-tillage with straw mulching （NT） and conventional tillage （CK） sloping farmlands in the black soil region of northeast China. The soil quality indices （SQI-PCA， SQI-CA） of the minimum dataset were calculated， and the most suitable minimum dataset soil quality index （SQI-MDS） was selected by comparison with the total dataset soil quality index （SQI-TDS）. Furthermore， the soil quality in the field test area was evaluated and analyzed. ［Results］ ① The minimum data set for soil quality evaluation of sloping farmland in the test area was composed of total porosity， pH， organic matter， total potassium， and available phosphorus. ② The Nash coefficient and correlation coefficient of soil quality indeX in the minimum data set obtained using principal component analysis and the soil quality index in the total data set were higher than the soil quality index in the minimum data set obtained using cluster analysis， indicating that it is more suitable to use the minimum data set determined by using principal component analysis to replace the total data set for soil quality evaluation. ③ According to the minimum data set obtained using principal component analysis， the soil quality was the best in the straw-covered no-till slope （0.661）， with the worst soil quality observed in the traditional tillage slope （0.472）. ④ The main obstacles to soil quality under the NT treatment were bulk density （0.156） and total porosity （0.132）， while the main obstacles in the CK treatment were total phosphorus （0.151） and available potassium （0.159）. ［Conclusion］ No-tillage with straw mulch can effectively improve soil quality and reduce soil nutrient loss and redistribution on cultivated sloping land in the black soil region of northeast China.

Abstract:［Objective］ The phosphorus content （P） and spatial distribution of paddy soils developed from different parent materials in the Jianghan Plain were analyzed to provide a reference for the strategic application of phosphorus fertilizer in rice-planting areas. ［Methods］ Jingzhou area in the hinterland of Jianghan Plain was taken as an example to determine the phosphorus content of paddy soil developed from different parent materials and evaluate its grade. A survey was conducted on the farmland in Jingzhou area， focusing on paddy soils developed from three parent materials， namely， alluvial deposits， secondary loess， and lacustrine deposits. A total of 600 soil samples were collected， and total phosphorus （TP）， organic phosphorus （OP）， available phosphorus （AP）， and water-soluble phosphorus （WSP） contents were measured and evaluated. ［Results］ The average TP contents in paddy soils developed from alluvial， secondary loess， and lacustrine deposits in Jingzhou area were 0.881， 0.427， and 0.579 g/kg， respectively. The OP content was 0.104， 0.058， and 0.066 g/kg， respectively. The AP content was 24.418， 11.339， and 17.043 mg/kg， respectively， and the WSP content was 21.157， 13.421， and 22.600 mg/kg. The phosphorus content in various forms was higher in the southern part of Jingzhou area along the Yangtze River， where paddy soils developed from alluvial and lacustrine deposits. Meanwhile， phosphorus was lower in the central and northern regions， where paddy soils developed from secondary loess on the hilly uplands. According to the phosphorus grading standards from the second national soil survey， the TP content in the paddy soils of Jingzhou area was at a medium or higher level， whereas AP was mainly at a medium level. The phosphorus content in paddy soils developed from alluvial and lacustrine deposits was higher than that in soils developed from secondary loess. Redundancy analysis and spatial interpolation showed that the zonal distribution of paddy soils developed from different parent materials in Jingzhou area was closely related to the locations of the Yangtze River， lakes， and hills， significantly influencing the spatial heterogeneity of soil phosphorus. ［Conclusion］ In Jingzhou area， it is advisable to moderately control phosphorus fertilizer application in areas with alluvial and lacustrine deposits along the Yangtze River and around lakes while appropriately increasing phosphorus fertilizer application in hilly areas with secondary loess to enhance soil fertility and maintain crop productivity.

Abstract:［Objective］ Preferential flow development and its effects on solute transport under different rainfall conditions in typical farmland in Hainan were examined to provide a theoretical basis for agricultural water pollution control and risk prevention in tropical areas. ［Methods］ Using typical latosol in Hainan Province as the research subject， field dye tracing， Br^- simulated solute transport， and image analysis techniques were used to investigate the development of preferential flow and ion distribution in soil vertical profiles under different rainfall conditions. Correlations between preferential flow indices， composition ratios of interflow types， and ion concentrations in preferential flow zones and soil matrix zones were analyzed. ［Results］ ① Under heavy rain （30 mm） and rainstorm （60 mm） conditions， the total stained areas were 506.85 cm² and 857.86 cm²， respectively. The maximum staining depths were 16.80 cm and 31.08 cm， respectively. The evaluation indices for preferential flow were 0.25 and 0.55， respectively， indicating that the degree of preferential flow development was higher when rainfall increased from 30 mm to 60 mm. ② With 30 mm rainfall， the ion concentrations in the preferential flow paths of the 5—10 cm and 10—15 cm soil layers increased significantly by 22.14%—63.91% compared to the soil matrix paths. Under 60 mm rainfall， the ion concentrations in the preferential flow paths of the 10—15 cm and 15—20 cm soil layers increased significantly by 54.98%—63.54% compared to those in the soil matrix paths. This demonstrated that preferential flow significantly promotes solute transport. Macropore flow showed a significant positive correlation with the coefficient of variation of solute concentration. The higher the proportion of macropore flow， the greater the difference in solute concentration across the soil layers. ［Conclusion］ Preferential flow was evident in the typical farmland soils in Hainan Province. The comprehensive evaluation index of the preferential flow increased with rainfall. The difference in solute concentration across the soil layers was greater with a higher proportion of macropore flow. The preferential flow paths significantly promote solute transport.

Abstract:［Objective］ The pollution properties and risks of heavy metals in atmospheric dust at copper-silver mining areas were delineated to provide a scientific underpinning for ecological modeling and risk control in mining areas. ［Methods］ Atmospheric dust fall was collected using dustfall jars during the spring， summer， autumn， and winter seasons at a copper mine tailings accumulation area in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. Heavy metals （Cd， As， Cu， Ni， Cr， Hg， Pb， and Ag） were measured， and multiple assessments， including the single-factor pollution index， geoaccumulation index， potential ecological risk assessment， and human health risk assessment models were employed to analyze the seasonal characteristics and risks of heavy metal pollution in atmospheric dust fall. ［Results］ ① The overall atmospheric dust deposition in the study area exhibited the following ranking： spring > autumn > summer > winter， with the cumulative heavy metal content of atmospheric dust deposition exhibiting the following ranking： summer > spring > winter > autumn. As， Cu， Ni， Cr， Hg， and Ag contents were higher in spring and summer than autumn and winter. However， Cd and Pb contents were higher in autumn and winter than spring and summer. The heavy metal content of atmospheric dust deposited in spring and summer surpassed the background value in Ningxia region. ② The single-factor pollution index and geoaccumulation index indicated that Cd， Cu， Ni， Cr， Hg， Ag， and Pb in atmospheric dust exhibited varying degrees of pollution across different seasons， with Cu， Pb， and Ag showing relatively higher pollution levels and Cr showing the lowest. The potential ecological risk assessment demonstrated that the seasonal ranking was spring， summer， winter， and autumn. ③ Human health risk assessment revealed that heavy metals in atmospheric dust could cause noncarcinogenic health risks through respiratory and hand-mouth pathways， with a risk level exhibiting the following ranking： spring > summer > winter > autumn. Notably， the noncarcinogenic health risks were markedly greater in children than adults. ［Conclusion］ Heavy metal pollution in atmospheric dust in the study area has apparent seasonal properties， exhibiting distinct seasonal characteristics， with higher pollution levels in spring and summer. It is essential to control the release and dispersion of heavy metals during these seasons to mitigate their impact on the ecological environment and health of residents. Additionally， children face significantly higher non-carcinogenic health risks than adults， necessitating special attention to their health protection.

Abstract:［Objective］ The aims of this study were to explore the wind and sand flow prevention and stabilization benefits of artificial Haloxylon ammodendron forests with different planting years， rapidly evaluate the wind and sand flow prevention and stabilization benefits， and define the lower limit of the biomass-anti-sand flow prevention and stabilization benefits to provide scientific basis for the restoration and reconstruction of desert vegetation. ［Methods］ Artificial H. ammodendron forests of varying planting ages in desertified areas of Turpan City， Xijiang Wei Autonomous Region， were selected as the study subjects. Field surveys， observations， and laboratory analyses were conducted to monitor windbreak and sand fixation benefit indicators. The relationships between these indicators and the changes in biomass were compared. ［Results］ ① The windbreak efficiency， surface roughness， surface erosion-deposition volume， and sand-blocking efficiency of artificial Haloxylon ammodendron forests significantly improved （p < 0.05） with increasing planting age. ② The wind speed profile in the region changed with the growth of artificial H. ammodendron forests. The wind speed profile of the primary desert showed type ‘L’ change characteristics， the wind speed profile of the 2 and 4-year-old artificial H. ammodendron forests showed type ‘I’ change characteristics. The wind speed contours of 6， 8， and 10-year-old planted H. ammodendron forests showed the opposite of type ‘J’ changes. ③ The sand transport flux of the planted H. ammodendron forest showed a decreasing trend with an increase in the establishment period and also showed a decreasing trend with an increase in height. ④ The biomass-windbreak and sand fixation efficiency index model was constructed based on five age-variant H. ammodendron forests， in which the best function models between the standing biomass index and the relationship between windbreak efficiency， surface erosion， surface roughness， sand transport flux， and sand blocking efficiency was the power function， the idempotent function， quadratic function， exponential function， and the logistic function models with R² values of 0.651， 0.962， 0.790， 0.804， and 0.925， respectively. ⑤ The standing biomass index of artificial H. ammodendron forests must reach a minimum threshold of 4.94 kg/m² to achieve effective windbreaks and sand fixation benefits. ［Conclusion］ Artificial H. ammodendron forests achieved stable windbreak and sand fixation benefits 4 years of planting. These benefits could be estimated using the relevant models. The forests could stably deliver windbreak and sand-fixation effects when the standing biomass index was ≥4.94 kg/m².

Abstract:［Objective］ The amount of soil erosion at the spoil ground of the Pinglu Canal linear project at different periods was evaluated， and the erosion tendency was simulated. The relationship between the slope and erosion intensity was explored to provide a scientific reference for soil erosion control in spoil grounds for canal project. ［Methods］ Four spoil grounds in the Pinglu Canal of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region were selected as examples. High-resolution photographic and topographic data of the spoil grounds during different periods were obtained using UAV low-altitude photography technology. The soil erosion tendency of the spoil grounds was analyzed using GIS technology. Erosion factors were quantified and estimated by combining with the revised universal soil loss equation （RUSLE）. ［Results］ ① The soil erosion modulus of the four spoil grounds across different period points ranged from 1 977.55 to 5 748.96 t/（km² · a）， with erosion intensity ranging from gentle to severe erosion. ② The soil erosion modulus increased with slope， especially in areas with slopes of 8° to 25°， where soil erosion accounted for 76.8% to 86.4% of the total erosion. ③ In the intermound valley spoil grounds， the trickle flow was mainly along the higher land areas at the edges of the lowland areas. In the sloped spoil grounds， trickle flows were concentrated in the upslope portions of the stockpile areas toward the bottom of the slopes. ［Conclusion］ This study shows that the slope was significant for soil erosion in spoil grounds， and a slope area of 8°—25° was the key area for soil erosion control. Cutting the slope and arranging external drainage facilities are effective control measures for intermound valley spoil grounds. For sloped spoil grounds， the construction of slope-bottom drainage and sand sedimentation ponds should be strengthened. In addition， vegetation cover is a key factor in the prevention soil erosion， especially in areas with favorable hydrothermal conditions where it was more effective in reducing the risk of soil erosion.

Abstract:［Objective］ The value of ecosystem services in China was assessed quantitatively， and integrated with uncertainty to achieve dynamic prediction of regional ecological risks， in order to provide a scientific basis for climate change adaptation policy formulation， territorial spatial planning， ecological environmental protection， economic transformation， and regional risk management. ［Methods］ The LUH2 data and PLUS model were coupled to simulate China’s land use patterns under sustainable development （SSP119）， current moderate development （SSP245） pathway， and high-speed development （SSP585） scenarios in 2030. Construction land was incorporated， and the modified equivalent factor method was used to estimate the ecosystem service value （ESV）. The Sharpe ratio was employed to predict regional ecological risks. ［Results］ ① The PLUS model demonstrated high accuracy， with a kappa coefficient of 0.90 and an overall accuracy （OA） of 0.93. Under different scenarios， the area changes in land use types varied significantly， but the spatial distribution was relatively similar. The aggregation effect of land types was evident， gradually changing from southeast to northwest. ② In 2030， ESV under the three scenarios were 2.188 × 10¹³， 2.176 × 10¹³， and 2.170 × 10¹³ yuan， respectively. Influenced by land use patterns， the ESV per unit area followed a spatial distribution of higher in the southeast and lower in the northwest， while individual ecosystem services exhibited an overall consistency with localized variations. ③ Future ecological risks in China are predominantly low to medium， with 84.47%—90.46% of cities classified within this range. Among the three scenarios， sustainable development had the highest proportion of low and relatively low-risk areas， whereas high-speed development had the largest proportion of high and relatively high-risk areas. ［Conclusion］ A sustainable development pathway is the optimal choice for balancing economic growth and ecological protection， effectively reducing regional ecological risks. The current moderate development pathway provides moderate ecosystem stability. In contrast， a high-speed development model reliant on fossil fuels threatens ecosystem stability and increases the risk of ecological degradation.

Abstract:［Objective］ Research on land cover information extraction and the driving mechanisms of spatiotemporal evolution in the coastal area of the Beibu Gulf was conducted to provide scientific support for regional economic development and sustainable resource utilization. ［Methods］ Focusing on the coastal area of the Beibu Gulf and taking Qinzhou City， Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region， as a case study， the Google Earth Engine （GEE） platform was utilized for imagery. The random forest model was employed by integrating spectral， texture， index， and topographic features to produce land use and land cover change （LUCC） datasets and analyze pattern evolution from 2012 to 2022. The optimal parameter geographic detector was introduced to explore the driving mechanisms. ［Results］ ① The parameter-optimized random forest model was demonstrated to facilitate effective extraction of cover information， with an overall accuracy of LUCC products in each period ranging from 0.88 to 0.92 and kappa coefficients ranging from 0.86 to 0.90. The integration of multiple 4 km × 4 km interpreted patches with a visual comparison of concurrent high-resolution imagery from Google Earth substantiated a high degree of consistency between the interpretation outcomes and the actual configuration of the landforms. The actual layout demonstrated a strong degree of consistency. ② From 2012 to 2022， the forest land area of Qinzhou City increased by 91.93 km²， the cultivated land area decreased by 284.73 km²， and the construction land area increased by 180.05 km². The comprehensive land use dynamics exhibited an upward trend. ③ During the study period， economic dynamics （GDP） and topographic features （elevation， slope） were identified as the primary influencing factors of land use evolution in the study area. ［Conclusion］ From 2012 to 2022， Qinzhou City actively pursued environmental protection while developing its economy. In the future， the city should fully utilize the opportunities and challenges brought by the construction of the Pinglu Canal， scientifically plan land resources， and promote a balanced development of ecological civilization construction and economic growth.

Abstract:［Objective］ An optimal evaluation model and indicators for the erosion resistance of purple soil in the middle reaches of the Jialing River were explored. Additionally， differences in soil erosion resistance under different land-use types were analyzed to provide a reference for ecological environmental protection in Yangtze River Basin. ［Methods］ The characteristics of the soil aggregates， particle size composition， soil structure， and organic matter were analyzed. Four models， principal component analysis （PCA）， entropy method， PCA-entropy method， and PCA-entropy-technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution （TOPSIS）， were used to evaluate soil erosion resistance. ［Results］ ① Five principal components were extracted： aggregate structure， soil particles， soil structure， cementation， and dispersion. ② The optimal evaluation indicators for purple soil erosion resistance were silt-clay content， fine clay content， structural particle index， mean weight diameter of air-dried aggregates， destruction rates of aggregates > 0.5 and > 0.25 mm， water-stable aggregate content of aggregates > 0.5 and > 0.25 mm， aggregate stability， and dispersion rate.③ The PCA-entropy-TOPSIS model avoids subjective weighting of PCA， poor adaptability of the entropy method to high-dimensional data， and simple weighting of the PCA entropy model. The results indicated significant differences and best-fitting effects. ［Conclusion］ ① The PCA-entropy-TOPSIS model provided the best evaluation results and is suitable for assessing soil erosion resistance in purple soil regions. ② The erosion resistance of soil under different land use types in the study area was ranked as follows： abandoned land > grassland > forest land > orchard > dryland.

Abstract:［Objective］ Spatiotemporal changes in ecosystem health under different land-use scenarios in Qinghai Province were analyzed， and the specific impacts of land-use change on ecosystem health under different natural and anthropogenic disturbances were quantitatively assessed to provide theoretical support for ecological protection and high-quality development in the province. ［Methods］ Based on the VORS and GMMOP-PLUS models， the evolutionary pattern of ecosystem health in Qinghai Province from 2005 to 2020 was investigated， and the extent of the impacts of land-use changes on ecosystem health under four development scenarios were simulated. ［Results］ ① The spatial distribution of ecosystem health in Qinghai Province showed a pattern of low values in the northwest， moderate values in the southwest， and high values in the east. From 2005 to 2020， the ecosystem health index decreased from 0.292 to 0.252， with significant declines in the southeastern regions and Qaidam Basin. Rapid expansion of cultivated and construction land has led to the destruction of ecosystem structures， thereby affecting ecological health. ② Using the GMMOP-PLUS model， land use changes under four development scenarios for 2030 were simulated： Natural Development （ND）， Ecological Protection （EP）， Urban Development （UD）， and Comprehensive Development （CD）. Construction land increased to varying degrees in all scenarios， with the largest increases observed for UD and CD scenarios （3.72×10⁴ hm²）， concentrated around Xining City and expanding to Gonghe County， Delingha City， and Golmud City. Under the EP scenario， the ecological land was effectively protected， with the proportion of forest and wetland areas reaching a maximum of 7.54%. ③ Among the four scenarios， the EP scenario showed the highest ecosystem health index （0.256）， indicating that the effective implementation of ecological protection measures， such as safeguarding forest and wetland areas， significantly improved patch and landscape connectivity， thereby enhancing ecosystem health and service functions. ［Conclusion］ Spatially intensive utilization is a key strategy for improving ecological health， particularly in regions experiencing rapid urbanization. Specific measures include the rational planning of construction land， restricting land expansion， enhancing the connectivity of ecological land， and strengthening ecological protection and restoration to promote the recovery and long-term stability of ecosystems.

Abstract:［Objective］ The risk of vegetation loss under temperature stress considering lag effects was assessed to provide a scientific basis for formulating regional adaptive management measures. ［Methods］ Using Heilongjiang Province as an example， a risk assessment method for vegetation loss under temperature stress considering lag effects was proposed based on weekly normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） and temperature data. Quantifying the probability of warming and cooling stress risk in different terrestrial ecosystems in Heilongjiang Province. were quantified. ［Results］ Vegetation during the growing season is closely associated with temperature changes， reaching the most sensitive state at approximately 9 and 23 weeks of lag， respectively， and with high spatial consistency. The eastern and western regions of the study area are high-risk regions for vegetation loss， whereas the northwestern and central regions have a lower risk. For every 1 ℃ increase in the average temperature， the risk probability increased by approximately 0.5%， and for every 1 ℃ decrease， the risk increased by approximately 0.70%， indicating that cooling had a greater impact on vegetation than warming. The risk variation under temperature stress was higher in farmland ecosystems and lower in forest ecosystems. ［Conclusion］ The eastern and western regions of Heilongjiang Province are high-risk areas for vegetation loss， and cooling has a greater impact on vegetation than warming. This highlights the practical significance of comprehensively considering the lag effects of temperature stress to accurately assess vegetation health in the context of global climate change.

Abstract:［Objective］ A pilot investigation into soil and water conservation （SWC） supervision for production and construction activities was conductedin the Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle in order to provide a scientific reference for exploring more effective SWC supervision technologies， methods， institutional mechanisms， and technical standards. ［Methods］ Utilizing advanced technologies such as 3S technology （remote sensing， geographic information system， global positioning system）， databases， information systems， and mobile networks， combined with on-site verification and field surveys， this study implemented comprehensive SWC supervision for production and construction activities in three typical districts/counties of the Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle. ［Results］ As the first nationwide pilot study on SWC supervision for production and construction activities， this research achieved significant results and produced a series of replicable outcomes， including： ① A classification system for production and construction activities； ② An SWC supervision system and verification APP for production and construction activities； ③ Innovative supervision technologies and institutional mechanisms. The study found that areas disturbed by production and construction activities accounted for 1.48%—2.01% of the total land area in the three pilot districts/counties， leading to severe soil erosion and inadequate supervision. ［Conclusion］ Production and construction activities are intensive and large-scale， resulting in serious soil erosion and lack of effective SWC measures. The supervision technologies and methods based on 3S technology， databases， and mobile networks were found to be advanced and efficient， with practical supervision systems and APPs. The classification system for production and construction activities was objective and facilitated management. A consensus has been reached among administrative departments on a new institutional mechanism of ‘industry supervision with SWC coordination’.

Abstract:［Objective］ The effects of a combination of microbial （EM） agents and coal fly ash on the physicochemical properties of aeolian sand soil in a mine dump were examined to provide a theoretical reference for future vegetation and ecological restoration of abandoned soil in an opencast mine dump. ［Methods］ Aeolian soil from a wast dump in Manlailiang open-pit coal mine in Ordos City was selected as the research subject. A field-pot experiment was conducted using a two-factor complete experimental design. Four levels of the EM agent （0， 240， 480， and 720 kg/hm²） and four levels of coal fly ash （0， 60，000， 120，000， and 180，000 kg/hm²） were applied to the aeolian soil in different proportions. The effects of different amendment dosages of the dump soil were studied， and the soil quality index was calculated. ［Results］ ①Applying EM agents and coal fly ash significantly improved the physicochemical properties of the soil compared to the control （CK）. The combined application of EM agents and fly ash had a better effect on the soil physicochemical properties than the application of EM agents or fly ash alone. Among the different application ratios， the improvement in the soil physicochemical properties was more pronounced with increasing amounts of coal fly ash. The most significant improvement in soil quality was observed ② When 480 kg/hm² of the EM agent and 180，000 kg/hm² of coal fly ash were applied together. This resulted in a soil quality index of 0.78， which was 147% higher than that of the control （CK）， classifying it as fertile. ③ The growth and photosynthetic indicators of Corethrodendron fruticosum are closely related to the soil physicochemical properties. The Mantel analysis showed that the growth and photosynthetic indicators of C. fruticosum were driven by soil total nitrogen and organic matter. ［Conclusion］ The combined application of the two amendments significantly improved the quality of aeolian soil in the mine dump compared with applying a single amendment with 480 kg/hm² EM agent and 180 000 kg/hm² coal fly ash.

Abstract:［Objective］ The effects of different straw return methods on soil structural properties and the relationship between organic carbon and aggregate stability were investigated， in order to provide a theoretical basis for implementing effective erosion control techniques on sloping farmlands in black soil regions. ［Methods］ Natural soil aggregate breakdown mechanisms were simulated to analyze changes in aggregate stability under straw return practices. ［Results］ The stability of soil aggregates varied depending on the breakdown mechanism and straw return method. Rapid wetting was identified as the primary mechanism for aggregate breakdown in black soil. Significant differences in mean weight diameter were observed for <2 mm and 2—5 mm aggregates under rapid wetting and wet shaking mechanisms. The 2—5 mm aggregates under wet shaking exhibited the highest stability， indicating that larger aggregates in black soil were more stable and positively correlated with soil organic carbon. For <2 mm aggregates under wet shaking， stability was significantly positively correlated with soil bulk density and capillary porosity but negatively correlated with total porosity and non-capillary porosity. ［Conclusion］ In the short term， straw mulching may obscure its erosion control effects due to abiotic factors such as soil bulk density and porosity， thereby influencing aggregate stability. In contrast， straw incorporation reduces the total porosity and non-capillary porosity while tending to enhance aggregate stability.

Abstract:［Objective］ The differences in soil structure and nutrients in shrublands in different habitats were explored to provide a reference for management and ecosystem restoration in desert areas. ［Methods］ Nitraria tangutorum nebkhas in sandy and saline-alkali land in the eastern Tengger Desert were selected as research subjects. Soil particle size composition and soil nutrient content were analyzed. ［Results］ ① The soil particle size of N. tangutorum nebkhas in sandy land and saline-alkali land was mainly fine sand， accounting for 55.03%—74.21% and 44.71%—72.83% of the total content， respectively. Soil sorting was excellent in both habitats. ② The soil fractal dimension of N. tangutorum nebkhas in saline-alkali land （1.86—2.32） was significantly higher than that in sandy land （1.62—1.72）. The fractal dimension shows a decreasing trend from the top of the Nitraria tangutorum nebkhas to the foot of the slope， and also shows a decreasing trend with the increase of soil depth. ③ The contents of TN （3.35—4.24 g/kg）， TP （0.11—0.26 g/kg） and TK （0.44—0.65 g/kg） in the soil of N. tangutorum nebkhas in saline-alkali land were significantly higher than those in the soil of N. tangutorum nebkhas in sandy land （1.48—3.43 g/kg）， TP （0.10—0.22 g/kg） and TK （0.30—0.61 g/kg）. It is positively correlated with the content of fine particles and negatively correlated with the content of coarse particles. ［Conclusion］ The adaptability and improvement capacity of N. tangutorum shrubs in soil environments vary in different habitats. There was a correlation between soil particle composition and nutrient content in N. tangutorum shrub mounds in sandy and saline-alkali lands. Increasing the content of fine soil particles can help improve soil nutrient conditions.

Abstract:［Objective］ The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of soil erosion in the Guanzhong region were studied， in order to provide a scientific reference for formulating accurate and effective prevention and control policies for soil erosion. ［Methods］ Based on the Chinese soil loss equation （CSLE）， the soil erosion modulus was calculated. Using ArcGIS for regional analysis and overlay methods， the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of soil erosion in the Guanzhong region were analyzed， along with the effects of land use type， slope， and vegetation coverage on soil erosion. ［Results］ ① From 2018 to 2022， the area of soil erosion in Guanzhong region decreased by 568.67 km² and the soil erosion grade shifted mainly from moderate and above to slight and mild. ② The spatial distribution of soil erosion in the Guanzhong region was higher in the north and south， but lower in the center. Mild soil erosion is the main type of erosion. Over the past five years， the range of slight and mild erosion has shown a tendency to expand from the middle to the north and south sides， but the range of erosion levels of severe and above has gradually narrowed. ③ The sensitivity of soil erosion to slope was stronger in the 8°—25° slope zone， while it was weaker in areas with slopes less than 8°. ④ From 2018 to 2022， the proportion of reduced soil and water loss in high-coverage forest areas was 72.60%， which was the main reason for the decrease in areas of soil and water loss. ⑤ Forestland and croplands were the primary land-use types where soil erosion occurred in the study area. ［Conclusion］ Guanzhong region showed a double downward trend of reduced soil erosion area and reduced proportion of high-grade erosion intensity， indicating that the soil erosion situation has improved. The 8°—25° slope zone is a key area for sloped farmland management. High-coverage forests are crucial for reducing soil and water loss.

Abstract:［Objectives］ The changes in soil carbon sequestration rates in different vegetation types and climatic zones at regional scales on the Loess Plateau were analyzed， and the relative importance of different influencing factors was determined to provide a theoretical basis for soil carbon sink assessment and management during vegetation restoration. ［Methods］ Based on the latest soil carbon sequestration database， by integrating 100 published studies （935 observational data points， 55 regions） from 1992 to 2023， changes in soil carbon sequestration and their driving factors during vegetation restoration （afforestation， shrub planting， and abandoned grassland） in the arid and semi-arid Loess Plateau were analyzed. ［Results］ ① The carbon sequestration rates of afforestation and shrub planting 〔0.30 Mg/（hm² · a）〕 were higher than those of abandoned grassland 〔0.10 Mg/（hm² · a）〕. Evergreen plantations had a higher carbon sequestration rate 〔0.45 Mg/（hm² · a）〕 than deciduous plantations 〔0.33 Mg/（hm² · a）〕； however， the latter had a higher total carbon sequestration. After approximately 51 years of restoration， evergreen plantations showed greater carbon sequestration benefits. ② Soil carbon sequestration rates increased with precipitation； however， the extent of change was influenced by vegetation type and restoration duration. ③ At the regional scale， soil carbon sequestration rates initially increased （<30 years） and then stabilized （>30 years）. The average carbon sequestration rates for 0—10， 10—20， 20—30 years， and >30 years were 0.02， 0.13， 0.19， and 0.18 Mg/（hm² · a）， respectively. ④ During vegetation restoration， the main influencing factors of soil carbon sequestration varied across different restoration stages. Overall， it was primarily regulated by climatic factors （precipitation and temperature）. The relative contributions of precipitation， temperature， restoration duration， vegetation type， and initial carbon stock to changes in soil carbon sequestration were 31.8%， 16.3%， 17.7%， 15.9%， and 18.3%， respectively. ［Conclusion］ Establishing an ecological restoration model based on carbon sequestration rates and the sustainability of carbon sequestration capacity is recommended. Increasing the quantity and quality of vegetation through sustainable scientific management can effectively enhance soil carbon sequestration in ecologically fragile areas.

Abstract:［Objective］ The effects of conservation tillage on the emissions of carbon dioxide （CO₂） and methane （CH₄） from dryland farming in the semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau in central Gansu Province were investigated and the characteristics of the emissions and the main factors affecting them were elucidated to provide a scientific reference for the sustainable development of regional agricultural ecology and to formulate effective policies for increasing production and reducing emissions. ［Methods］ Using traditional tillage （CT） as a control， three conservation tillage measures were implemented： no-tillage （NT）， conventional tillage plus straw mulching （CTS）， and no-tillage plus straw mulching （NTS）. Static chamber gas chromatography was employed to measure the CO₂ and CH₄ emission fluxes from the soil of dryland spring wheat fields while simultaneously determining the soil physicochemical properties and wheat yield. ［Results］ ① Compared with CT treatment， the cumulative CO₂ emissions of NT， NTS， and CTS treatments were 17.34%， 15.67%， and 1.52% lower， respectively. Cumulative CH₄ absorption increased by 11.95%， 16.26%， and 0.16%， respectively. Global warming potential （GWP） was reduced by 17.66%， 16.01%， and 1.5%， whereas greenhouse gas emission intensity （GHGI） decreased by 38.15%， 45.15%， and 24.98%， respectively. ② The soil organic carbon （SOC） and microbial mass carbon （MBC） decreased with increasing soil depth across all treatments. In the 0—40 cm soil layer， the SOC and MBC contents in the NT， NTS， and CTS treatments were higher than those in the CT treatment. ③ Correlation analysis showed that soil temperature and SOC had a highly significant positive correlation with CO₂ emission flux （p<0.001） and a highly significant negative correlation with CH₄ absorption flux （p<0.001）. In contrast， soil moisture was highly negatively correlated with CO₂ emission flux （p<0.001） and strongly positively correlated with CH₄ absorption flux （p<0.001）. Redundancy analysis showed that soil water content， soil temperature， and SOC were key factors affecting soil carbon fluxes， with soil moisture content being the most important. ［Conclusion］ Conservation tillage can slow greenhouse gas emissions from the soil of dryland farms in the study area， reduce its contribution to the greenhouse effect， and significantly increase wheat yields. Combining both ecological and economic benefits， the combination of NTS can be prioritized as a tillage measure to increase yield and reduce emissions from farmlands in this region.

Abstract:［Objective］ The response of soil aggregate grain size composition and stability and the organic carbon content of all aggregate levels to simulated warming were analyzed to provide a scientific basis for the dynamic changes in soil structure stability and carbon storage capacity of the Pinus tabulaeformis plantation forest in Daqingshan Mountains， Inner Mongolia， in the context of climate warming. ［Methods］ Soil samples were collected from a depth of 0—40 cm from a P. tabulaeformis plantation on Daqing Mountains， Inner Mongolia. Based on a four-year field warming experiment， wet sieving was used to separate the soil into three aggregate size fractions， namely， >0.25 mm， 0.25—0.053 mm， and <0.053 mm. The organic carbon content of each aggregate fraction was measured. ［Results］ Microaggregates were the dominant fraction in the study area. Warming reduced the content of macroaggregates and microaggregates in all soil layers. Meanwhile， the content of silt-clay aggregates increased significantly by 14.92%， 14.01%， and 13.84% in each layer， respectively. Compared to the control， the mean weight diameter （MWD） and geometric mean diameter （GMD） of soil aggregates decreased significantly under warming. The MWD decreased by 5.93%， 3.66%， and 5.68% in each layer， whereas the GMD decreased by 8.83%， 8.41%， and 10.63%， respectively. Under both treatments， the organic carbon content was the highest in the silt-clay fraction. Warming increased the organic carbon content in the silt-clay fraction but decreased it in the macroaggregate and microaggregate fractions. The total organic carbon content increased in the surface soil layer but decreased in the 10—20 cm and 20—40 cm layers. Under warming conditions， the silt-clay fraction contributed the most to the SOC. Compared with the control， the contribution rate of organic carbon in the silt-clay fraction increased by 44.39%， 39.60%， and 43.31% in each layer， respectively， followed by the microaggregate fraction. The macroaggregate fraction had the lowest contribution. ［Conclusion］ Warming altered the composition of soil aggregates， destabilized the soil aggregate structure， and reduced the organic carbon content in macro-and microaggregates， indicating that warming was detrimental to the physical protection of soil organic carbon.

Abstract:［Objective］ The effects of soil and stand factors on the distribution of soil organic carbon （SOC） were investigated in Picea crassifolia forests in the Qilian Mountains， aiming to deepen the understanding of soil carbon cycling mechanisms in the region and provide a scientific basis for maintaining regional carbon balance. ［Methods］ In July 2021， sample plots were set up at 2 700 m， 2 900 m， 3 100 m， and 3 300 m along the elevation gradients， and soil and stand data were collected. The differences in soil organic carbon in different soil layers were analyzed using non-parametric tests. Pearson correlation and linear fitting were used to examine the relationship between soil organic carbon and soil pH value， bulk density， mass moisture content， soil temperature， canopy closure， and stand density. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance （PERMANOVA） was used to identify factors influencing SOC variability. ［Results］ ① The highest average SOC content was found at 2 700 m elevation， ranging from 90.12 to 127.63 g/kg. Meanwhile， the lowest average SOC content was observed at 3 100 m elevation， ranging from 62.17 to 70.50 g/kg. The 10 cm soil layer had the highest SOC content， ranging from 70.50 to 127.63 g/kg. Meanwhile， the 40 cm soil layer had the lowest SOC content， ranging from 62.17 to 90.12 g/kg. ② SOC in all soil layers showed a significant negative correlation with pH value and bulk density （p<0.05）， a significant positive correlation with temperature， canopy closure， and stand density （p<0.05）， and a non-significant negative correlation with mass water content （p>0.05）. Linear regression indicated that bulk density had the strongest relationship with SOC， with a coefficient of determination （R²） of 0.81 （p<0.01）， followed by pH value （R²=0.57， p<0.01） and temperature （R²=0.32， p<0.01）. ③ As soil depth increased， the influence of pH value on SOC variability gradually increased. Meanwhile， the influence of bulk density decreased， and the impact of stand density gradually increased. ［Conclusion］ The SOC content in different soil layers showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing with elevation. The surface soil layer showed the largest variation in SOC content， whereas the deeper soil layers showed the least variation. Correlations between SOC and soil and stand factors were ranked as follows： bulk density > pH value> temperature > stand density > canopy closure > mass moisture content. pH value was the primary factor contributing to differences in SOC across elevations.

Abstract:［Objective］ The characteristics of soil carbon sequestration and its influencing factors of urban sponge green space were analyzed to provide a scientific basis to urban green spaces and urban green space planning and management. ［Methods］ Three parks in Nanning City were selected as study sites， focusing on sponge-type green spaces （rain gardens， water purification terraces， and grass swales） and conventional green spaces （multilayered tree-shrub-grass green spaces and conventional lawns）. The carbon， nitrogen， and phosphorus contents in runoff collected from the green spaces， the existing litter stock， and the soil organic carbon content in the 0—20 cm soil layer were analyzed. ［Results］ ① The ratio of catchment area to green space area and the amounts of organic carbon， nitrogen， and phosphorus inputs from runoff were greater in sponge-type green spaces than in conventional green spaces. However， there was no significant difference in litter stocks between sponge-type and conventional green spaces. There were no statistically significant differences in the natural water content， bulk density， or porosity in the 0—5 cm soil layer between sponge-type and conventional green spaces. ② Except for the natural water content in the 0—5 cm soil layer of rain gardens， which was significantly higher than that of other types of green space. ③ The average soil organic carbon content in the 0—20 cm soil layer of rain gardens and grass swales was 7.73 g/kg and 10.69 g/kg， respectively， which was 1.33 and 2.20 times that of conventional multilayered tree-shrub-grass green spaces and lawns， respectively. The soil organic carbon content of water purification terraces showed no significant difference from that of conventional multilayered green spaces. The soil organic carbon content of sponge-type green spaces increased with age of the green space. The ratio of catchment area to green space area， carbon and phosphorus content in runoff， and organic carbon content in litter were the main factors influencing soil organic carbon content in sponge-type green spaces. ［Conclusion］ Sponge-type transformation was beneficial for soil carbon sequestration in urban green spaces. The primary mechanism for increased soil carbon sequestration in sponge-type green spaces is the collection of more organic carbon through external runoff.

Abstract:［Objective］ The effects of various ecological restoration technology models on plant and soil organic carbon density in the dump slopes in arid mining areas were investigated， and the changes in organic carbon after ecological restoration were analyzed， in order to provide theoretical basis for promoting ecological restoration technology and enhancing the carbon sequestration capacity of mining areas. ［Methods］ Vegetation and soil samples from the ecological restoration slopes of waste dumps in three open-pit coal mines （Mengtai， Xinxing， and Qifeng） in Wuhai City， Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region， were selected as research subjects. Field sampling and laboratory experiments were conducted to analyze vegetation carbon density， soil physicochemical factors， soil carbon density， and the correlation between vegetation indicators and soil factors. ［Results］ ① With the increase in restoration years， vegetation organic carbon density showed an increasing trend. The growth rate ranged from 31.91% to 45.62% from two to five years and from 11.80% to 36.67% from five to eight years. Soil organic carbon content and density also exhibited an increasing trend. The growth rate of soil organic carbon density ranged from 15.55% to 91.28% from two to five years and from 0.4% to 11.70% from five to eight years. ② The ecological rod restoration technology model showed the best results in improving the soil and vegetation organic carbon accumulation in waste dumps in arid mining areas. After eight years of restoration， the soil organic carbon density reached a maximum of 66.70 t/hm²， and the vegetation organic carbon density reached 1.85 t/hm². In contrast， the plant hedge restoration technology model performed the worst， showing soil organic carbon density of only 37.36 t/hm² and vegetation organic carbon density of 1.48 t/hm² after eight years of restoration. At five years of ecological restoration， the vegetation-soil organic carbon density for gravel cover and wire gabion were 45.84 t/hm² and 44.98 t/hm²， respectively. ［Conclusion］ Under ecological restoration for no more than eight years， the vegetation-soil organic carbon density increased with the restoration years and reached its maximum at eight years， demonstrating significant carbon sequestration effects. The plant hedge + ecological bag interception and drainage technology + sowing + sprinkler irrigation restoration model performed the worst. The ecological rod + ecological bag interception and drainage technology + sowing + sprinkler irrigation， gravel cover + ecological bag interception and drainage technology + sowing + sprinkler irrigation， and gabion-horizontal barrier + ecological bag interception and drainage technology + sowing + sprinkler irrigation models were low-carbon and environmentally friendly restoration technologies with good carbon sequestration effects， making them suitable for promotion and application. Additionally， soil improvement and the maintenance of fertilization should be emphasized during the early stages of restoration.

Abstract:［Objective］ The land use change and carbon storage change in the future under different scenarios in the Xiaoxing’an Mountains region of Heilongjiang Province were assessed， in order to optimize ecosystem services and provide scientific reference for the construction of the northern ecological security barrier. ［Methods］ Based on land use data from 2000， 2010， and 2020， land use changes in the Xiaoxing’an Mountains region in 2030 were simulated， and carbon storage under three scenarios（natural development， ecological protection， and urban development） was evaluated. ［Results］ ① From 2000 to 2020， significant changes occurred in land use patterns in the Xiaoxing’an Mountains region. The areas of forestland and grassland continuously declined， with forestland being particularly affected， primarily converted into cropland. ② Carbon storage in the region was 2.204×10⁹ t in 2000， 2.202×10⁹ t in 2010， and 2.191×10⁹ t in 2020， exhibiting a trend of annual decline. ③ In terms of carbon sequestration， by 2030， the ecological protection scenario offers significant advantages over the natural development scenario， with an estimated increase of 1.933×10⁷ t. This scenario effectively mitigates the decline in carbon storage and provides strong evidence for future policy formulation. ［Conclusion］ To maintain the ecological security of the Xiaoxing’an Mountains region， scientific ecological policies should be upheld to enhance carbon sequestration capacity and contribute to the development of a northern ecological security barrier.

Abstract:［Objective］ The impact of agricultural new quality productivity on China’s agricultural carbon emissions was analyzed in order to provide robust data support and theoretical foundations for formulating green agricultural policies， optimizing agricultural resource allocation， and promoting regional collaborative emission reduction in agriculture. ［Methods］ The impact of agricultural new quality productivity on agricultural carbon emissions was systematically analyzed using econometric models， such as the kernel density estimation， spatial Durbin， and spatial attenuation models， and provincial panel data （2012—2022） from 30 provinces （regions） （excluding Xizang Autonomous Region， Taiwan Province， Hong Kong SAR and Macao SAR） in China. ［Results］ ① Agricultural new quality productivity significantly reduced carbon emissions. Specifically， when all control variables were included， for every 1% increase in the development level of agricultural new quality productivity， agricultural carbon emissions decreased by 1.601%. ② From a spatial perspective， improving agricultural new quality productivity had a significant spatial spillover effect. ③ Urbanization level and government support had different moderating effects on the ability of agricultural new quality productivity to inhibit agricultural carbon emissions. ④ The carbon reduction effect of agricultural new quality productivity exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity， with more pronounced effects in the western regions， major grain-producing areas， and areas northwest of the Hu Huanyong line. ［Conclusion］ Agricultural new quality productivity has a significant promotional effect on agricultural carbon emission reduction. Additionally， there are spatial spillover effects and heterogeneity characteristics that should be fully considered in the construction of regional collaborative emission reduction mechanisms and precise policy design.

Abstract:［Objective］ The spatiotemporal evolution of tourism eco-efficiency and its influencing factors were explored in ‘the Belt and Road Initiative’ （BRI） partner countries to provide scientific evidence for the sustainable development of tourism. ［Methods］ A tourism eco-efficiency indicator system was established， utilizing an input-output perspective. An improved four-stage Data Envelopment Analysis （DEA） model was adopted to measure the tourism eco-efficiency of 52 countries along the BRI from 2000 to 2021. Spatial autocorrelation and the Spatial Durbin Model （SDM） were utilized to analyze the spatial evolution characteristics， influencing factors， and spatial spillover effects of tourism eco-efficiency. ［Results］ ① Tourism eco-efficiency of the BRI countries exhibited an upward trend. ② There was significant spatial differentiation in tourism eco-efficiency development among BRI countries， with large disparities in values. ③ High-high agglomeration areas were primarily concentrated in China and its neighboring countries such as Thailand and Laos， aligning with general economic development patterns. Low-low agglomeration areas were mainly distributed in countries such as Saudi Arabia and Oman. Low-high and high-low agglomeration areas were relatively scarce. ④The urbanization rate and wealth level had significant positive impacts on tourism eco-efficiency， while the infrastructure level and population structure had significant negative impacts. Industrial structure and openness levels negatively impacted tourism eco-efficiency， although not significantly， with notable spatial spillover effects. ［Conclusion］ Certain factors significantly influenced the tourism eco-efficiency of BRI countries. Enhancing tourism eco-efficiency requires targeting these influencing factors while leveraging the driving influence of select BRI countries to promote the development of tourism.

Abstract:［Objective］ This study aims to measure changes in rural revitalization levels in China’s arid regions from 2000 to 2022， reveal development trends in rural revitalization and its subsystems from multiple perspectives， explore spatial heterogeneity and potential causes， and provide a scientific reference for comprehensively promoting rural revitalization and high-quality development in the region. ［Methods］ An evaluation index system was constructed based on five aspects： industrial prosperity， ecological livability， rural civilization， effective governance， and affluent living. The entropy weight method was used to assess rural revitalization levels in China’s arid regions， and the dominant factors influencing spatial differentiation were analyzed. ［Results］ ① In 2022， the level of rural revitalization in China’s arid regions was relatively low compared to the national average， at 0.343. Significant differences were observed across the revitalization levels of various subsystems. Among them， ecological livability had the highest level， while effective governance had the lowest level but showed the highest annual growth rate and increase. Affluent living exhibited the slowest growth and the smallest increase. The rural revitalization index displayed a distribution pattern of “higher in the east and lower in the west” with low-value areas accounting for 55.10% and high-value areas for only 18.36%. ② The level of rural revitalization in China’s arid regions varied significantly across different climate zones. The sub-humid arid zone had relatively higher rural revitalization indices， whereas the semi-arid and arid zones showed greater development potential. ③ There were notable differences in rural revitalization characteristics were observed among different city types. Megacities had the highest rural revitalization indices， whereas super-large cities exhibited the highest annual growth rate. Medium-sized and small cities lagged behind in rural revitalization， with an increasingly widening gap. ［Conclusion］ China’s arid regions should focus on leveraging their geographic advantages and natural ecological characteristics， formulating targeted policies tailored to local conditions to promote regional rural development.

Abstract:［Objective］ Flood disaster resilience levels of a region and the factors driving their spatial heterogeneity were measured to provide scientific support for enhancing regional disaster resistance and achieving sustainable quality development. ［Methods］ Using the CRITIC-entropy weight combination and a geographic detector， a comprehensive evaluation index for flood disaster resilience was constructed using four dimensions： society， economy， infrastructure， and environment. Spatiotemporal evolution and driving factors of the spatial heterogeneity of flood disaster resilience in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River from 2012 to 2022 were analyzed. ［Results］ ① From 2012 to 2022， flood resilience in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River fluctuated and increased from 0.209 1 to 0.262 9， with only a slight decline in 2020. The structure of flood resilience evolved from ‘environment-society-infrastructure-economy’ to ‘environment-society-economy-infrastructure’. ② Significant differences in flood disaster resilience were observed within the region， with 95.24% of areas exhibiting fluctuating growth. Ganzhou and Ji’an were identified as continuously growing regions. Social resilience differences within the region gradually narrowed. Except for the Enshi and Xiangxi Prefectures， the economic resilience of other areas improved. The infrastructure resilience levels increased in 25 cities and prefectures. Environmental resilience in the northwestern part of the region was better than that in other areas. ③ The results of factor detection showed that the main factors influencing the spatial differentiation of flood resilience in 2012 were population density， terrain relief， and slope. By 2022， these factors had shifted to the number of people receiving minimum living security， the number of large-scale industrial enterprises， and the end-of-year highway mileage. ④ The results of interaction factor detection showed that the most influential interaction factors in 2012 were population density and the ∩ proportion of the tertiary industry. By 2022， it had evolved to per capita GDP ∩ end-of-year highway mileage. ［Conclusion］ The successful experiences in urban flood prevention and disaster reduction should be summarized and promoted. Dynamic monitoring of various influencing factors should be strengthened. Risk assessments should be conducted for unstable factors， and urban development strategies should be adjusted in a timely manner.

Abstract:［Objective］ The effects of land-use change on aquatic ecosystem services in the Yangtze River economic belt （YREB） from 2012 to 2022 were analyzed to provide scientific reference for exploring the improvement of aquatic ecosystem services in the YREB. ［Methods］ The InVEST model was used to calculate water yield， water purification， and carbon sequestration. The value of aquatic ecosystem services was evaluated using the ESV value equivalent table. The Dagum method was applied to analyze differences in ecosystem services among different regions of the YREB， and the reliability of the results was verified using the ecological sensitivity index. ［Results］ ①The main land-use types in the YREB were forest land and cultivated land. From 2012 to 2022， significant changes in land-use types were observed， with construction land showing the highest degree of land-use change， but only at 2.99%， indicating a moderate growth rate. ② Aquatic ecosystem services in the YREB exhibited significant spatial and temporal differences， with higher values in the west and lower values in the east. Over time， the overall trend was for a weakening of aquatic ecosystem services. ③ The comprehensive value of aquatic ecosystem services in the YREB exhibited an overall expansion of differences， with significant regional disparities. The differences between upstream and downstream regions were the main reasons for regional variations. ④ The ecological sensitivity index of all land-use types was less than 1， indicating the reliability of these results. ［Conclusion］ From 2012 to 2022， the aquatic ecosystem service capacity of the YREB improved. However， in some areas， such as grasslands and water bodies， a weakening trend was observed. Based on these research findings， it is recommended that urban clusters in the YREB respond to the concept of green development， rationally optimize land-use patterns， and strengthen measures to protect and promote ecological security and sustainable development.

Abstract:［Objective］ The regional ecosystem service value of the Huaihai economic zone was analyzed in order to provide a scientific basis for the coordinated development of the ecological economy in similar areas. ［Methods］ Taking the Huaihai economic zone as the study area， based on the PLUS model and equivalent factor method， the evolution of land-use from 2000 to 2020 in this typical inter-provincial border region were analyzed. The ecosystem service value （ESV） was assessed， and land-use patterns and ESV under different scenarios in 2030 were predicted. ［Results］ ① From 2000 to 2020， the most significant land-use change in the study area was the conversion from cultivated land to construction land. The area of converted cultivated land was 6 127.58 km²， of which 89.76% was converted into construction land. ② Under the natural development scenario， the areas of cultivated， forest， and grass lands decrease， whereas the areas of construction land， water bodies， and unused land increase. Under the economic development scenario， changes in land-use types are more pronounced than under the natural development scenario， potentially leading to adverse environmental impacts. Under the ecological protection scenario， forest， grassland， and water body areas increased， which significantly improved the ecological environment. Under the coordinated development scenario， the areas of land-use types generally fell between those of the economic development and ecological protection scenarios. ③ From 2000 to 2020， the ESV in the study area initially decreased and then increased. The ESV of most cities in the study area were lower than the average level of their respective provinces， indicating relatively slow ecological improvement. By 2030， the ESV under natural development， economic development， ecological protection， and coordinated development scenarios showed varying degrees of increase compared to 2020. The spatial distribution of the ESV was consistent with the land-use pattern， with high-value areas mainly distributed along rivers and lakes， medium-value areas scattered around high-value areas， and low-value areas concentrated in the central urban areas of cities. ［Conclusion］ In the future， cities in the Huaihai economic zone should focus on strengthening cooperation， leveraging the coordinating role of the economic zone， and achieving advantageous interactions between administrative and economic regions to promote sustainable development of regional ecosystems.

Abstract:［Objective］ The soil conservation function of Baiyangdian basin was evaluated， and the impact of climate and land use change on soil conservation change was quantified， in order to provide scientific basis for promoting ecological environmental protection in Baiyangdian basin. ［Methods］ Based on meteorological， land use， and soil data from 2000 to 2020， the InVEST model was applied to simulate and analyze the spatiotemporal changes in soil conservation in the Baiyangdian basin. Scenario simulations and trend analysis were used to identify the relative contributions of land use and climate change to changes in soil conservation. ［Results］ ① The annual average precipitation in the Baiyangdian basin was 445 mm from 2000 to 2020， with an overall increasing trend. The precipitation in Beijing City and the northeastern part of Baoding City was higher than the basin’s multi-year average. ② From 2000 to 2020， the main land use types in the Baiyangdian basin were cultivated land and forest land， accounting for 40.16%—44.13% and 24.71%—27.72% of the area， respectively. The area of cultivated land and grassland decreased significantly， while the area of forest land and construction land increased significantly. Cultivated land was mainly converted to construction land， and grassland was mainly converted to forest land. ③ In 2000， 2005， 2010， 2015 and 2020， the soil conservation intensity in the Baiyangdian basin was 9 500，9 380，11 000，10 700，12 500 t/km²， respectively. The interannual variation showed a fluctuating increasing trend， with a spatial distribution pattern of higher intensity in the northwest and lower intensity in the southeast. The soil conservation intensity of forest land and grassland was significantly higher than that of other land use types. ④ Climate change dominated the changes in soil conservation in 93.07% of the area， while land use change dominated in 6.93% of the area. ［Conclusion］ Changes in soil conservation in Baiyangdian basin are attributed to the combination effects of climate and land use changes， with climate change being the primary factor.

Abstract:［Objective］ The resilience and management of cultivated land in the agro-pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region were studied. To distinguish the resilience levels of cultivated land in this area， regional regulations and controls were effectively enforced， and targeted countermeasures were formulated to improve scientific reference for a sustainable utilization and protection of the cultivated land. ［Methods］ Based on resilience theory， 29 counties （banners） in the agro-pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia were selected as the study area. A pressure-state-response （PSR） model was constructed， with counties as the study units. The entropy method was used to comprehensively evaluate the resilience characteristics of cultivated land in the agro-pastoral ecotone . According to the combined characteristics of cultivated land resilience levels， resilience zones were delineated， and zonal management strategies were proposed. ［Results］ ① The meaning of cultivated land resilience was defined， and natural and social pressures， state， and response indicators of the cultivated land system were identified. A PSR model consisting of target， factor， and indicator layers was constructed. ② From 2000 to 2022， the overall resilience level of cultivated land in the agro-pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia was not high， showing a trend of higher resilience in the east and lower resilience in the west. Historically， influenced by the climate， the overall resilience level showed a declining trend， although resilience in the eastern region has recently recovered. ③ Based on a combination of changes in the cultivated land resilience levels， three zones were delineated. The first-level stable cultivation zone should strictly adhere to the red line of cultivated land protection and leverage the function of the grain production functional zones. The second-level monitoring and protection zone requires an increased artificial input to improve regional mechanization levels. The third-level fallow and restoration zone should adhere to a land use suitability pattern that promotes agriculture， pastoralism， and conservation， where appropriate. ［Conclusion］ The resilience of cultivated land in the agro-pastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is generally low. It is necessary to strengthen the land consolidation and sandstorm control， achieve precision management， and improve cultivated land resilience.

Abstract:［Objective］ To provide a scientific basis for effectively coordinating the tapping of regional cultivated land production capacity and ecological environmental protection of the Yellow River basin of Henan Province， the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and driving factors of the net primary productivity （NPP） of cultivated land in the basin were analyzed. ［Methods］ Using multi-source data， including those from China’s land use/cover dataset （CLUD） and MOD17A3H NPP dataset， this study employs the coefficient of variation， Theil-Sen median trend analysis， Mann-Kendall test， and Hurst index to reveal the spatiotemporal changes in cultivated land NPP in the basin from 2000 to 2023. A geographical detector model is used to identify influencing factors. ［Results］ ① From 2000 to 2023， the average annual NPP of cultivated land in the basin was 383.04 g/（m²·a）， increasing significantly at a rate of 4.35 g/（m²·a）. The spatial distribution generally showed the characteristics of being higher in the south and lower in the north， and the spatial variation was mainly dominated by low and medium fluctuations. ② The trend of change in cultivated land NPP was chiefly characterized by a very significant increase， with an area proportion of 43.61%， mainly distributed in the central and western parts of the study area. The cultivated land NPP areas with significant and insignificant increases were 20.83% and 22.76%， respectively. ③ The average Hurst index of cultivated land NPP was 0.44， and the proportions of positive and negative sustained areas were 22.87% and 77.13%， respectively. The largest proportion of future cultivated land NPP is expected to transition from increasing to decreasing， covering 59.65% of the area and being widely distributed across cities. ④ The main factors influencing cultivated land NPP include the annual average temperature， annual average precipitation， annual average evaporation， and elevation. Climate conditions， topographic features， and socioeconomic factors jointly influence cultivated land NPP through a nonlinear enhancement or dual-factor enhancement interactions. ［Conclusion］ From 2000 to 2023， the cultivated land NPP in the Yellow River basin of Henan Province showed an overall fluctuating increase. Both natural and anthropogenic factors influenced the NPP of cultivated land in this region. Effective regulation of these factors to harmonize cultivated land use and ecological protection is crucial， particularly in areas where cultivated land NPP is transitioning from increasing to decreasing in the region.

Abstract:［Objective］ The spatiotemporal variation trends and driving factors of fractional vegetation cover （FVC） in Jiangsu Province from 2013 to 2022 were investigated， in order to provide a scientific reference for comprehensively understanding vegetation coverage and guiding macro-level policy adjustments in the province. ［Methods］ Based on the Google Earth Engine platform， the pixel dichotomy model was applied to estimate FVC. Sen’s trend analysis， Mann-Kendall significance test， the coefficient of variation， and the Hurst index were employed to systematically analyze the spatiotemporal trends and characteristics of FVC. A univariate linear regression model was constructed using FVC and night light index as variables， followed by residual analysis to quantify the driving factors of FVC changes and their contribution rates. ［Results］ From 2013 to 2022， the annual average FVC in Jiangsu Province was 0.648， with year-to-year variation showing a fluctuating downward trend but still predominantly consisting of very high and high FVC types. Areas with a decreasing FVC trend accounted for 51.85% of the study area， whereas areas with an increasing trend accounted for 45.91%. The average coefficient of variation was 0.16， and the average Hurst index was 0.56. Climate change and human activities jointly drove FVC changes in 58% of the total area. Human activities made a positive contribution to FVC changes in 86.53% of the regions， whereas climate change had a positive impact in 71.47% of the regions. ［Conclusion］ From 2013 to 2022， Jiangsu Province generally exhibited good vegetation coverage， with a gradually stabilizing downward trend and low overall fluctuation. The change trends were primarily weakly persistent， followed by weakly anti-persistent trends， showing an alternating distribution with coexisting degradation and improvement. Northern and central Jiangsu had significantly higher FVC than southern Jiangsu but also experienced more severe vegetation degradation. The primary drivers of FVC changes were the combined effects of climate change and human activities， with human activities generally contributing more than climate change.

Abstract:［Objective］ Research hotspots and developmental trends of grazing impacts on plant-soil interactions in grassland ecosystems were systematically evaluated to provide a basis for management of grassland ecology. ［Methods］ Using R language， CiteSpace， and VOSviewer software， 10，809 articles from the Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases published from 2000 to 2023 were analyzed. ［Results］ The number of publications in this field showed an increasing trend， both domestically and internationally. Research has mainly focused on the effects of grazing management on vegetation community characteristics and soil cycling in climate-sensitive grassland areas. The research perspective has gradually shifted from traditional plant community-population-individual ecological investigations of grazing intensity and climate change impacts to ecosystem reproduction， renewal， and carbon balance characteristics， and ultimately to optimizing management models for fragile ecosystems based on multifactor interactions. This transition marks the evolution of grassland ecology research from macro-to micro-scale studies ［Conclusion］ Future research should incorporate advanced methods from related fields to enhance our understanding of the complex mechanisms of cross-scale and multimode interactions in ecosystems and combine small-scale experimental results with regional and global ecological models. Emphasis should be placed on the multidimensional， multiscale， and multifactor impacts on the linkage between aboveground and belowground ecological processes to promote optimization of ecosystem management and conservation strategies.